Stanford University
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{{redirect|Stanford}}
{{Infobox_University
|image_name= CardSeal-1.gif
|image_size= 165px
|name = Leland Stanford Junior University
|motto = {{lang|de|''Die Luft der Freiheit weht''}}<br />"The wind of freedom blows" ([[German language|German]])<ref>{{cite speech|title=Die Luft der Freiheit weht - On and Off|author=Gerhard Casper|first=Gerhard|last=Casper|authorlink=Gerhard Casper|date=[[1995-10-05]]|url=http://www.stanford.edu/dept/pres-provost/president/speeches/951005dieluft.html}}</ref>
|established = 1891<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.stanford.edu/home/stanford/history/begin.html | title=Stanford University History | publisher = Stanford University | accessdate = 2007-04-26}}</ref>
|type = [[private university|Private]]
|calendar= Quarter
|president = [[John L. Hennessy]]
|city = [[Stanford, California|Stanford]]
|state = [[California|CA]]
|country = [[United States|U.S.]]
|endowment = [[United States dollar|$]]17.2 [[1000000000 (number)|Billion]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news-service.stanford.edu/pr/2007/pr-smc-100307.html | title=Stanford Management Company report issued | publisher = Stanford News Service | date=[[September 28]] [[2007]] | accessdate = 2007-09-30}}</ref>
|faculty = 1,807<ref> {{cite web | url=http://www.stanford.edu/home/stanford/facts/faculty.html | title = Stanford Facts 2007 (The Stanford Faculty) | publisher = Stanford University | accessdate = 2007-04-26}}</ref>
|undergrad = 6,759<ref name="stanford_facts"> {{cite web | url=http://www.stanford.edu/home/stanford/facts/chron.html#faculty | title = Stanford Facts 2007 | publisher = Stanford University | accessdate = 2007-04-26}}</ref>
|postgrad = 8,186<ref name="stanford_facts" />
|campus = [[Suburb]]an, 8,180 acres (33.1 km²)
|mascot = [[Stanford Tree]] (unofficial)
|athletics =[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[Division I]] (FBS) [[Pacific-10 Conference|Pac-10]]
|free_label = Athletic nickname
|free = [[Stanford Cardinal]]
|website = [http://www.stanford.edu/ Stanford.edu]
|logo = [[Image:Stanford logo.png|center|225px]]
}}
'''Leland Stanford Junior University''', commonly known as '''Stanford University''' or simply '''Stanford''', is a highly selective and well regarded [[private university]] located approximately {{convert|37|mi|km|0|sp=us}} southeast of [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] and approximately 20 miles (32 km) northwest of [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] in [[Stanford, California|Stanford]], [[California]], [[United States]]. Stanford is situated adjacent to the city of [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]], on the [[San Francisco Peninsula]].
== History ==
[[Image:StanfordLibrary-1906.jpg|thumb|The ruins of Stanford Library after the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]]]]
{{cquote|''The children of California shall be our children.''|20px|20px|Leland Stanford}}
Stanford was founded by [[railroad]] magnate and [[Governor of California|California Governor]] [[Leland Stanford]] and his wife, [[Jane Stanford]]. It is named in honor of their only child, [[Leland Stanford, Jr.]], who died of [[typhoid]] just before his 16th birthday.
The story that a lady in "faded gingham" and a man in a "homespun threadbare suit" went to visit the president of [[Harvard University|Harvard]] about making a donation, were rebuffed, and then founded Stanford is untrue. <ref>{{cite web|title=Stanford University History|publisher=[[Stanford University]]|url=http://www.stanford.edu/home/stanford/history/begin.html#myth}}</ref>
Locals and members of the university community are known to refer to the school as '''The Farm''', a nod to the fact that the university is located on the former site of Leland Stanford's horse farm.
The University's founding grant was written on [[November 11]], [[1885]], and accepted by the first Board of Trustees on [[November 14]]. The cornerstone was laid on [[May 14]], [[1887]], and the University officially opened on [[October 1]], [[1891]], to 559 students and 15 faculty members, seven of whom hailed from [[Cornell University]]<ref name="cornell">[http://ezra.cornell.edu/posting.php?timestamp=1097125200 Cornell/Stanford Connection]</ref>. At the opening of the school, there was no tuition for students, a program which lasted into the 1930s [http://www.stanford.edu/home/stanford/history/leader.html]. Among the first class of students was a young future president [[Herbert Hoover]], who would claim to be first student ''ever'' at Stanford, by virtue of having been the first person in the first class to sleep in the dormitory.<ref>Dave Revsine, [http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/columns/story?columnist=revsine_dave&id=2680873 One-sided numbers dominate Saturday's rivalry games], ESPN.com, November 30, 2006.</ref>
The school was established as a [[coeducation]]al institution although it maintained a cap on female enrollment for many years. This was not due to any anti-female sentiment but rather based on a concern of Jane Stanford, who worried that without such a cap, the school could become an all-female institution, which she did not feel would be an appropriate memorial for her son.
