Speech disorder 148951 225061196 2008-07-11T18:21:45Z 68.110.116.161 /* Classification */ {{Refimprove|date=February 2008}} '''Speech disorders''' or '''speech impediments''', as they are also called, are a type of [[communication disorder]]s where 'normal' [[Manner of articulation|speech]] is disrupted. This can mean [[stuttering]], [[lisp (speech)|lisps]], etc. Someone who is totally unable to speak due to a speech disorder is considered [[mute (disorder)|mute]]. ==Classification== Classifying speech into normal and disordered is more problematic than it first seems. By a strict classification, only 5% to 10% of the population has a completely normal manner of speaking (with respect to all parameters) and healthy voice; all others suffer from one disorder or another. * [[Stuttering]] is quite common. * [[Cluttering]], a speech disorder that has similarities to stuttering. * [[Dysprosody]] is the rarest neurological speech disorder. It is characterized by alterations in intensity, in the timing of utterance segments, and in rhythm, cadency, and intonation of words. The changes to the duration, the [[fundamental frequency]], and the intensity of tonic and atonic syllables of the sentences spoken, deprive an individual's particular speech of its characteristics. The cause of dysprosody is usually associated with neurological pathologies such as brain vascular accidents, cranioencephalic traumatisms, and [[brain tumor]]s.<ref>Pinto JA, Corso RJ, Guilherme AC, Pinho SR, Nobrega Mde O.: ''Dysprosody nonassociated with neurological diseases—a case report'' (2004), found on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15070228&dopt=Abstract </ref> Difficulty in producing specific speech sounds (most often certain consonant, such as /s/ or /r/) may be considered a [[speech sound disorder]], and subdivided into [[Speech-Language Pathology in School Settings#Articulation Disorders|articulation disorders]] (also called phonetic disorders) and [[Speech sound disorder#Phonemic Disorders|phonemic disorders]]. Phonetic disorders are characterized by difficulty learning to physically produce sounds, and are popularly referred to as "speech impediments". (However, this term is archaic. The acceptable, modern term is "speech impairment.") Phonemic disorders are characterized by difficulty in learning the sound distinctions of a language, so that one sound may be used in place of many. However, it is not uncommon for a single person to have a mixed speech sound disorder with both phonemic and phonetic components. There are three different levels of classification when determining the magnitude and type of a speech disorder and the proper treatment or therapy:<ref>Deputy, Paul; ''Human Communication Disorders''; March 10, 2008</ref> # Sounds the patient can produce ##A: Phonemic- can be produced easily; used meaningfully and contrastively ##B: Phonetic- produced only upon request; not used consistently, meaningfully, or contrastively; not used in connected speech # Stimulable sounds ##A: Easily stimulable ##B: Stimulable after demonstration and probing (i.e. with a tongue depressor) # Cannot produce the sound ##A: Cannot be produced voluntarily ##B: No production ever observed ==Causes== In many cases the cause is unknown. However, there are various known causes of speech impediments, such as "[[hearing loss]], [[neurological disorder]]s, [[Traumatic brain injury|brain injury]], [[mental retardation]], [[drug abuse]], physical impairments such as [[Cleft lip and palate]], and vocal abuse or misuse."<ref name="ref1">"Disability Info: Speech and Language Disorders Fact Sheet (FS11)." National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities. http://www.nichcy.org/pubs/factshe/fs11txt.htm</ref> [[Child abuse]] may also be a cause in some cases. <ref> http://www.lbfdtraining.com/Pages/emt/sectiond/childabuse.html Long Beach (California) Fire Department</ref> ==Treatment== Many of these types of disorders can be treated by [[speech therapy]], but others require medical attention by a doctor in [[phoniatrics]]. Other treatments include correction of organic conditions and [[psychotherapy]]<ref>"Speech Defect." Encyclopedia.com. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-speechde.html</ref>. In the United States, school-age children with a speech disorder are often placed in [[special education]] programs. More than 700,000 of the students served in the public schools’ special education programs in the 2000-2001 school year were categorized as having a speech or language impairment. This estimate does not include children who have speech/language problems secondary to other conditions such as deafness"<ref name="ref1" />.Many [[school district]]s provide the students with speech therapy during school hours, although extended day and summer services may be appropriate under certain circumstances. Patients will be treated in teams, depending on the