Sremska Mitrovica 283953 224152909 2008-07-07T15:43:05Z 91.102.227.250 /* External links */ {{Infobox Serbia municipality| native_name = Сремска Митровица|official_name=Sremska Mitrovica| image_shield = Sremska Mitrovica coa.svg| district = Srem| mayor = [[Zoran Miščević]]| area_km2 = 762 | population_total = 39041| mpop = 85605 | latd = 44| latm = 59|longd = 19| longm = 37| code = 22| settlements = 26 | plates = SM | postal_code = 22000| website = www.sremskamitrovica.org.yu| }} <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Sremska Mitrovica 002 Trgu Svetog Stefana.JPG|thumb|300px|St. Stephen's Square and Orthodox church]] --> <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Sremska Mitrovica 003.JPG|thumb|300px|Sremska Mitrovica]] --> '''Sremska Mitrovica''' ([[Serbian Cyrillic]]: Сремска Митровица) is a city and municipality located in the [[Vojvodina]] province of [[Serbia]] at 44.98° North, 19.61° East, on the left bank of the [[Sava river]]. As of [[2002]] the town had a total population of 39,041, while Sremska Mitrovica municipality had a population of 85,605. It is the administrative centre of the [[Srem District]] of Serbia. Many [[Roman Emperors]] were born in or near this city, famously called ''the glorious mother of cities'' by the ancient historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] '''--''' Emperors [[Herennius Etruscus]] (251), [[Hostilian]] (251), [[Decius|Decius Traian]] (249-251), [[Claudius II]] (268-270), [[Quintillus]] (270), [[Aurelian]] (270-275), [[Probus]] (276-282), [[Maximian|Maximianus Herculius]] (285-310), [[Constantius II]] (337-361) and [[Gratian]] (367-383). ==Name== In [[Serbian language|Serbian]], the town is known as Сремска Митровица or ''Sremska Mitrovica'', in [[Pannonian Rusyn language|Rusyn]] as Сримска Митровица, in [[Croatian language|Croatian]] as ''Srijemska Mitrovica'', in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] as ''Szávaszentdemeter'' or ''Mitrovica'', in [[German language|German]] as ''Syrmisch Mitrowitz'', in [[Latin language|Latin]] as ''[[Sirmium]]'', and in [[Turkish language|Turkish]] as ''Dimitrofçe''. "Sremska Mitrovica" means "Mitrovica of [[Srem (region)|Srem]]" ([[Kosovska Mitrovica|Mitrovica of Kosovo]] and [[Mačvanska Mitrovica|Mitrovica of Mačva]] also exists), while "Mitrovica" itself stems from the name "Saint Demetrius" or "Sveti Dimitrije" in the [[Serbian language|Serbian]] (in Cyrillic form "Свети Димитрије") and [[Croatian language]]. The name of the city during the reign of the [[Roman Empire]] was [[Sirmium]]. Beginning in 1180 A.D. the name changed from "Civitas Sancti Demetrii" to "Dmitrovica", "Mitrovica", and finally to the present form - "Sremska Mitrovica". ==Roman emperors== [[Image:Traianus Decius.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Decius|Traianus Decius]], Roman Emperor (249–51), born in village [[Budalia]] near Sirmium]] Ten Roman emperors were born in the city and its envirions: *[[Herennius Etruscus]] (227-251) *[[Hostilian]] (230?-251) *[[Decius|Decius Traian]] (249–51) *[[Claudius II]] (268-270) *[[Quintillus]] (270) *[[Aurelian]] (270–75) *[[Probus]] (276–82) *[[Maximian|Maximianus Herculius]] (285–310) *[[Constantius II]] (337–61) *[[Gratian]] (367–83) The last emperor of the united Roman Empire, [[Theodosius I]] (378–95), became emperor in Sirmium. The [[Roman usurper|usurpers]] [[Ingenuus]] and [[Regalianus]] also declared themselves emperors in this city (in [[260]]) and many other Roman emperors spent some time in Sirmium including [[Marcus Aurelius]] who might have written parts of his famous work [[Meditations]] in the city. ==History== ===Ancient Sirmium=== {{main|Sirmium}} Sirmium was one of the oldest cities in [[Europe]]. Archaeologists have found a trace of organized [[human]] life dating