The [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]] destroyed parts of the Main Quad (including the original iteration of [[Stanford Memorial Church|Memorial Church]]) as well as the gate that first marked the entrance of the school; rebuilding on a somewhat less grandiose scale began immediately.
The official motto of Stanford University, selected by the Stanfords, is "''Die Luft der Freiheit weht.''" Translated from the [[German language|German]], this quotation of [[Ulrich von Hutten]] means "The wind of freedom blows." At the time of the school's establishment, German had recently replaced [[Latin]] as the supraregional language of science and philosophy.
== Campus ==
{{wide image|stanfordquad.jpg|2000px|<center>''Orthographic panorama of the Main Quad, located in the heart of the Stanford University campus.''</center>}}
[[Image:At Stanford University.jpg|thumb|View of Hoover Tower from courtyard.]]
[[Image:Stanford-bikes.jpg|thumb|Many students use [[bicycle]]s to get around the large campus.]]
Stanford University owns 8,183 acres (32 km²). The main campus is bounded by [[El Camino Real (California)|El Camino Real]], Stanford Avenue, Junipero Serra Boulevard and [[Sand Hill Road]], in the northwest part of the [[Santa Clara Valley]] on the [[San Francisco Peninsula]].
It is sometimes asserted that Stanford University occupies the largest university campus in the world, in terms of contiguous area, and this may be true. [[Moscow State University]], which is built vertically and has a large floor area, is the largest university, but occupies a smaller piece of land. [[Berry College]] occupies 28,000 acres (110 km²) of contiguous land, and [[Paul Smith's College]] occupies {{convert|14200|acre|km2|0}} of land in the Adirondack Mountains of upstate New York, but neither is a university. [[Duke University]] occupies 8,709 acres (35.2 km²), but they are not contiguous.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quick Facts about Duke|work=Duke News & Communications|publisher=[[Duke University]]|url=http://www.dukenews.duke.edu/resources/quickfacts.html#buildings}}</ref> The [[United States Air Force Academy]] has a contiguous 18,000 acres (73 km²) at its disposal, but it is not a university. [[Dartmouth College]], with a large [[Second College Grant, New Hampshire|land grant]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~doc/secondcollegegrant/ | title = Second College Grant | publisher = [[Dartmouth Outing Club]] | accessdate = 2007-10-30 }}</ref> owns more than 50,000 acres (200 km²), but only 269 of those are part of the campus.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dartmouth College: College Life|work=America's Best Colleges 2008|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|year=2007|url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/directory/brief/drlife_2573_brief.php}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/home/about/facts.html | title = About Dartmouth: Facts | publisher = Dartmouth College | accessdate = 2007-10-30 }}</ref>
In the summer of 1886, when the campus was first being planned, Stanford brought the president of [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], [[Francis Amasa Walker]], and prominent [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] landscape architect [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] westward for consultations. Olmsted worked out the general concept for the campus and its buildings, rejecting a hillside site in favor of the more practical flatlands. [[Charles Allerton Coolidge]] then developed this concept in the style of his late mentor, [[Henry Hobson Richardson]], in the [[Richardsonian Romanesque]] style, characterized by rectangular stone buildings linked by arcades of half-circle arches. The original campus was also designed in the Spanish-colonial style common to California known as [[Mission Revival]]. The red tile roofs and solid [[sandstone]] masonry hold a distinctly Californian appearance and most of the subsequently erected buildings have maintained consistent exteriors. The red tile roofs and bright blue skies common to the region are a famously complementary combination.
Much of this first construction was destroyed by the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]] but the University retains the Quad, the old Chemistry Building and Encina Hall (the residence of [[Herbert Hoover]], [[John Steinbeck]], and [[Anthony Kennedy]] during their times at Stanford). After the 1989 [[Loma Prieta earthquake]] inflicted further damage, the University implemented a billion-dollar capital improvement plan to retrofit and renovate older buildings for new, up-to-date uses.
Stanford University is actually its own [[Stanford, California|census-designated place]] which is part of [[unincorporated area|unincorporated]] [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara County]] though some of the university land is within the city limits of Palo Alto. For many intents and purposes it can be considered a part of the city of Palo Alto; they share the same [[Palo Alto Unified School District|school district]] and [[fire department]] though the police forces are separate. The [[United States Postal Service]] has assigned it two [[ZIP codes]]: 94305 for campus mail and 94309 for [[Post Office box|P.O. box]] mail. It lies within [[area code 650]] and campus phone numbers start with 723, 724, 725, 736, 497, or 498.
