Stibine 1854949 221168357 2008-06-23T09:50:58Z DOI bot 6652755 Citation maintenance. You can [[WP:DOI|use this bot]] yourself! Please [[User:DOI_bot/bugs|report any bugs]]. {{Chembox new | Name = Stibine | ImageFile = Stibine.png <!-- | ImageSize = 120px --> | ImageName = Stibine | ImageFile1 = Stibine-3D-vdW.png <!-- | ImageSize1 = 120px --> | ImageName1 = Stibine | OtherNames = Antimony trihydride<br />stibane | Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers | CASNo = 7803-52-3 }} | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | Formula = H<sub>3</sub>Sb | MolarMass = 124.784 g/mol | Appearance = Colourless gas | Density = 5.48 g/L, gas. | Solvent = other solvents | SolubleOther = Insoluble | MeltingPt = −88 °C | BoilingPt = −17 °C | pKb = }} | Section3 = {{Chembox Structure | MolShape = Trigonal pyramidal | Dipole = }} | Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards | ExternalMSDS = | EUClass = Harmful ('''Xn''')<br />Dangerous for<br />the environment ('''N''') | NFPA-H = 4 | NFPA-R = 2 | NFPA-F = 4 | RPhrases = {{R20/22}}, {{R50/53}} | SPhrases = {{S2}}, {{S61}} | FlashPt = Flammable gas }} | Section8 = {{Chembox Related | OtherCpds = [[Ammonia]],<br />[[Phosphine]],<br />[[Arsine]]<br />[[Bismuthine]]<br />[[Triphenylstibine]] }} }} '''Stibine''' is the [[chemical compound]] with the formula SbH<sub>3</sub>. This colourless gas is the principal [[covalent hydride]] of [[antimony]] and a heavy analogue of [[ammonia]]. The molecule is pyramidal with H–Sb–H angles of 91.7° and Sb–H distances of 1.707 [[Angstrom|Å]] (170.7 [[picometre|pm]]). This gas has an offensive smell like [[hydrogen sulfide]] (rotten eggs). ==Preparation and properties== SbH<sub>3</sub> is generally prepared by the reaction of Sb<sup>3+</sup> sources with H<sup>&minus;</sup> equivalents:<ref>{{cite journal | author = Bellama, J. M.; MacDiarmid, A. G. | title = Synthesis of the Hydrides of Germanium, Phosphorus, Arsenic, and Antimony by the Solid-Phase Reaction of the Corresponding Oxide with Lithium Aluminum Hydride | journal = [[Inorg. Chem.]] | year = 1968 | volume = 7| pages = 2070–2 | doi = 10.1021/ic50068a024}}</ref> ::2 Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 3 LiAlH<sub>4</sub> → 4 SbH<sub>3</sub> + 1.5 Li<sub>2</sub>O + 1.5 Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ::SbCl<sub>3</sub> + 3/4 NaBH<sub>4</sub> → SbH<sub>3</sub> + 0.75 NaCl + 0.75 BCl<sub>3</sub> Alternatively, sources of Sb<sup>3&minus;</sup> react with protonic reagents (even water) to also produce this unstable gas: ::Na<sub>3</sub>Sb + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O → SbH<sub>3</sub> + 3 NaOH The chemical properties of SbH<sub>3</sub> resemble those for [[arsine|AsH<sub>3</sub>]].<ref name="Holleman">Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001</ref> Typical for a heavy hydride (e.g. AsH<sub>3</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>Te, SnH<sub>4</sub>), SbH<sub>3</sub> is unstable with respect to its elements. The gas decomposes slowly at room temperature but rapidly at 200 °C: ::2 SbH<sub>3</sub> → 3 H<sub>2</sub> + 2 Sb The decomposition is [[autocatalytic]] and can be explosive. SbH<sub>3</sub> is readily [[Oxidation|oxidized]] by O<sub>2</sub> or even air: ::2 SbH<sub>3</sub> + 3 O<sub>2</sub> → Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O SbH<sub>3</sub> exhibits no basicity, but it can be deprotonated: ::SbH<sub>3</sub> + NaNH<sub>2</sub> → NaSbH<sub>2</sub> + NH<sub>3</sub> ==Uses== Stibine is used in the [[semiconductor]] industry to [[doping (semiconductor)|dope]] small quantities of [[antimony]] via the process of [[chemical vapour deposition]] (CVD). Reports claim the use of SbH<sub>3</sub> as a [[fumigation|fumigant]] but its instability and awkward preparation contrast with the more conventional fumigant PH<sub>3</sub>. ==History== As stibine (SbH<sub>3</sub>) is very similar to arsine (AsH<sub>3</sub>), it is also detected by the [[Marsh test]]. This sensitive test detects arsine generated in the presence of arsenic.