St Andrews 353224 224681935 2008-07-09T23:11:43Z 79.68.233.69 /* External links */ Removed blatant advertising for a shop in St Andrews utterly inappropriate for this website {{Refimprove|date=October 2007}} {{otheruses}} {{Infobox UK place | official_name= St. Andrews | gaelic_name= Cill Rìmhinn (modern); <br>Cell Rígmonaid, <br>Ceann Righmonaidh (obsolete) | static_image= | population= 14,209[http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&mainArea=St+Andrews&mainLevel=Locality] | map_type= [[Image:St Andrews (Location).png|200px|St.Andrews]] | latitude= 56.336978 | longitude= -2.799761 | country= Scotland | os_grid_reference= | post_town= ST ANDREWS | postcode_area= KY | postcode_district= KY16 | dial_code= 01334 | constituency_westminster= [[North East Fife (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Fife]] | scots_name= Sanct Androis | unitary_scotland= [[Fife]] | lieutenancy_scotland= [[Fife]] | constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Fife North East (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Fife North East]] <br/> [[Mid Scotland and Fife]] }} '''St Andrews''' ({{lang-gd|Cill Rìmhinn}}) is a [[town]] and former [[royal burgh]] on the east coast of [[Fife]], [[Scotland]]. It is named after [[Saint Andrew]] the [[Twelve apostles|Apostle]]. It has a population of about 18,000, and stands on the [[North Sea]] coast between [[Edinburgh]] and [[Dundee, Scotland|Dundee]]. It is home to Scotland's oldest university, the [[University of St Andrews]]. From [[mediaeval]] times until the [[Scottish Reformation|Reformation]], St Andrews was the ecclesiastical capital of Scotland: its [[Archbishop of St Andrews|bishop]] being the [[primus]] of the Scottish church. Today, its historic cathedral lies in ruins. The town of St Andrews is known worldwide as the "home of [[golf]]". This is in part because the [[Royal and Ancient Golf Club]], founded in 1754, exercises legislative authority over the game worldwide (except in the United States and Mexico), and also because the famous [[St Andrews Links|links]] (acquired by the town in 1894) is the most frequent venue for [[The Open Championship]], the oldest of golf's four [[major championships]]. Visitors travel to St Andrews in great numbers for several courses ranked amongst the finest in the world, as well as for the sandy beaches. The Martyrs Memorial, erected to the honour of [[Patrick Hamilton (martyr)|Patrick Hamilton]], [[George Wishart]], and other martyrs of the [[Protestant Reformation| Reformation]] epoch, stands at the west end of the Scores on a cliff overlooking the sea. == History == A Pictish stronghold probably stood on the site of St Andrews, and tradition declares that Kenneth, the patron saint of [[Kennoway]], established a ''[[Culdee|Céli Dé]]'' [[monastery]] here in the 6th century. The place is not actually attested in contemporary records until 747, when the Irish annals report the death of [[Túathalán]], abbot of "Cennrígmonaid" ([[Old Irish]] for "head of the King's ''monad''", ''monad'' being a broad term meaning anything from "mountain" to "pastureland"). The foundations of the little church dedicated to the Virgin were discovered on the Kirkheugh in 1860. Another ''Céli Dé'' church of St Mary on the Rock is supposed to have stood on the Lady's Craig, now covered by the sea. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the settlement had the name of '''Kilrymont''' (a Normanized spelling of ''Cell Rígmonaid'', "the church of the King's ''monad''") or of '''Muckross''' ("the promontory of the boars"). Another legend tells how [[Saint Regulus]] or Rule (Riagail), the [[bishop of Patras]], [[Achaea]], was guided hither bearing the relics of [[Saint Andrew]]. The [[Picts| Pictish]] king [[Angus I of the Picts|Angus MacFergus]] gave him a tract of land called the "Boar's Raik", perhaps preserved in the nearby settlement of Boarhills of the present day, and the name of the spot was changed to "St Andrews". St Andrews is said to have become a bishopric in the 9th century, and when the Pictish and Scottish churches merged in 908, the primacy was transferred to it from [[Dunkeld]], [[Bishop of St Andrews|its bishop]] becoming thereafter known as "bishop" or "high bishop of Scotland" (''ardepiscop Alban''). It became an archbishopric during the primacy of Patrick