Stigmergy
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222675002
2008-06-30T15:38:57Z
Jwalte04
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'''Stigmergy''' is a mechanism of spontaneous, indirect [[coordination]] between agents or actions, where the trace left in the [[natural environment|environment]] by an action stimulates the performance of a subsequent action, by the same or a different agent. Stigmergy is a form of [[self-organization]]. It produces complex, apparently intelligent structures, without need for any planning, control, or even communication between the agents. As such it supports efficient collaboration between extremely simple agents, who lack any memory, intelligence or even awareness of each other.
Stigmergy was first observed in [[social insects]]. For example, [[ant]]s exchange information by laying down [[pheromone]]s on their way back to the nest when they have found food. In that way, they collectively develop a complex network of trails, connecting the nest in the most efficient way to the different food sources. Other [[eusocial]] creatures, such as [[termites]], use pheromones to build their complex nests by following a simple decentralized rule set. Each insect scoops up a 'mudball' or similar material from its environment, invests the ball with pheromones, and deposits it on the ground. Termites are attracted to their nestmates' pheromones and are therefore more likely to drop their own mudballs near their neighbors'. Over time this leads to the construction of pillars, arches, tunnels and chambers.
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==History==
The term was introduced by French biologist [[Pierre-Paul Grassé]] in [[1959]] to refer to termite behavior. He defined it as: "Stimulation of workers by the performance they have achieved." It is derived from the Greek words stigma ‘sign’ and ergon ‘action,’ and captures the notion that an agent’s actions leave signs in the environment, signs that it and other agents sense and that determine their subsequent actions.” <ref name="parunak">Parunak, H. v D. (2003). Making swarming happen. In Proc. of Conf. on Swarming and Network Enabled Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR), McLean, Virginia, USA, January 2003.</ref>
==Applications==
Stigmergy is not restricted to eusocial creatures, or even to physical systems. On the [[Internet]] there are many emergent phenomena that arise from users interacting only by modifying local parts of their shared virtual environment. [[Wikipedia]] is a perfect example of this. The massive structure of information available in a [[wiki]] could be compared to a termite nest; one initial user leaves a seed of an idea (a mudball) which attracts other users who then build upon and modify this initial concept eventually constructing an elaborate structure of connected thoughts<ref name="heylighen">[[Francis Heylighen|Heylighen F.]] (2007). [http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/Papers/OpenSourceStigmergy.pdf Why is Open Access Development so Successful? Stigmergic organization and the economics of information], in: B. Lutterbeck, M. Baerwolff & R. A. Gehring (eds.), Open Source Jahrbuch 2007, Lehmanns Media, 2007, p. 165-180.</ref><ref name="rodriguez">[[Marko A. Rodriguez|Rodriguez M.A.]] (2008). [http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/~okram/papers/collective-model.pdf A Collectively Generated Model of the World], in: Collective Intelligence: Creating a Prosperous World at Peace, eds. M. Tovey, pages 261-264, EIN Press, ISBN: 09715-6616X, Oakton, Virginia, November 2007</ref>.
The term is also employed in experimental research in [[robotics]], multi-[[intelligent agent|agent]] systems and communication in [[computer networks]].
In these fields there exist two types of stigmergy: active and passive. The first kind occurs when a robotic or otherwise intelligent "agent" alters its environment so as to affect the sensory input of another agent. The second occurs when an agent's action alters its environment such that the environmental changes made by a different agent are also modified. A typical example of active stigmergy is leaving behind artifacts for others to pick up or follow. An example of passive stigmergy is when agent-A tries to remove all artifacts from a container, while agent-B tries to fill the container completely.
==Notes==
<references/>
==See also==
* [[Self-organization]]
* [[Swarm intelligence]]
* [[Collective Mental Model]]
==External links==
* [http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/106454699568692 Special issue on Stigmergy] at [http://www.mitpressjournals.org/loi/artl Artificial Life Journal], Eric Bonabeau (Eds.), MIT Press, Vol. 5, No. 2, Spring 1999.
* [http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0605/03-elliott.php Stigmergic Collaboration: The Evolution of Group Work] (peer-reviewed & published article)
* [http://en.scientificcommons.org/#search_string=stigmergy Stigmergy papers published on scientific commons] (a growing list of published articles)
* [http://collaboration.wikia.com/wiki/Stigmergic_collaboration wiki version] at MetaCollab.net
[[Category:Systems theory]]
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