from the 5000 BC. When the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] conquered the city in the [[1st century BC]], Sirmium already was a settlement with a long tradition. In the [[1st century]], Sirmium gained a status of a colony of the citizens of [[Rome]], and became a very important military and strategic location in [[Pannonia]] province. The war expeditions of Roman emperors [[Traian]], [[Marcus Aurelius]], and [[Claudius II]], were prepared in Sirmium. In [[103]], Pannonia was split into two provinces: [[Upper Pannonia]] and [[Lower Pannonia]], and Sirmium became the capital city of Lower Pannonia. In [[296]], [[Diocletian]] operated a new territorial division of Pannonia. Instead of previous two provinces, there were four new provinces established in former territory of original Pannonia: [[Pannonia Prima]], [[Pannonia Valeria]], [[Pannonia Savia]] and [[Pannonia Secunda]]. Capital city of Pannonia Secunda was Sirmium. In [[293]], with the establishment of [[tetrarchy]], the Roman Empire was split into four parts; Sirmium became one of the four capital cities of Roman Empire, the other three being [[Augusta Treverorum]], [[Mediolanum]], and [[Nicomedia]] (modern [[Trier]], [[Milan]] and [[Izmit]]). During the tetrarchy, Sirmium was the capital of emperor [[Galerius]]. With the establishment of [[praetorian prefecture]]s in [[318]], the capital of the prefecture of [[Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum|Illyricum]] was Sirmium. Since the 4th century, the city was an important [[Christian]] centre, and was a seat of the Episcopate of Sirmium. Four Christian [[Council of Sirmium|councils]] were held in Sirmium. At the end of the 4th century, Sirmium was brought under the sway of the [[Goths]], and later, was again annexed to the Eastern Roman Empire. In 441, Sirmium was conquered by the [[Huns]], and after this conquest, it remained for more than a century in the hands of various [[Barbarian]] tribes, such were [[Goths|Eastern Goths]] and [[Gepids]]. For a short time, Sirmium was the center of the [[Gepids|Gepide State]] and the king [[Cunimund]] minted golden coins in it. After 567, Sirmium was again included into [[Eastern Roman Empire]]. The city was finally conquered and destroyed by [[Eurasian Avars|Avars]] in 582. This event marked the end of the period of late Antiquity in the history of Sirmium. ===After the Avar conquest=== For more than two centuries the fate of Sirmium was unknown. At the end of the 8th century, Sirmium belonged to the Frankish State. The historical role of Sirmium increased again in the 9th century, when it was part of [[Bulgaria]]. Pope Adrian II gave [[St. Methodius]] the title of Archbishop of Sirmium. After having adopted Christianity, the Bulgarians restored in Sirmium the Christian Episcopate, having in mind old Christian traditions and the reputation this city had in the ancient world. In the 11th century, Sirmium was a residence of [[Sermon (ruler)|Sermon]], a duke of [[Syrmia]], who was a vassal of the [[Bulgaria]]n emperor [[Samuil of Bulgaria|Samuil]]. After 1018, the city was again included into the [[Byzantine Empire]], and since the end of the 11th century, Sirmium was a subject of a dispute between the Byzantine Empire and the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], until 1180 when the Byzantine Empire gave up Sirmium, surrendering it to the Hungarian Kingdom. For a while, about 1451, the city was in possession of the Serbian despot [[Đurađ Branković]]. In 1521 the city came into [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] hands and it remained under the Ottoman rule for almost two centuries. According to Ottoman traveler [[Evliya Celebi]], Mitrovica had been conquered by the Bosnian sanjak bey [[Husrev-bey]]. According to the 1545/1548 data, the city was mainly populated by ethnic [[Serbs]]{{Fact|date=January 2008}}, while the name of the mayor of the city was Dimitar. Since the middle of the 16th century, the city was mostly populated with [[Muslims]]. According to the 1566/69 data, the population of the city was composed of 592 Muslim and 30 [[Christian]] houses <!