Graham (1466 - 1478). The town was created a [[royal burgh]] in 1124. In the 16th century St Andrews functioned as one of the most important ports north of the [[Firth of Forth| Forth]] and allegedly had 14,000 inhabitants, but it fell into decay after the violent [[Scottish Reformation]] and the [[English Civil War]]. [[Daniel Defoe]] says that when he saw it one-sixth of its houses were ruinous and the sea had so encroached on the harbour that it was never likely to be restored; but the slight improvement in trade and public spirit which [[Richard Pococke|Bishop Pococke]] seemed to detect in 1760 continued throughout the 19th century. Still, by the late-19th century the town was dilapidated. The masters at the [[University of St Andrews|university]] complained of the conditions and contemplated moving either to [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]] or to [[Dumfries]]. In the 1960s the town was revitalised by growth in the [[University of St Andrews|university]] and the growing popularity of [[golf]]. == Weather and Climate == <!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:St_-Andrews-in-snow---300.jpg|200px|left|thumb|St Andrews in the snow]] --> St Andrews has a [[temperate]] [[maritime climate]], which is relatively mild despite its northerly [[latitude]]. Winters are not as cold as one might expect, considering that [[Moscow]] and [[Labrador]] in [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]] lie on the same latitude. Daytime temperatures rarely fall below freezing and average around 5 °C. Night-time frosts are not uncommon, however snowfall is increasingly rare. The lowest winter temperature recorded in St Andrews is -14 °C, but this is exceptional.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} Summer temperatures are normally moderate, with daily upper maxima rarely exceeding 25 °C. Being on the east coast of Scotland, it is often subject to the fog, or “haar” which rolls off the North Sea and can linger for several days at a time. == Buildings == [[Image:St Andrews from St Rules Tower.jpg|575px|center|thumb|St Andrews, from the top of St Rule's Tower]] [[Image:St Andrews Cathedral-2007 1.jpg|200px|left|thumb|St Andrew's cathedral ruins]] [[Image:ViewFromTheTop.JPG|300px|lright|thumb|View of the cathedral grounds from the top of St Rule's Tower.]] === Cathedral === {{main|St Andrew's Cathedral, St Andrews}} The ruins of the Cathedral of St Andrew, at one time [[Scotland]]'s largest building, originated in the priory of Canons Regular founded by Bishop Robert (1122 - 1159). It was not completed and consecrated until 1318 in the reign of [[Robert the Bruce]] (1306-29). The Cathedral and its associated conventual buildings were sacked and gradually became ruinous after the [[Reformation]] in 1559 as stone from the cathedral was used for local buildings. At the end of the 17th century, some of the priory buildings remained entire and considerable remains of others existed, but nearly all traces have now disappeared except much of the defensive Priory wall, with its towers and gates. To the west of the Cathedral, the 14th century main gateway into the Cathedral precinct, known as the Pends, also survives. Apart from most of the east and west gables, the south [[nave]] wall, and parts of the south transept, the Cathedral itself has been reduced to its foundations by stone robbing. Fragments can be found built into the older buildings throughout the town. A site museum ([[Historic Scotland]]; entrance charge) contains an impressive collection of stonework from all phases of the Cathedral's history, from early medieval to 17th century. The most important single piece is the St Andrews Sarcophagus, a masterpiece of 8th century [[Picts|Pictish]] sculpture. === St Rule's Tower === [[Image:St Rules Tower.jpg|200px|right|thumb|St Rule's Tower]] St Rule's tower is located in the Cathedral grounds but predates it, probably itself having been part of the Cathedral up to the early 12th century. The building was retained to allow worship to continue uninterrupted during the building of its much larger successor. Originally, the tower and adjoining [[choir]] were part of a church built probably in the 11th century to hold the relics of St Andrew. The [[nave]], with twin western turrets, and the [[apse]] of the church no longer stand. The