The [[physicist]] [[Werner Heisenberg]] was once asked if he knew where Stanford University was located. "I believe it is on the west coast of the United States, not far from San Francisco. There is also another school nearby, and they steal each other's axes," he replied, referring to Stanford's rivalry with the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref name="Heisenberg axe">{{cite book|chapter=The Life and work of [[Felix Bloch]]|title=Guide to the Felix Bloch Papers, 1931-1987|publisher=[[Stanford University]] Archives|location=[[Stanford, California]]|url=http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=tf2n39n5nt&doc.view=entire_text|quote=For the next few months, Bloch stayed mostly at his home in Zurich, but he also traveled to France, Holland, and Denmark. During his summer visit to Copenhagen to see Niels Bohr, he received his first offer from the chairman of the Stanford University physics department, David Locke Webster. Originally, Bloch later confessed, he knew nothing about Stanford so he mentioned the offer to Bohr and Heisenberg and asked for their advice. Heisenberg knew only that Stanford was in California and that the students from Stanford and another school nearby stole each other's axes. Bohr's opinion was definitive: Stanford was a good school; he should go.}}<!-- Original URL: http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/spc/xml/sc0303.xml ; original format: [[Encoded Archival Description]] --></ref>
[[Image:Stanford University Quad Memorial Church.JPG|thumb|right|[[Stanford Memorial Church]]]]
=== Off campus ===
The off-campus [[Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve]] is a nature reserve owned by the university and used by wildlife biologists for research. [[Hopkins Marine Station]], located in [[Pacific Grove, California]], is a [[marine biology]] research center owned by the university since 1892. The University also has its own golf course and a seasonal lake ([[Lake Lagunita]], actually an irrigation reservoir), both home to the endangered [[California Tiger Salamander]].
=== Landmarks ===
[[Image:Lou Henry Hoover House from NW.jpg|thumb|[[Lou Henry and Herbert Hoover House]]]]
Contemporary campus landmarks include the [[Stanford Main Quad|Main Quad]] and [[Stanford Memorial Church|Memorial Church]], the [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts|Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] and [[Stanford Art Gallery|art gallery]], the [[Stanford Mausoleum]] and the [[Angel of Grief]], [[Hoover Tower]], the [[Auguste Rodin|Rodin]] sculpture garden, the [[Papua New Guinea Sculpture Garden]], the [[Arizona Cactus Garden]], the [[Stanford University Arboretum]], [[Green Library]] and [[the Dish (landmark)|the Dish]]. [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]'s 1937 [[Hanna-Honeycomb House]] and the 1919 [[Lou Henry and Herbert Hoover House]] are both [[National Historic Landmark]]s now on university grounds.
== Institutions ==
Stanford University is governed by a board of trustees, in conjunction with the university president, provosts, faculty senate, and the deans of the various schools. Besides the university, the Stanford trustees oversee [[Stanford Research Park]], the [[Stanford Shopping Center]], the [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts|Cantor Center for Visual Arts]], [[Stanford University Medical Center]] and many associated medical facilities (including the [[Lucile Packard Children's Hospital]]), as well as many acres of undeveloped foothills.
Other Stanford-affiliated institutions include the [[Stanford Linear Accelerator|Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC)]] and the [[Stanford Research Institute]], a now-independent institution which originated at the University, in addition to the [[Stanford Humanities Center]].
[[Image:Stanford University campus from above.jpg|thumb|View from [[Hoover Tower]] observation deck of the Quad and surrounding area, facing west]]
[[Image:Stanford University buildings seen from the Dish.jpg|thumb|View from [[The Dish (landmark)|The Dish]] facing the Bay.]]
Stanford also houses the [[Hoover Institution|Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace]], a major [[public policy]] [[think tank]] that attracts visiting scholars from around the world, and the [[Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies]], which is dedicated to the more specific study of [[international relations]]. Apparently because it could not locate a copy in any of its libraries, the [[Soviet Union]] was obliged to ask the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, at Stanford University, for a microfilm copy of its original edition of the first issue of ''[[Pravda]]'' (dated [[March 5]], [[1917]]).{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
The Stanford University Libraries hold a collection of more than eight million volumes. The main library in the SU library system is [[Green Library]]. [[Meyer Library]] holds the vast [[East Asia]] collection and the student-accessible media resources. Other significant collections include the Lane Medical Library, Terman Engineering Library, Jackson Business Library, Falconer Biology Library, Cubberley Education Library, Branner Earth Sciences Library, Swain Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Library, Jonsson Government Documents collection, Crown Law Library, the Stanford Auxiliary Library (SAL), the SLAC Library, the Hoover library, the Miller Marine Biology Library at Hopkins Marine Station, the Music Library, and the University's special collections. There are 19 libraries in all.
Digital libraries and text services include [[HighWire Press]], the Humanities Digital Information Services group and the Media Microtext Center. Several academic departments and some residences also have their own libraries.
Stanford is a founding and charter member of [[CENIC]], the Corporation for Education Network Initiatives in California, the nonprofit organization which provides extremely high-performance Internet-based networking to California's K-20 research and education community.
