Spinal lock 3586686 225809373 2008-07-15T14:38:32Z Chris the speller 525927 sp {{context}} {{Nofootnotes|date=February 2008}} A '''spinal lock''' is a multiple [[joint lock]] applied to the [[spinal column]], which is performed by forcing the spine beyond its normal ranges of motion. This is typically done by bending or twisting the head or upper body into abnormal positions. Commonly, spinal locks might [[Strain (injury)|strain]] the [[Vertebral column|spinal]] [[muscle|musculature]] or result in a mild spinal [[sprain]], while a forcefully and/or suddenly applied spinal lock may cause severe [[ligament]] damage or damage to the [[vertebrae]], and possibly result in serious [[spinal cord injury]], [[stroke]]s, or death. Spinal locks can be separated into two categories based on their primary area of effect on the spinal column: spinal locks on the neck are called '''neck cranks''' and locks on the lower parts of the spine are called '''spine cranks'''. ==Neck crank== A '''neck crank''' (sometimes also referred to as a '''neck lock''', and technically known as a '''cervical lock''') is a spinal lock applied to the [[neck#Anatomy of the human neck|cervical spine]] causing hyperextension, hyperflexion, lateral hyperflexion, hyperrotation or extension-distraction, either through bending, twisting or elongating. A neck crank is typically applied by pulling or twisting the head beyond its normal ranges of rotation. Neck cranks are included techniques in several martial arts such as [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu]] and [[Judo]], but are usually banned from sports competitions, with notable exceptions in combat sports such as [[submission wrestling]] and [[mixed martial arts]], where they are used as [[grappling hold#Submission hold|submission holds]]. ===Can opener=== The '''can opener''' (in Judo referred to as ''kubi-hishigi'') is a hyperflexing neck crank that can be applied from the opponent's [[guard (grappling)|guard]] or from a [[mount (grappling)|mounted position]], by grabbing the opponent's head using the hands, and forcing it towards the chest of the opponent. In competitions (where allowed) it is usually used as a taunting or distracting move, but if applied effectively in a competition, it may force the opponent to [[submission (combat sport term)|submit]]. This may also refer to a type of neck compression employed from a rear mount position in which the back of the thumbs are used to drive into the neck starting from the high trapezius muscle toward the sternocleidomastoid muscles, causing severe discomfort, and even submission. As of 2006, this is permitted in shiai as long as the judoka's thumbs remain straight, and not bent. Its most common uses are to open up an opponent's chin for shime-waza or as a diversionary tactic. ===Cattle catch===<!-- This section is linked from [[Stock (disambiguation)]] --> The '''cattle catch''' (also referred to as '''reverse crucifix''', '''iron cross''' or '''stocks''') is a hyperflexing neck crank involving trapping the opponent's hands and forcing the head towards his or her chest. The technique is performed with the opponent lying on his or her back, and the combatant performing the neck crank perpendicularly face-down in a [[side mount]] position above the head of the opponent, with the opponent's head resting towards his armpit. The combatant traps one arm using the legs, and the other using the arms. By using the pinned arms and legs as a point of leverage, the combatant can forcefully crank the head towards the opponent's chest. ===Crucifix neck crank=== The '''crucifix neck crank''' is similar to the cattle catch, but involves the combatant performing the neck crank being mounted on the opponent. Both of the opponent's arms are controlled, and the opponent's head is held in the armpit. By cranking the body upwards while keeping a tight hold on the opponents arms, the opponents head is forced towards his or her chest. Both the cattle catch and the crucifix neck crank are colloquially referred to simply as the '''crucifix''', which often leads to confusion with the traditional [[crucifix position]]. ===Twister===<!