-- which ones? -->, while according to the 1572 data, it was composed of 598 Muslim and 18 Christian houses. According to the 1573 data, the city had 17 mosques and no Christian church. The Christians who lived in the city were mostly ethnic [[Serbs]]{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. During the Ottoman rule, Sremska Mitrovica was the largest settlement in [[Syrmia]], and was the administrative center of the Ottoman [[Sanjak of Syrmia]]. With the establishment of the [[Habsburg Monarchy|Habsburg]] rule in 1718, the Muslim population fled from the city and was replaced with [[Serbs|Serb]], [[Croats|Croat]], and [[Germans|German]] settlers. According to the 1765 data, the population of the city numbered 809 people, of whom 514 were Serbs and 290 Catholics. Sremska Mitrovica was part of the Habsburg [[Military Frontier]] ([[Slavonian Krajina]]). In 1848/1849, it was part of the [[Serbian Voivodship]] <!-- Serb Voivodship -->, a Serb autonomous region within Austrian Empire, but in 1849, it was returned under administration of the Military Frontier. With the abolition of the Slavonian Military Frontier in 1881, Sremska Mitrovica was included into [[Szerém (former county)|Syrmia County]], which was part of the Kingdom of [[Croatia-Slavonia]] and [[Kingdom of Hungary]] within [[Austria-Hungary]]. <!-- please, clarify, see talk page: According to the 1910 census, the population of the city numbered 12,909 people, of which 4,878 spoke Serbian language, 3,915 Croatian, and 2,341 German. The municipal area of the city had 32,012 inhabitants, of which 27,022 spoke Serbian, 2,324 German, and 1,071 Croatian. --> ===After the First World War=== In 1918, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy collapsed and the Syrmia region first became a part of the newly formed [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]], and then, on November 24, 1918, the assembly of Syrmia in [[Ruma]] decided that entire Syrmia (including Mitrovica) join to the [[Kingdom of Serbia]]. Subsequently, on December 1, 1918, Kingdom of Serbia united with the [[Kingdom of Montenegro]] and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs to form the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] (renamed to [[Yugoslavia]] in 1929). Between 1918 and 1922, Sremska Mitrovica was part of the Syrmia County, between 1922 and 1929 part of the Syrmia Oblast, between 1929 and 1931 part of the [[Drina Banovina]], and between 1931 and 1941 part of the [[Danube Banovina]]. During [[World War II]], the city was occupied by the [[Axis Powers|Axis]] troops and was attached to the [[Independent State of Croatia]]. During that time its name was changed to ''Hrvatska Mitrovica'' (meaning ''Croatian Mitrovica''). Beginning in 1945, it was part of the Autonomous Province of [[Vojvodina]] within the new [[SFRY|Socialist Yugoslavia]] and the Socialist Republic of Serbia, and from 1992 to 2003 it was part of the [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], which was then transformed into the state union of [[Serbia and Montenegro]]. Since the 2006 independence of [[Montenegro]], Sremska Mitrovica is part of an independent [[Serbia]]. ==Inhabited places== Sremska Mitrovica municipality includes the city of Sremska Mitrovica, the town of [[Mačvanska Mitrovica]], and several villages. Villages on the northern bank of the river [[Sava]], in the region of [[Syrmia]]: *[[Bešenovački Prnjavor]] *[[Bešenovo (village)|Bešenovo]] *[[Bosut, Serbia|Bosut]] *[[Veliki Radinci]] *[[Grgurevci]] *[[Divoš]] *[[Jarak]] *[[Kuzmin (village)|Kuzmin]] *[[Laćarak]] *[[Ležimir]] *[[Manđelos]] *[[Martinci]] (in the Roman times known as Budalia) *[[Sremska Rača]] *[[Stara Bingula]] *[[Čalma]] *[[Šašinci]] *[[Šišatovac (village)|Šišatovac]] *[[Šuljam]] Villages on the southern bank of the river [[Sava]], in the region of [[Mačva]]: *[[Noćaj]] *[[Ravnje]] *[[Radenković]] *[[Salaš Noćajski]] *[[Zasavica I]] *[[Zasavica II]] ==Demographics (2002 census)== <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Sremska Mitrovica 001.JPG|thumb|300px|Sremska Mitrovica]] --> <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Sremska Mitrovica 005.JPG|thumb|300px|Sremska Mitrovica]] --> ===Ethnic groups in the municipality=== The population of the Sremska Mitrovica municipality is composed of: *[[Serbs]] = 75,003 (87.31%) *[[Croats]] = 2,547 (2.96%) *[[Yugoslavs]] = 1,212 (1.41%) *Others ([[Magyars|Hungarians]], [[Pannonian Rusyns|Rusyns]], [[Ukrainians]], [[Roma people|Roma]], etc). ===Settlements by ethnic majority=== Most of the settlements in the municipality have an ethnic Serb majority. Ethnically mixed settlement with relative Serb majority is Stara Bingula. The main concentration of ethnic minorities is in the town. ===Ethnic groups in the town=== The population of the Sremska Mitrovica town is composed of: *[[Serbs]] = 31,127 (79.64%) *Croats = 2,130 (5.45%) *Others. Ethnically mixed families are also very common in this town. Up to [[1991]] many of them declared themselves as [[Yugoslavs]]. ==Archeological trivia== *In early 1970s [[United States|American]] archeologists sponsored by the US Government made an offer to the citizens of Sremska Mitrovica to completely rebuild the town on another location so that the town could be excavated. The town government refused the request immediately, under pressure from the then hard-socialist [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] government. *During work on the new Sremska Mitrovica trade center in [[1972]], a worker accidentally broke into an old [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] pot, about 2m deep, over the site of an old [[Sirmium]] settlement. 33 gold Roman coins enclosed in a leather pouch were found inside a Roman house wall, probably the hidden savings of a wealthy Roman family stashed centuries ago. Of this extraordinary rare find of Sirmium minted coins were 4 [[Constantius II]] era coins, considered the most valuable examples from the late Roman empire of the fourth century AD. The young worker whose shovel brought this significant discovery to light was never rewarded. *The only known unexcavated [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] horse racing arena in the world is in [[Sirmium]]. A colossal building about 150m wide and 450m long lays directly under the Sremska Mitrovica town center and just beside the old [[Sirmium]] ''Emperor's Palace'' (one of just a few Sirmium publicly accessible archeological sights). The presence of the arena has clearly affected the layout of the present town (Sremska Mitrovica is today about 2-4m above ground line of former Sirmium settlement). Recently announced cultural and [[archeological]] projects for preserving and popularising [[Sirmium]] sights haven't included any activity dealing with the arena, probably due to the extent of the large arena - the entire present town center might have to be excavated. ==Sport== *[[FK Srem]], a football club from Sremska Mitrovica. *[[Wing Chun Kung Fu klub "Dragon"]], Kung Fu klub from Sremska Mitrovica under Si fu (instructor)Nenad Koviljac. ==Famous and notable residents== === Classical antiquity === * [[Marcus Aurelius]], Roman emperor (161-180), used Sirmium as a residence in between pannonian military