== Academics ==
[[Image:Stanford University Walkway Panorama.jpg|thumb|right|Walkway near the Quad]]
The schools of the University include the [[Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences|School of Humanities and Sciences]], [[Stanford University School of Engineering|School of Engineering]], [[Stanford University School of Earth Sciences|School of Earth Sciences]], [[Stanford University School of Education|School of Education]], [[Stanford Graduate School of Business|Graduate School of Business]], [[Stanford Law School]] and the [[Stanford University School of Medicine]].
Stanford awards the following degrees: [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]], [[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]], [[Bachelor of Arts and Science|B.A.S.]], [[Master of Arts (postgraduate)|M.A.]], [[Master of Science|M.S.]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]], [[Doctor of Musical Arts|D.M.A.]], [[Doctor of Education|Ed.D.]], [[Education Specialist|Ed.S.]], [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]], [[Master of Business Administration|M.B.A.]], [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]], [[Doctor of the Science of Law|J.S.D.]], [[Master of the Science of Law|J.S.M.]], [[Master of Laws|LL.M.]], [[Master of Arts in Teaching|M.A.T.]], [[Master of Fine Arts|M.F.A.]], [[Master of Legal Studies|M.L.S.]], [[Master of Science of Medicine|M.S.M.]] and [[Engineer's degree|ENG]].
The University enrolls approximately 6,700 undergraduates and 8,000 graduate students. The University has approximately 1,700 faculty members. The largest part of the faculty (40 percent) are affiliated with the medical school, while a third serve in the School of Humanities and Sciences.
Stanford's current community of scholars includes: 18 [[Nobel Prize]] laureates; 135 members of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]];
82 members of [[National Academy of Engineering]];
224 members of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]];
21 recipients of the [[National Medal of Science]];
three recipients of the [[National Medal of Technology]];
26 members of the [[National Academy of Education]];
41 members of [[American Philosophical Society]];
4 [[Pulitzer Prize]] winners;
23 [[MacArthur Fellow]]s;
7 [[Wolf Foundation Prize]] winners;
7 [[Koret Foundation Prize]] winners;
7 [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] winners.{{Fact|date=December 2007}}
Stanford built its international reputation as the pioneering [[Silicon Valley]] institution through top programs in business, [[engineering]] and the [[science]]s, spawning such companies as [[Hewlett-Packard]], [[Cisco Systems]], [[VMware]], [[Yahoo!]], [[Google]], and [[Sun Microsystems]]—indeed, "Sun" originally stood for "Stanford University Network." In addition, the [[SRI International|Stanford Research Institute]] operated one of the four original nodes that comprised [[ARPANET]], predecessor to the [[Internet]]. The university also offers distinguished programs in the humanities and social sciences, particularly [[American studies]], [[creative writing]], [[history]], [[political science]], [[economics]], [[communication]], [[music]], and [[psychology]].
=== Admission and rankings ===
[[Image:Stanford banner.jpg|right|thumb|Vintage Stanford University postcard]]
{{see also|Criticism of college and university rankings (North America)}}
* Stanford University's undergraduate program is ranked fourth among national universities by ''[[U.S. News and World Report]]'' (USNWR).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/directory/brief/drglance_1305_brief.php |title=America's Best Colleges 2007 |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |year=2007 |accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref>, <ref>{{cite web | first = | last = | title =Stanford Fourth in US News Rankings| publisher = [[Stanford University]] | date = [[22 September]] [[2006]] | url= http://www.stanfordreview.org/Archive/Volume_XXXVII/Issue_1/News/news1.shtml}}</ref>
* Stanford University is ranked second among world universities and second among universities in the Americas by [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/ranking.htm |title=Academic Ranking of World Universities 2006 |year=2006 |publisher= Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University |accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref> nineteenth among world universities in the [[THES - QS World University Rankings|THES-QS World University Rankings]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thes.co.uk/worldrankings/ |title=World University Rankings |year=2006 |publisher=The Times Higher Educational Supplement |accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref><ref>[http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/] — A 2007 ranking from the ''[[THES - QS]]'' of the world's research universities.</ref>, seventh among national universities by ''[[The Washington Monthly]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.national.html |title=The Washington Monthly College Rankings |year=2006 |publisher=The Washington Monthly |accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref> second among "global universities" by [[Newsweek]],<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14321230/site/newsweek/ |journal= Newsweek |title=The World's 100 Most Global Universities |accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref> and in the first-tier among national universities by [[The Center for Measuring University Performance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mup.asu.edu/research2006.pdf |title=The Top American Research Universities: 2006 Annual Report |year=2006 |accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref> Stanford University also participates in the [http://www.naicu.edu/ National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities] ([[NAICU]])'s [[University and College Accountability Network (U-CAN)]].