<ref name="Holleman"/> This procedure, developed around 1836 by [[James Marsh (chemist)|James Marsh]], is based upon treating a sample with arsenic-free [[zinc]] and dilute [[sulfuric acid]]: if the sample contains arsenic, gaseous arsine will form. The gas is swept into a glass tube and decomposed by means of heating around 250–300 °C. The presence of arsenic is indicated by formation of a deposit in the heated part of the equipment. The formation of a black mirror deposit in the cool part of the equipment indicates the presence of antimony. In 1837 Lewis Thomson and Pfaff independently discovered stibine. It took some time before the properties of the toxic case could be determined, partly because a suitable synthesis was not available. In 1876 Francis Jones tested several synthesis methods,<ref>{{cite journal | author= Francis Jones | title = On stibine | journal = Journal of the Chemical Society | year = 1876 | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 641 | doi = 10.1039/JS8762900641}}</ref> but it was not before 1901 when [[Alfred Stock]] determined most of the properties of stibine.<ref>{{cite journal | author= Alfred Stock, Walther Doht | title = Die Reindarstellung des Antimonwasserstoffes | journal = Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft | year = 1901 | volume = 34 | issue = 2 | pages = 2339–2344 | doi = 10.1002/cber.190103402166}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author= Alfred Stock, Oskar Guttmann | title = Ueber den Antimonwasserstoff und das gelbe Antimon | journal = Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft | year = 1904 | volume = 37 | issue = 1 | pages = 885–900 | doi = 10.1002/cber.190403701148}}</ref> ==Safety== SbH<sub>3</sub> is an unstable flammable gas. It is highly toxic, with an [[LC50]] of 100 ppm in mice. Fortunately, SbH<sub>3</sub> is so unstable that it is rarely encountered outside of laboratories. ==Toxicology== :''For the toxicology of other [[antimony]] compounds, see [[Antimony trioxide]].'' The toxicity of stibine is distinct from that of other [[antimony]] compounds, but similar to that of [[arsine]].<ref>Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (INRS), ''Fiche toxicologique n° 202&nbsp;: Trihydrure d'antimoine'', 1992.</ref> Stibine binds to the [[haemoglobin]] of red blood cells, causing them to be destroyed by the body. Most cases of stibine poisoning have been accompanied by arsine poisoning, although animal studies indicate that their toxicities are equivalent. The first signs of exposure, which can take several hours to become apparent, are [[headache]]s, [[Vertigo (medical)|vertigo]] and [[nausea]], followed by the syptoms of [[hemolytic anemia]] (high levels of unconjugated [[bilirubin]]), [[hemoglobinuria]] and [[nephropathy]]. ==References== <references/> ==External links== * [http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc07/icsc0776.htm International Chemical Safety Card 0776] * [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0568.html NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards] * {{ecb}} * {{inrs|title=Trihydrure d'antimoine|number=202|year=1992}} [[Category:Antimony compounds]] [[Category:Hydrides]] [[cs:Stiban]] [[de:Stiban]] [[nl:Stibine]] [[ja:スチビン]] [[ro:Stibină]] [[ru:Стибин]] [[zh:锑化氢]]