church's original appearance is illustrated in stylised form on some of the early seals of the Cathedral Priory. Legend credits [[Saint Regulus|St Rule]] (also known as [[Saint Regulus|St Regulus]]) with bringing relics of [[St Andrew]] to the area from their original location at [[Patras]] in [[Greece]]. Today the tower commands an admirable view of the town, harbour, sea, and surrounding countryside. Beautifully built in grey [[sandstone]] [[ashlar]], and immensely tall, it is a land- and sea-mark seen from many miles away, its prominence doubtless meant to guide pilgrims to the place of the Apostle's relics. In the [[Middle Ages]] a spire atop the tower made it even more prominent. The tower was originally ascended using ladders between wooden floors, but a stone spiral staircase was inserted in the 18th century ([[Historic Scotland]]; entrance charge to Tower and site museum). === Castle === {{main|St Andrews Castle}} [[Image:St Andrews Castle.JPG|left|frame|St Andrews Castle]]The picturesque ruins of St Andrews Castle stand on a rocky [[promontory]] much worn away by the sea. Bishop Roger supposedly erected the first stone castle on the site about the beginning of the 13th century as an episcopal residence, strongly fortified. English invaders frequently captured it, and after its recapture by the Scottish regent, [[Andrew Murray]], in 1336-37, it was destroyed lest it should fall into their hands. Towards the close of the century Bishop Trail rebuilt it in the form of a massive five-sided enclosure with a moat on the south and west sides. [[James I of Scotland| James I]] spent some of his early years within it under the care of Bishop Wardlaw, and it was the birthplace of [[James III of Scotland| James III]] in 1445. From a window in the castle Cardinal [[David Beaton| Beaton]] witnessed the burning of the [[Protestant]] reformer [[George Wishart]] (1546) for the crime of [[heresy]], and in the same year a party of [[Protestant Reformation| Reformer]]s murdered Beaton within it. The Castle was taken from the conspirators by the French, after a year-long siege, among the prisoners captured being [[John Knox]]. === Parish Church of the Holy Trinity === Bishop [[Thurgot]] founded the town church (officially known as the Parish Church of the Holy Trinity) in 1112. Originally standing close to the east end of the Cathedral, the parish church was moved in the 15th century to a new site on the north side of South Street. This was one of [[Scotland]]'s largest parish churches, with a round-pillared nave and chancel, and a north-west tower crowned by a stone spire. Largely rebuilt in the 18th century, the church was restored to a (more elaborately decorated) approximation of its medieval appearance in the early 20th century. Only the tower, part of the west wall and the internal pillars survive from the original building. In this church [[John Knox]] first preached in public (May or June) 1547, and in it, on [[4 June]] [[1559]], he delivered the famous sermon from St Matthew xxi. 12, 13, which led to the stripping of the Cathedral and the destruction of the monastic buildings. Holy Trinity contains an elaborate monument in white marble to [[James Sharp]], Archbishop of St Andrews (assassinated 1679). A rare survival from the [[Middle Ages]] are a few of the church's elegantly carved choir stalls, thought to have been carved by the famous French sculptor James Bentley. Holy Trinity Parish Church is a congregation of the [[Presbyterian]] [[Church of Scotland]]. The current (2008) minister is the Rev. Rory MacLeod and the Associate Minister is the [[Rev. Dr. Ian C. Bradley]] The town also has other churches, including three other Church of Scotland congregations (St Leonard's, Martyrs' and [[Hope Park Church, St Andrews|Hope Park]]), a Free Church of Scotland, two [[Scottish Episcopal Church]] congregations (St Andrew's and All Saints'), a [[Baptist]] church, a [[Roman Catholic]] church (St James' built in 1909), the Eden Fellowship, a [[Gospel Hall]], a [[Religious Society of Friends]] (Quaker) [[Friends meeting house|Meeting House]] and a Kingdom Vineyard Fellowship. === Chapel of the Blackfriars === [[Image:St Andrews Blackfriars.JPG|200px|thumb|Ruins of Blackfriars Chapel, St Andrews]] In South Street stands the elegant late medieval ruin of the north transept of the chapel of