*Stanford received $911 million in private donations for the year ended August 31, 2006, the most of all U.S. universities and seventh highest of all charities.<ref>{{cite news |coauthors=Noelle Barton and Elizabeth Schwinn |title=The Philanthropy 400 |publisher=The Chronicle of Philanthropy |date=[[2007-11-01]]}}</ref>
*Stanford announced recently that it would use some of its endowment to cover the $36,000-a-year tuition for students whose families make under $100,000 a year. For students with family income under $60,000, living costs will also be paid.<ref>
{{citation
|url=http://www.sacbee.com/101/story/753472.html
|title=Stanford tilts playing field with free tuition pledge
|newspaper=[[Sacramento Bee]]
|accessdate=2008-03-03
|last=Korber
|first=Dorothy
|date=[[March 2]], [[2008]]
}}
</ref>
=== Selectivity ===
Stanford is one of the most selective universities in the U.S. In 2006, Stanford's [[College admissions in the United States|undergraduate admission]] rate was 10.8 percent, from a pool of 22,223 applicants—the lowest rate of undergraduate admission in the history of the university until this year.<ref>[http://ivysuccess.com/stanford_2010.html IvySuccess.com]</ref>The acceptance rates at the university's law school (7.7 percent), medical school (3.3 percent), and business school (7.9 percent) are also among the lowest in the country.
For the Class of 2011, Stanford admitted 10.29 percent of an undergraduate applicant pool of 23,956 students. The entering [[college transfer|transfer]] class of 2009 was 20 students, with a [[selectivity]] rate of 1.4 percent.<ref>[http://daily.stanford.edu/article/2007/5/11/1745SignWithSu 1,745 sign with SU - The Stanford Daily Online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
For the Class of 2012, Stanford admitted 2,400 students from a undergraduate applicant pool of 25,298 candidates, resulting in an overall admissions rate of 9.49%, the lowest percentage in University history.<ref>[http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2008/april2/admission-040208.html 2,400 students from record applicant pool offered admission<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
<br clear="all">
=== Arts ===
[[Image:Les-bourgeois-de-Calais.jpg|thumb|Bronze statues by [[Auguste Rodin]] are scattered through the campus, including these ''[[The Burghers of Calais|Burghers of Calais]]''.]]
Stanford University is home to the [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts|Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] museum with 24 galleries, sculpture gardens, terraces, and a courtyard first established in 1891 by Jane and Leland Stanford as a memorial to their only child. Notably, the Center possesses the largest collection of Rodin works outside of Paris, France. There are also a large number of outdoor art installations throughout the campus, primarily sculptures, but some murals as well. The Papua New Guinea Sculpture Garden near Roble Hall features handmade wood carvings and "totem poles."
Stanford has a thriving artistic and musical community, including theater groups such as Ram's Head Theatrical Society and the Stanford Shakespeare Society, award-winning [[a cappella]] music groups, such as the [[Stanford Mendicants|Mendicants]], Counterpoint, Stanford Fleet Street Singers, Harmonics, Mixed Company, Testimony, [[Talisman A Cappella|Talisman]], and Everyday People, and a group dedicated to performing the works of [[Gilbert and Sullivan|Gilbert and Sullivan]]--the Stanford Savoyards.
Stanford's dance community is one of the most vibrant in the country, with an active dance division (in the Drama Department) and over 30 different dance-related student groups, including the [[Stanford Band]]'s [[Stanford Band#The Dollies|Dollie]] dance troupe.
Perhaps most distinctive of all is its [[social dance|social]] and [[vintage dance]] community, cultivated by dance historian [[Richard Powers (dance historian)|Richard Powers]] and enjoyed by hundreds of students and thousands of alumni. Stanford hosts monthly informal dances (called Jammix) and large quarterly dance events, including Ragtime Ball (fall), the Stanford Viennese Ball (winter), and Big Dance (spring). Stanford also boasts a student-run swing performance troupe called [[Swingtime Dance Troupe|Swingtime]] and several alumni performance groups, including Decadance and the Academy of Danse Libre.
The [[creative writing]] program brings young writers to campus via the [[Stegner Fellowship]]s and other graduate scholarship programs. ''[[This Boy's Life]]'' author [[Tobias Wolff]] teaches writing to undergraduates and graduate students. Knight Journalism Fellows are invited to spend a year at the campus taking seminars and courses of their choice. There is also an extracurricular writing and performance group called the Stanford Spoken Word Collective, which also serves as the school's poetry slam team.
Stanford also hosts various publishing courses for professionals. Stanford Professional Publishing Course, which has been offered on campus since the late 1970s, brings together international publishing professionals to discuss changing business models in magazine and book publishing.