campaigns 170-180 * [[Maximinus Thrax|Maximinus]], Roman emperor (235-238), ruled from residence in Sirmium. * [[Herennius Etruscus]], Roman emperor (251), born in Sirmium. * [[Hostilian]], Roman emperor (251), born in Sirmium * [[Decius|Decius Traian]], Roman emperor (249-251), born in village [[Budalia]] near Sirmium. * [[Ingenuus]], Roman emperor (260), proclaimed himself emperor in Sirmium. * [[Regalianus]], Roman emperor (260), proclaimed himself emperor in Sirmium. * [[Claudius II]], Roman emperor (268-270), born in Sirmium and spent most of his life there. * [[Quintillus]], Roman emperor (270), born in Sirmium * [[Aurelian]], Roman emperor (270-275), born in Sirmium. * [[Probus]], Roman emperor (276-282), born in Sirmium. * [[Maximian|Maximianus Herculius]], Roman emperor (285-310), born near Sirmium. * [[Galerius]], Roman emperor (305-311), ruled as Caesar during the [[Tetrarchy]] from residence in Sirmium (293-296). * [[Crispus]], a Caesar of the Roman Empire. He was proclaimed Caesar in Sirmium in 317. * [[Constantine II (emperor)|Constantine II]], a Caesar of the Roman Empire. He was proclaimed Caesar in Sirmium in 317. * [[Vetranio]]n, Roman emperor. Proclaimed himself emperor in Sirmium (in 350). * [[Constantius II]], Roman emperor (337-361), born in Sirmium. * [[Gratian]], Roman emperor (367-383), born in Sirmium. * [[Theodosius I the Great]], Roman emperor (378-395). He became emperor in Sirmium. * [[Valerius Licinius]], prefect of the [[Diocese of Pannonia]] with residence in Sirmium (308-314). * [[Apricanus]], prefect of the [[Pannonia Secunda]] province with residence in Sirmium (355). * [[Mesala]], prefect of the Pannonia Secunda province (373). * [[Petronius Prob]], prefect in Sirmium (374). * [[Aurelius Victor]], prefect of the Pannonia Secunda province, wrote a ''History of Rome'' under the emperor Julian). * [[Leontius]], prefect in Sirmium (426). * [[Apraemis]], prefect of the [[Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum|Prefecture of Illyricum]] with residence in Sirmium (before 441). * [[Thraustila]], king of the [[Gepids]] with residence in Sirmium (473). * [[Cunimund]], king of the Gepids with residence in Sirmium. * [[Sermon (ruler)|Sermon]], duke of [[Syrmia]] (11th century). === Modern period === * [[Mara Švel-Garmišek]] (1900-1975), Croatian writer * [[Adalbert Kuzmanović]] (1863-1911), Croatian writer * [[Stjepan Musulin]], Croatian linguist and lexicographer * [[Vladislav Kušan]] (1904-1985), Croatian writer * [[Mitar Dragutinac]], Croatian writer * [[Juraj Lončarević]], Croatian writer ==See also== *[[Sirmium]] *[[Council of Sirmium]] *[[List of cities in Serbia]] *[[List of cities, towns and villages in Vojvodina]] *[[Tetrarchy]] *[[Praetorian prefecture]] *[[Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.sremskamitrovica.org.yu Sremska Mitrovica municipality Official Web Site, in Serbian and English] *[http://www.sm.co.yu City of Sremska Mitrovica Web Site, in Serbian, short preface in English] *[http://www.smcity.net Sremska Mitrovica Forum] *[http://www.sremskioglasi.com Sremski Oglasi] *[http://www.malioglasi.in.rs/ Srpski Oglasi] {{Srem District}} {{Municipalities of Serbia}} [[Category:Sremska Mitrovica| ]] [[Category:Cities, towns and villages in Vojvodina]] [[Category:Places in Syrmia]] [[Category:Municipalities of Vojvodina]] [[bs:Sremska Mitrovica]] [[bg:Сремска Митровица]] [[cs:Sremska Mitrovica]] [[de:Sremska Mitrovica]] [[es:Sremska Mitrovica]] [[fr:Sremska Mitrovica]] [[hr:Srijemska Mitrovica]] [[it:Sremska Mitrovica]] [[lt:Sremska Mitrovica]] [[hu:Szávaszentdemeter]] [[nl:Sremska Mitrovica]] [[no:Sremska Mitrovica]] [[pl:Sremska Mitrovica]] [[ru:Сремска-Митровица]] [[sl:Sremska Mitrovica]] [[sr:Сремска Митровица]] [[sh:Sremska Mitrovica]] [[sv:Sremska Mitrovica]] [[zh:斯雷姆斯卡米特罗维察]]