the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] Friary, founded by Bishop Wishart in 1274, the only part of the House of the Blackfriars to remain above ground. All traces of the [[Observantine]] [[Franciscan]] Friary founded about 1450 by Bishop Kennedy have disappeared, except the well and a small section of boundary wall. == Education == === The University of St Andrews=== {{main|University of St Andrews}} [[Image:St Andrews University Classics Building.jpg|300px|left|thumb|St Andrews University classics building]] The [[University of St Andrews]] owed its origin to a society formed in 1410 by Lawrence of Lindores, abbot of [[Scone, Perthshire|Scone]], Richard Cornwall, archdeacon of [[Lothian]], William Stephenson, afterwards [[bishop]] of [[Dunblane]], and a few others. Bishop [[Henry Wardlaw]] (died 1440) issued a charter in 1411 and attracted the most learned men in Scotland as professors. In 1413 [[Avignon Pope Benedict XIII]] issued six [[Papal bull| bull]]s confirming the charter and constituting the society a [[university]]. Lectures took place in various parts of the town until 1430, when Wardlaw allowed the lecturers the use of a building called the ''Paedagogium'', or St Johns College. Bishop Kennedy founded and richly endowed [[St Salvator's College, (St Andrews)|St Salvator's College]] in 1450; seven years later it gained the right to confer degrees in [[theology]] and [[philosophy]], and by the end of the century was regarded as a constituent part of the university. In 1512 Prior John Hepburn and Archbishop [[Alexander Stewart]] founded [[St Leonard's College]] on the site of the buildings which at one time served as a hostel for pilgrims. In the same year Archbishop Stewart nominally changed the original ''Paedagogium'' into a college and annexed to it the parish church of St Michael of Tarvet; but its actual erection into a college did not take place until 1537, when it was dedicated to the [[Mary, the mother of Jesus| Blessed Virgin Mary of the Assumption]]. The outline of the ancient structure has survived, but various restorations have much altered its general character. It forms two sides of a quadrangle, the library and principal's residence standing on the north and the lecture rooms and the old dining-hall to the west. The University library, which now includes the older college libraries, was founded in 1612, rebuilt in 1764, and improved in 1829 and 1889 - 1890. The lower hall in the older part of the building was used at times as a provincial meeting-place for the [[Scottish Parliament]]. When the constitution of the colleges was remodelled in 1579 St Mary's was set apart for theology; and in 1747 the colleges of St Salvator and St Leonard were formed into the [[United College, St Andrews|United College]]. A co-educational school now occupies the buildings of [[St Leonards School|St Leonards]]. [[Image:St Salvator's Chapel.JPG|300px|right|thumb|St Salvator's Chapel]]The University retains ownership of the tiny St Leonards college chapel, and candle-lit services take place weekly during term-time. The United College occupies the site of St Salvator's College, but, with the exception of the college chapel, the entrance gateway and clock tower (152 feet high) and the janitor's house with some classrooms above, the original buildings have been removed. The chapel is now used as the university chapel, and is a fine [[Gothic architecture| Gothic]] structure, containing an elaborate tomb of Bishop Kennedy and Knox's pulpit. The modern buildings, in the [[Jacobean style]], were erected between 1827 and 1847. University College, Dundee, became in 1890 affiliated to the University of St Andrews. The [[House of Lords]] set aside this arrangement in 1895, but a re-affiliation took place in 1897. This affiliation ended in 1967 with the founding of the [[University of Dundee]]. In 1887 - 1888 a common dining-hall for the students was established; in 1892 provision was made within the university for the instruction of women, and in 1896 a permanent building was opened for the board and residence of women students. To the south of the library, the [[Bute Medical School|Bute Medical Buildings]], erected by the munificence of the [[John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute|3rd Marquess of Bute]], was opened in 1899. It was during the