=== Faculty residences ===
One of the benefits of being a Stanford faculty member is the "Faculty Ghetto," where faculty members can live within walking or biking distance of campus. Similar to a [[condominium]], the houses can be bought and sold but the land under the houses is rented. The Faculty Ghetto is composed of land owned entirely by Stanford. A faculty member cannot buy a lot, but he or she can buy a house, renting the underlying land on a 99-year lease. The cost of owning a house in [[Silicon Valley]] remains high, however, and the average price of single family homes on campus is actually higher than in Palo Alto. The rapid capital gains of Silicon Valley landowners are enjoyed by Stanford, although Stanford, by the terms of its founding cannot sell the land. Houses in the "Ghetto" may appreciate or may depreciate but not as rapidly as overall Silicon Valley land prices.
== Student life ==
Stanford has been [[coeducational]] since its founding; however, between approximately 1899 and 1933, there was a policy in place limiting female enrollment to 500 students and maintaining a ratio of three males for every one female student. By the late 1960s the "ratio" was about 2:1 for undergraduates and much more skewed at the graduate level, except in the humanities. As of 2005, undergraduate enrollment is split nearly evenly between the sexes, but male enrollees outnumber female enrollees about 2:1 at the graduate level.
=== Student government ===
The [[Associated Students of Stanford University]] (ASSU) is the student government for Stanford University. Its elected leadership consists of the Undergraduate Senate elected by the undergraduate students, the Graduate Student Council elected by the graduate students, and the President and Vice President elected as a [[Ticket (election)|ticket]] by the entire student body.
=== Dormitories and student housing ===
Stanford places a strong focus on residential education. Approximately 98 percent of undergraduate students live in on-campus university housing, with another five percent living in Stanford housing at the overseas campuses. According to the Stanford Housing Assignments Office, undergraduates live in 77 different houses, including dormitories, co-ops, row houses, fraternities and sororities. Residences are located generally just outside the campus core, within ten minutes (on foot or bike) of most classrooms and libraries. Some residences are for freshmen only; others give priority to sophomores, others to both freshmen and sophomores; some are available for upperclass students only, and some are open to all four classes. All residences are coed except for seven all-male [[fraternities]], three all-female [[sororities]], and one all-female house. In most residences men and women live on the same floor, but a few dorms are configured for men and women to live on separate floors.<ref name="resed">[http://www.stanford.edu/dept/resed/Residences/ Stanford University - Residential Education<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In April 2008, Stanford unveiled a new pilot plan to test out gender-neutral housing in five campus residences, allowing males and females to live in the same room. This was after concerted student pressure, as well as the institution of similar policies peer institutions such as Wesleyan, Oberlin, Clark, Dartmouth, Brown and the University of Pennsylvania. <ref name="genderblind">[http://daily.stanford.edu/article/2008/4/8/genderneutralHousingPlanUnveiled Stanford Daily article on gender-neutral housing]</ref>
Several residences are considered theme houses, with a cross-cultural, academic/language, or focus theme. Examples include [[Chicano]] themed Casa Zapata, [[French language]] oriented French House, and arts focused Kimball.<ref name="themehouses">[http://www.stanford.edu/dept/uga/living/4_2f_themehouses.html Stanford | Living at Stanford | Theme Houses<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Another famous style of housing at Stanford are the co-ops. These houses feature cooperative living, where residents and eating associates each contribute work to keep the house running. Students often help cook meals for the co-op, or clean the shared spaces. The coops are Chi Theta Chi, Columbae, Enchanted Broccoli Forest (EBF), Hammarskjöld (which is also the International Theme House), Kairos, Terra, and the Synergy cooperative house.<ref name="coops">[http://www.stanford.edu/dept/resed/Staff/StaffResources/StudentMgmt/CoOps.html Stanford University - Residential Education<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
At any time, around 50 percent of the graduate population lives on campus. When construction concludes on the new Munger graduate residence, this percentage will probably increase. First-year graduate students are guaranteed housing, assuming they are willing to take anything.
=== Traditions ===
*Full Moon on the Quad: A student gathering in the Main Quad of the university. Traditionally, seniors exchange kisses with freshmen, although students of all four classes (as well as the occasional graduate student or stranger) have been known to participate.
*Sunday Flicks: Watching a film on Sunday night in [[Stanford Memorial Auditorium|Memorial Auditorium]]. Usually involves [[paper airplanes]] or simply throwing wads of newspaper.
*Steam-tunnelling: Exploring the [[Utility tunnel|steam tunnels]] under the Stanford campus
*Fountain-hopping: Cavorting in any of Stanford's many fountains (such as the Claw in White Plaza)
*[[Big Game (football)|Big Game]] events: Including Big Game Gaieties (a student-written, composed, and produced musical), which is the week before and including the [[Big Game (football)|Big Game]] vs. [[UC Berkeley]].
*Primal scream: Performed by stressed students at midnight during [[Dead week|Dead Week]]
*[[Midnight Breakfast]]: During Winter quarter dead week, Stanford faculty serves breakfast to students in several locations on campus (you might see a vice-provost refilling orange juice, etc.)