type of disorder they have. A team can include; SLP's, specialists, family doctors, teachers,and parents/family members. ==Social effects of speech disorders== Suffering from a speech disorder can have negative social effects, especially among young children. Those with a speech disorder can be targets of [[bullying]] because of their disorder. The bullying can result in decreased [[self-esteem]]. ==Famous people with speech impediments== {{splitsection}} {{Prose|date=June 2008}} {{Refimprove|date=September 2007}} *[[Humphrey Bogart]], [[lisp]] *[[Nicholas Brendon]], actor — stutter *[[Isaac Brock (musician)]], lead singer of [[Modest Mouse]]. — [[lisp]] *[[Win Butler]], lead singer of [[Arcade Fire]]. — [[lisp]] *[[Truman Capote]], lisp *[[Winston Churchill]], [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Prime Minister]] — lisp, cluttering, or stutter [http://www.stutterers.org] *[[Claudius]], [[Roman Emperor]] — stutter *[[Alcibiades]], [[lisp]] *[[Camille Desmoulins]], journalist in the [[French Revolution]]; stutter *[[Drag-on]], rapper — stutter *[[Gareth Gates]], singer — formerly stutter *[[Roy Jenkins]], [[Great Britain|British]] [[politician]] — [[rhotacism]] *[[Stephan Jenkins]], singer/songwriter/musician ([[Third Eye Blind]]) — rhotacism *[[Elton John]], singer/songwriter, [[lisp]] *[[Scatman John]], [[scat singing|scat singer]] — stutter *[[James Earl Jones]], actor — stutter *[[Jim Jones]], cult leader — lisp *[[Boris Karloff]], actor — lisp *[[Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.]], environmental activist — spasmodic dysphonia *[[Anthony Kiedis]], singer ([[Red Hot Chili Peppers]]) — lisp *[[Anybody Killa]], [[rapper]] — lisp *[[Steven Levitt]], economist and author of [[Freakonomics]]; lisp *[[Bob Love]], former NBA player — stutter *[[Shane MacGowan]], singer ([[The Pogues]]) — rhotacism *[[Keith and The Girl]], podcaster — unknown *[[Marilyn Monroe]], actress — stutter *[[Frank Muir]], [[British comedy]] writer and personality on radio and television — rhotacism *[[Kele Okereke]], lead singer of band [[Bloc Party]]; rhotacism *[[Mark Owen]], singer in band [[Take That]]. -[[stutter]] *[[Rick Parfitt]], [[Status Quo]] [[rhythm guitar]]ist and singer *[[Diane Rehm]], [[radio]] [[talk show]] host — [[spasmodic dysphonia]] *[[Jonathan Ross (television presenter)|Jonathan Ross]], [[Great Britain|British]] television personality — [[rhotacism]] *[[David Sedaris]], author — lisp during childhood *[[Shannon Sharpe]], [[NFL]] [[color commentator]] and ex-pro football player; [[lisp]], [[stutter]] & [[drawl]] *[[James Stewart (actor)|James Stewart]], actor — stutter *[[Joe Strummer]], singer ([[The Clash]]) — rhotacism *[[Richard Thompson (musician)|Richard Thompson]], [[guitarist]] and [[singer-songwriter]] — stutter *[[Mel Tillis]], [[country music]] singer — stutter<ref name="ref3">"Famous people with disabilities." Disabled-World. http://www.disabled-world.com/artman/publish/article_0060.shtml</ref> *[[Barbara Walters]], television personality — rhotacism and lisp *[[Bruce Willis]], actor and director — stutter *[[Tiger Woods]], golfer — stutter *[[Will Young]], singer — lisp *[[Ben Wallace]], NBA player — stutter *[[RZA]], Rapper — Stutter *[[Busta Rhymes]], Rapper — Stutter *[[Dusty Rhodes (wrestler)]], [[lisp]] *[[Matthew Bellamy]], lead singer of band [[Muse (band)|Muse]], rhotacism *[[Kool G Rap]], Rap Artist — Lisp *[[Mike Tyson]], Boxer — Lisp *[[Ron Harper]], Former NBA Basketball Player — Stutter *[[Tom Klimczyk]], comedian — Stutter ==Language disorders== Language disorders are usually considered distinct from speech disorders, even though they are often used synonymously. Speech disorders refer to problems in producing the sounds of speech or with the quality of voice, where language disorders are usually an impairment of either understanding words or being able to use words and does not have to do with speech production<ref>[http://www.nichcy.org/pubs/factshe/fs11txt.htm Disability Info: Speech and Language Disorders Fact Sheet (FS11)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==See also== * [[List of voice disorders]] ==References== Richard Luchsinger and [[Godfrey Edward Arnold|Godfrey E. Arnold]]: Voice — Speech — Language. Clinical Communicology: Its Physiology and Pathology. — 1965 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Belmont, California. {{reflist}} == External links == * [http://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/default.htm Speech and Language Disorders] * [http://www.dolb.de listing of the German mute language ] {{Mental and behavioural disorders}} {{Speech and voice symptoms and signs}} [[Category:Communication disorders]] [[Category:Human voice]] [[Category:Speech and language pathology]] [[Category:Speech impediments| ]] [[de:Sprechstörung]] [[lt:Kalbos sutrikimai]] [[ja:言語障害]] [[pl:Zaburzenia mowy]] [[sr:Говорни поремећај]] [[fi:Puhevika]]