principalship of Dr James Donaldson, who succeeded [[John Tulloch]] (1823 - 1886), that most of the modern improvements were introduced. ===Madras College=== {{main|Madras College}} [[Madras College]], founded and endowed by Dr Andrew Bell (1755-1832), a native of the town, is a famous school. ===St Leonards=== {{main|St Leonards School}} St Leonards[http://www.stleonards-fife.org/], founded in 1877 as an all-girls school, is now a co-educational school for 3-18 year olds. == Leisure == [[Image:R&A and Hamilton Hall.JPG|none|frame|Royal & Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews and former Hamilton Hall]] St Andrews has a variety of sporting activities open to the public. The East Sands Leisure Centre, which sits on the outskirts of the town, is a popular place for tourists wishing to swim, play pool or even keep fit in the gym. On the local East Sands beach, surfing is possible though big waves are a rarity that are more common during the winter months. Kite flying is often found on the West Sands beach. Being the "Home of Golf", it is understandable that golf is St Andrews' most popular sport. Where it may cost £130 for an adult to play on the Old Course (as of 2008)[http://www.standrews.org.uk/golf/book_golf/green_fees.html], it costs only a fraction of that to play on some of the other links courses. There are 7 links golf courses in all; Old, New, Jubilee, Eden, Strathtyrum, Balgove and the Castle Course. Other places of interest: * St Andrews Tennis Club * St Andrews University Sports Centre * [[Madras College FP RFC|Madras Rugby Club]] * St Andrews Links Golf Driving Range == Representation == Prior to 1975 the town was governed by a council, [[provost (civil)|provost]] and [[baillie]]s. In 1975, St Andrews came under Fife Regional Council and North East Fife District Council, since merged to create a single-tier [[Fife|Fife Council]]. St Andrews retains its own Community Council. According to the 1911 records, the town gave its name to the district group of burghs for returning one member to parliament, the other constituents being the two [[Anstruther]]s, [[Crail]], [[Cupar]], [[Kilrenny]] and [[Pittenweem]]. Currently, St Andrews is part of the [[North East Fife (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Fife Parliamentary Constituency]], which is represented in the UK Parliament by [[Sir Menzies Campbell]] CBE QC MP and in the Scottish Parliament by [[Iain Smith (Scottish politician)|Iain Smith]] MSP. ==Trivia== [[Image:Bailie bell plaque.jpg|thumb|right|The plaque on the bookshop on the corner of South Street and Church Street in St Andrews.]] According to a plaque in St Andrews, the first dollar symbol was cast in a type-foundry in [[Philadelphia]] in 1797 that belonged to a Scots emigrant [[John Baine]]. John Baine and [[Alexander Wilson]], the father of Scottish type-founding, had been supported by Bailie Bell of St Andrews. Bailie Bell was the father of the educationalist [[Andrew Bell (educationalist)|Andrew Bell]] who established Madras College. The British actress [[Judi Dench]] will be awarded an honorary degree by the St Andrews University. She will be made a Doctor of Letters (D.Litt) on Tuesday 24 June 2008. [http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/news/Title,21556,en.html Distinguished actress to be honoured by University] ==See also== *[[Bishop of St Andrews]] *[[Celtic art]] - Pictish stones at St Andrews. *[[St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church]][http://pcpnabharoad.com] ==External links== * [http://www.standrewscc.net/ Royal Burgh of St Andrews Community Council] *{{wikitravel|St Andrews}} * [http://www.standrews.org.uk/ St Andrews Links] *[http://www.standrewsgolfblog.com/ St Andrews Golf Blog - Information on golf in St Andrews and the surrounding area] ==References== *{{1911}} {{Bishops of St Andrews}} [[Category:St Andrews| ]] [[Category:Royal burghs]] [[Category:Towns in Fife]] [[Category:University towns]] [[Category:Former cities in Scotland]] [[bg:Сейнт Андрюс]] [[cs:St. Andrews]] [[de:St Andrews]] [[es:Saint Andrews]] [[fa:سنت اندروز]] [[fr:Saint Andrews]] [[gd:Cill Rìmhinn]] [[hu:St. Andrews (Skócia)]] [[ja:セント・アンドリュース]] [[no:St. Andrews]] [[pl:Saint Andrews]] [[ru:Сент-Эндрюс]] [[sco:Saunt Andras]] [[simple:St Andrews]] [[fi:St Andrews]] [[sv:St Andrews]] [[zh:圣安德鲁斯]]