*Viennese Ball: a formal [[Ball (dance)|ball]] with [[waltzes]] which was started in the 1970s by students returning from the now closed Stanford in [[Vienna]] program.<ref>{{cite news|title=Strictly Ballroom|author=Theresa Johnston|first=Theresa|last=Johnston|work=Stanford Magazine|publisher=Stanford Alumni Association|date=[[May 2002]]|url=http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2002/mayjun/features/vienneseball.html}}</ref>
*The Stanford [[Powwow]]: Organized by the Stanford American Indian Organization and held every [[Mother's Day]] weekend.<ref>[http://powwow.stanford.edu/ The 37th Annual Stanford Powwow May 9-11, 2008<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*Mausoleum Party: [[Halloween]] Party at the Stanford family [[mausoleum]]. It was on hiatus from 2001 to 2005 due to the fear that the festivities would further deteriorate the conditions of the mausoleum, but was revived in 2006.
*[http://dancemarathon.stanford.edu Stanford Dance Marathon]: A 24-hour [[Dance Marathon|dance-a-thon]] which raises money for [[Partners in Health]] and was started in 2004.
*Senior Pub Night: On most Thursdays during the school year, seniors gather together at a bar in Palo Alto or San Francisco. The location rotates week to week, and chartered buses are organized to take the seniors safely between the bar and campus.
*Uncommon Man/Uncommon Woman: Stanford does not award honorary degrees, but in 1953 the university created the degree of Uncommon Man/Uncommon Woman for persons that give rare and extraordinary service to the university. The university's highest honor, the degree is not given at prescribed intervals, but only when appropriate to recognize extraordinary service. Recipients include [[Herbert Hoover]], [[Bill Hewlett]], [[Dave Packard]], Lucille Salter Packard, and [[John W. Gardner|John Gardner]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Degree of Uncommon Man and Uncommon Woman Award|publisher=Stanford Alumni Association|url=http://www.stanfordalumni.org/volunteer/assoc/awards/umwa.html}}</ref>
*Birthdays: Boys get thrown in the shower at midnight. For girls, such an ordeal is not required, but may be arranged.
Older, now inactive traditions include the Big Game bonfire on [[Lake Lagunita]] (a seasonal lake usually dry in the fall) due to the presence of endangered salamanders.
<br clear="all">
[[Image:Lakelag.jpg|thumb|800px|center|Lake Lagunita in early spring]]
=== Greek life ===
Stanford is home to three housed sororities ([[Pi Beta Phi]], [[Kappa Alpha Theta]], and [[Delta Delta Delta]]) and seven housed fraternities ([[Sigma Alpha Epsilon]], [[Sigma Chi]], [[Kappa Sigma]], [[Kappa Alpha Order|Kappa Alpha]], [[Theta Delta Chi]], [[Sigma Nu]], [[Phi Kappa Psi]]), as well as a number of unhoused Greek organizations, such as [[Alpha Phi Alpha]], [[Kappa Alpha Psi]], [[Omega Psi Phi]], [[Phi Beta Sigma]], [[Alpha Kappa Alpha]], [[Delta Sigma Theta]], [[Alpha Epsilon Pi]], [[Delta Kappa Epsilon]], [[Kappa Kappa Gamma]], [[Chi Omega]], [[Delta Tau Delta]], [[Alpha Kappa Psi]], [[Sigma Theta Psi]], [[Sigma Phi Epsilon]], [[Lambda Phi Epsilon]], [[alpha Kappa Delta Phi]], [[Gamma Zeta Alpha]] and [[Sigma Psi Zeta]]. In contrast to many universities, all the Greek houses are on university land and in almost all cases the university also owns the house. As a condition to being recognized they also cannot permit the national organization or others outside the university from having a veto over membership or local governance.<ref name="greek">[http://osa.stanford.edu/greek/ Greek Life @ Stanford<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
== Athletics ==
{{main|Stanford Cardinal}}
[[Image:StanfordCardinal.png|frame|left|The "block S" is the official logo of Stanford athletics]]
Stanford participates in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]]'s Division I-A and is a member of the [[Pacific-10 Conference]]. It also participates in the [[Mountain Pacific Sports Federation]] for indoor [[athletics (track and field)|track]] (men and women), [[water polo]] (men and women), women's [[gymnastics]], women's [[lacrosse]], men's [[gymnastics]], and men's [[volleyball]]. Women's [[field hockey]] team is part of the [[NorPac Conference]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.norpacfieldhockey.com/ |title=NorPac |publisher=i2i Interactive |year=2007 |accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref> Stanford's traditional sports rival is the [[University of California, Berkeley]], its neighbor to the north in the East Bay.