-- This section is linked from [[Twister]] --> The '''twister''' (a similar move in [[wrestling]] is known as a '''guillotine''') is a sideways body bend and neck crank, which involves forcing the head towards the shoulder while controlling the body, hence causing lateral hyperflexion of the [[neck#Anatomy of the human neck|cervical spine]]. The technique involves tension in several bodyparts, and depending on the [[flexibility]] of the recipient, can also involve pain in the [[knee]]s, [[abdominals]] and [[torso]]. The twister is often confused as being a [[#Spine crank|spine crank]] since it involves a degree of lateral non-cervical spinal flexion. The main pressure is however on the cervical spine, hence making it a [[#neck crank|neck crank]].<ref>Cunliffe, Joseph. [http://www.onzuka.com/news_2003April3.html On the road to the 2003 Abu Dhabi Championships with Eddie “The Twister” Bravo]. ''www.onzuka.com''. URL last accessed [[January 7]] [[2006]].</ref> ==Spine crank== A '''spine crank''' (the term '''spine lock''' is also often used to refer exclusively to this type) is a spinal lock that affects the [[thoracic]] and/or [[lumbar]] regions of the spinal column. A spine crank is applied by twisting or bending the upper body beyond its normal ranges of motion, causing hyperextension, hyperflexion, or hyperrotation of the spine. In [[martial arts]], spine cranks are generally rarer techniques than [[#Neck crank|neck cranks]] because they are more difficult to apply. Twisting or bending the upper body to apply pressure to the spinal column requires large amounts of leverage compared to twisting or bending the head. One of the most well known spine cranks is the [[boston crab]], which is usually depicted in [[pro-wrestling]] context. Similarly to neck cranks, spine cranks are illegal techniques in most [[combat sport]]s, excluding some submission wrestling and mixed martial arts competitions, where they are used as submission holds. Even if allowed, spine cranks are very rarely featured because of the difficulty of applying them. ==See also== * [[Armlock]] * [[Leglock]] * [[Small joint manipulation]] * [[Wristlock]] ==References== ====Main references==== <div class="references-small"> * Bernard, Thomas. [http://www.hughston.com/hha/a_14_1_1.htm Cervical Spine Injuries in Olympic Athletes]. ''www.hughston.com''. URL last accessed [[February 8]] [[2006]]. * Gracie Barra Tampa. [http://www.tampabjj.com/2005/11/18/cattle-catch/ Cattle Catch], [http://www.tampabjj.com/2005/11/17/a-confusion-of-crucifixes/ A Confusion of Crucifixes]. ''www.tampabjj.com''. URL's last accessed [[January 7]] [[2006]]. * Kawaishi, Mikunosuke. [http://judoinfo.com/kubiwaza.htm Judo dislocation necklocks]. ''judoinfo.com''. URL last accessed [[January 7]] [[2006]]. * Radebold, Andrea. [http://www.emedicine.com/SPORTS/topic69.htm Lumbosacral Spine Sprain/Strain Injuries]. ''www.emedicine.com''. URL last accessed [[January 7]] [[2006]]. * Riccaldi, Alain. [http://www.fightordie.it/articolo_171.html Catch Wrestling: Boston Crab & Half-Boston Crab]. ''www.fightordie.it''. URL last accessed [[February 5]] [[2006]]. (In Italian) * Wieder, Brian. [http://thecni.org/reviews/11-1-p03-wieder.htm Cervical Spine Injury in Athletes]. ''thecni.org''. URL last accessed [[February 8]] [[2006]]. </div> ====Other references==== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.lockflow.com/article_view.php?id=57 Figure 4 Neck Crank]. Extension-distraction of the neck. * [http://www.lockflow.com/article_view.php?id=56 Neck Extension]. Hyperextension of the neck. * [http://www.lockflow.com/article_view.php?id=491 Neck Crank from All Fours]. Hyperextension and hyperrotation of the neck. * [http://www.silverdragonpma.com/images/august/FULL/MVC-009S.JPG Image of a crucifix neck crank.] * [http://www.bjj.com.au/eddie_bravo_twister.html Eddie "Twister" Bravo: Outside of the Box]. Image series showing how the twister is applied from the [[side mount]]. * [http://www.lockflow.com/article_view.php?id=533 Twister from Head & Arm ]. Image series showing how the twister is applied when escaping from a [[sidecontrol#Kesa-gatame|scarf hold]]. [[Category:Joint locks]]