Speech 2917649 225988441 2008-07-16T10:03:12Z Epbr123 1395162 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/122.57.215.135|122.57.215.135]] to last version by Handtell (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]]) {{Unreferenced|date=July 2007}} {{otheruses}} '''Speech''' refers to the processes associated with the [[speech production|production]] and [[speech perception|perception]] of [[sounds]] used in [[spoken language]]. A number of academic disciplines study speech and speech sounds, including [[acoustics]], [[psychology]], [[speech pathology]], [[linguistics]], and [[computer science]]. ==Speech production== {{main|Speech production}} In linguistics (articulatory [[phonetics]]), manner of articulation describes how the tongue, lips, and other speech organs are involved in making a sound make contact. Often the concept is only used for the production of consonants. For any place of articulation, there may be several manners, and therefore several homorganic consonants. ==Speech perception== {{main|Speech perception}} Speech perception refers to the processes by which humans are able to interpret and understand the sounds used in language. The study of speech perception is closely linked to the fields of phonetics and phonology in linguistics and cognitive psychology and perception in psychology. Research in speech perception seeks to understand how human listeners recognize speech sounds and use this information to understand [[spoken language]]. Speech research has applications in building computer systems that can recognize speech, as well as improving speech recognition for hearing- and language-impaired listeners. ==Problems involving speech== {{seealso|Speech pathology}} There are several biological and psychological factors that can affect speech. Among these are: #Diseases and disorders of the [[lung]]s or the [[vocal cords]], including [[paralysis]], respiratory infections, [[vocal fold nodules]] and [[cancer]]s of the lungs and throat. #Diseases and disorders of the [[brain]], including [[alogia]], [[aphasia]]s, [[dysarthria]], [[dystonia]] and [[speech processing]] disorders, where impaired motor planning, nerve transmission, phonological processing or perception of the message (as opposed to the actual sound) leads to poor speech production. #Hearing problems, such as [[otitis media]] effusion can lead to phonological problems. #Articulatory problems, such as [[stuttering]], [[lisp (speech)|lisping]], [[cleft palate]], [[ataxia]], or [[nerve]] damage leading to problems in [[articulation]]. [[Tourette syndrome]] and [[tic]]s can also affect speech. #In addition to aphasias, [[anomia]] and certain types of [[dyslexia]] can impede the quality of auditory perception, and therefore, expression. [[Hearing impairment]]s and [[deaf]]ness can be considered to fall into this category. ==See also== *[[Esophageal speech]] *[[Speech synthesis]] *[[Speech recognition]] *[[Speech encoding]] *[[Speech delay]] *[[Vocalization]] *[[Oracy]] *[[phonation]] *[[human voice]] *[[vocology]] [[Category:Oral communication]] {{ling-stub}} [[et:Kõne]] [[en:Speech]] [[es:Habla]] [[oc:Paraula]] [[sr:Говор]]