Stanford offers 34 varsity sports (18 female, 15 male, one coed), 19 club sports and 37 intramural sports—about 800 students participate in intercollegiate sports. The University offers about 300 athletic scholarships.
[[Image:Stanstadium view.jpg|thumb|right|The new [[Stanford Stadium]], site of home football games.]]
The winner of the annual "[[Big Game (football)|Big Game]]" between the Cal and Stanford football teams gains custody of [[the Stanford Axe]]. Stanford's football team played in the first [[Rose Bowl (game)|Rose Bowl]] in 1902. Stanford won back-to-back Rose Bowls in 1971 and 1972. Stanford has played in 12 Rose Bowls, most recently in 2000. Stanford's [[Jim Plunkett]] won the [[Heisman Trophy]] in 1970.
Club sports, while not officially a part of Stanford athletics, are numerous at Stanford. Sports include [[archery]], [[badminton]], [[cricket]], [[cycling]], [[Equestrianism|equestrian]], [[ice hockey]], [[judo]], [[kayaking]], [[Lacrosse|men's lacrosse]], [[polo]], [[racquetball]], [[rugby union]], [[Squash (sport)|squash]], [[skiing]], [[taekwondo]], [[triathlon]] and [[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]]. The men's Ultimate team won a national championship in 2002, the women's Ultimate team in 1997, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2005, 2006, and 2007, the women's rugby team in 1999, 2005, 2006 and 2008. The cycling team won the 2007 Division I USA Cycling Collegiate Road National Championships.
Until 1930, Stanford did not have a "mascot" name for its athletic teams. In that year, the athletic department adopted the name "Indians." In 1972, "Indians" was dropped after a complaint of racial insensitivity was lodged by Native American students at Stanford.
[[Image:11-04-06-LSJUMB-003.jpg|thumb|The Leland Stanford Junior University Marching Band rallies football fans with arrangements of "All Right Now" and other contemporary music.]]
The Stanford sports teams are now officially referred to as the Stanford [[cardinal (color)|Cardinal]], referring to the deep [[red]] color, not the [[cardinal (bird)|cardinal bird]]. Cardinal, and later cardinal and white has been the university's official color since the 19th century. The Band's mascot, [[Stanford Tree|"The Tree"]], has become associated with the school in general. Part of the [[Stanford Band|Leland Stanford Junior (pause) University Marching Band (LSJUMB)]], the tree symbol derives from the [[El Palo Alto]] redwood tree on the Stanford and City of Palo Alto seals.
Stanford hosts an annual [[U.S. Open Series]] tennis tournament, the [[Bank of the West Classic]]) at [[Taube Stadium]]. [[Cobb Track]], [[Angell Field]], and [[Avery Stadium Pool]] are considered world-class athletic facilities.
Stanford has won the award for the top ranked collegiate athletic program—the [[NACDA Director's Cup]], formerly known as the ''Sears Cup'', every year for the past thirteen years. The Cup has been offered for fourteen years.
'''NCAA achievements:''' Stanford has earned 95 NCAA National Titles since its establishment, the second-most by any university; 78 NCAA National Titles since 1980, the most by any university; and 393 individual NCAA championships, the most by any university.
'''Olympic achievements:''' According to the ''Stanford Daily'', "Stanford has been represented in every summer Olympiad since 1908."<ref name="olympics">[http://daily.stanford.edu/article/2000/2/2/cardinalBoastsGoldenHistory Cardinal boasts golden history - The Stanford Daily Online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> As of 2004, Stanford athletes had won 182 Olympic medals at the summer games; "In fact, in every Olympiad since 1912, Stanford athletes have won at least one and as many as 17 gold medals."<ref name="olympicmedals">[http://daily.stanford.edu/article/2004/8/12/fortytwoAthletesTryLivingUpToStanfordsOlympicLegacy Forty-two athletes try living up to Stanford’s Olympic legacy - The Stanford Daily Online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
== Notable alumni, faculty, and staff ==
{{main|List of Stanford University people}}
== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}
== Further reading ==
* Ricard Joncas, David Neumann, and Paul V. Turner. ''Stanford University. The Campus Guide.'' [[Princeton Architectural Press]], [[2006]]. [http://www.springerlink.com/content/h236g6/ Available online].
*Stuart W. Leslie,'' The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford'', Columbia University Press 1994
*Rebecca S. Lowen, R. S. Lowen, ''Creating the Cold War University: The Transformation of Stanford'', [[University of California Press]] 1997
== External links ==
{{Portal|University|Platopainting.jpg}}
{{Portal|Education|Nuvola apps bookcase.svg}}
{{Commons|Stanford University}}
*[http://www.stanford.edu/ Stanford University Official Website]
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{{Stanford University}}
{{Santa Clara County Colleges and Universities}}
{{Pacific Ten Conference}}
{{Association of American Universities}}
{{APRU}}
{{Silicon Valley}}
{{San Jose and Silicon Valley attractions}}
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