Stirling
61311
225473576
2008-07-13T21:48:46Z
198.168.27.221
{{otheruses}}
{{infobox UK place|
|country = Scotland
|official_name= Stirling
|gaelic_name= Sruighlea
|scots_name= Stirlin
|population= 41,243 ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
|os_grid_reference= NS795935
|unitary_scotland= [[Stirling (council area)|Stirling]]
|lieutenancy_scotland= [[Stirling and Falkirk]]
|constituency_westminster= [[Stirling (UK Parliament constituency)|Stirling]]
|constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Stirling (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Stirling]]
|constituency_scottish_parliament1= [[Mid Scotland and Fife (Scottish Parliament electoral region)|Mid Scotland and Fife]]
|post_town= STIRLING
|postcode_district = FK7-FK9
|postcode_area= FK
|dial_code= 01786
|latitude= 56.117222
|longitude= -3.939722
|static_image= [[Image:Stirling(DonaldMacDonald)Dec2005.jpg|240px]]
|static_image_caption=<small>Stirling City Centre</small>
|london_distance=
|edinburgh_distance=
}}
'''Stirling''' ([[Scottish Gaelic language|Gaelic]]: ''Sruighlea'', [[Scots]]: ''Stirlin'') is a [[City status in the United Kingdom|city]] and former ancient [[burgh]] in [[Scotland]], and is at the heart of the wider [[Stirling (council area)|Stirling council area]].
The city is clustered around a large [[Stirling Castle|fortress]] and [[mediæval]] old-town. It is a centre for local government, higher education, retail, and light industry. Its population (as of the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 census]]) was 41,243, making it the smallest city in Scotland.
One of the principal royal strongholds of the [[Kingdom of Scotland]], Stirling was created a [[Royal burgh]] by [[David I of Scotland|King David I]] in [[1130]], which it remained until 1975, when the county of [[Stirlingshire]] was absorbed into [[Central Region, Scotland|Central Region]]. In 2002, as part of [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]]'s [[Golden Jubilee]], Stirling was granted [[City status in the United Kingdom|city status]].
== History ==
[[Image:Stirlingcastle.jpg|thumb|left|[[Stirling Castle]] (Southwest aspect)]]
Originally a [[Stone Age]] settlement, Stirling has been strategically significant since at least the [[Roman Britain|Roman occupation of Britain]], due to its naturally defensible [[Crag and tail]] hill, which latterly became the site of [[Stirling Castle]], and its commanding position at the foot of the [[Ochil Hills]] on the border between the [[Scottish Lowlands|Lowlands]] and [[Scottish Highlands|Highlands]], at the lowest crossing point of the [[River Forth]], a position it retained until the construction of the [[Kincardine Bridge]] during the 1930s. It is supposed that Stirling is the fortress of ''Iuddeu'' or ''Urbs Giudi'' where [[Oswiu of Northumbria]] was besieged by [[Penda of Mercia]] in 655, as recorded in [[Bede]] and contemporary annals.
A [[Ford (river)|ford]], and later [[Stirling Bridge|bridge]], of the [[River Forth]] at Stirling brought wealth and strategic influence, as did its port. The town was chartered as a royal burgh by [[David I of Scotland|King David]] in the 12th century, with charters later reaffirmed by later monarchs (the town then referred to as '''Strivelyn'''). Major battles during the [[Wars of Scottish Independence]] took place at the [[Battle of Stirling Bridge|Stirling Bridge]] in 1297 and at the nearby village of [[Battle of Bannockburn|Bannockburn]] in 1314, as well as several [[Sieges of Stirling Castle]].
The origin of the name Stirling is uncertain, but folk etymology suggests that it originates in either a Scots or Gaelic term meaning the place of battle, struggle or strife. The town has two [[Latin]] mottoes, which appeared on the earliest burgh seal of which an impression of 1296 is on record:<ref>RM Urquhart, ''Scottish Burgh and County Heraldry'', London, 1973</ref>
:''Hic Armis Bruti Scoti Stant Hic Cruce Tuti'' (''The Britons stand by force of arms, The Scots are by this cross preserved from harms'') and
:''Continet Hoc in Se Nemus et Castrum Strivilinse'' (''The Castle and Wood of Stirling town are in the compass of this seal set down.'')
[[Image:Wfm wallace monument.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The [[Wallace Monument]]]]
Standing near the castle, the Church of the [[Holyrood|Holy Rood]] (Holy Cross) is one of the town's most historically important buildings. The [[The Church of the Holy Rude, Stirling|Church of the Holy Rude]], which was rebuilt in the 1400s after Stirling suffered a catastrophic fire in 1405, is the only surviving church in the [[United Kingdom]] apart from [[Westminster Abbey]], to have held a coronation. On the [[29 July]] [[1567]] the infant son of [[Mary I of Scotland|Mary Queen of Scots]] was crowned [[James I of England|James VI of Scotland]] here. Musket shot marks from [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]]'s troops during the [[Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms|War of the Three Kingdoms]] are clearly visible on the tower and apse. Another important historical religious site in the area is [[Cambuskenneth Abbey]].
During the War of the Three Kingdoms, the [[Battle of Stirling (1648)|Battle of Stirling]] also took place in the centre of Stirling on 12th September 1648.
The fortifications continued to play a strategic military role during the 18th century [[Jacobite Rising]]s. In 1715, the [[Duke of Mar|Earl of Mar]] failed to take control of the castle. In January 1746, the army of [[Bonnie Prince Charlie]] seized control of the town but failed to take the Castle. On their consequent retreat northwards, they blew up the church of [[St. Ninians (Stirling)|St. Ninians]] where they had been storing munitions; only the tower survived and can be seen to this day.
Economically, the city's port supported overseas trade, including tea trade with India and timber trade with the Baltic. The coming of the railways in 1848 started the decline of the river trade, not least because a railway bridge downstream restricted access for shipping. By the mid 20th century the port had ceased to operate.
Famous residents have included [[Mary Queen of Scots]], [[King James VI of Scotland]], Sir [[Henry Campbell-Bannerman]], documentary film pioneer [[John Grierson]], film music composer [[Muir Mathieson]], animation pioneer [[Norman McLaren]], TV presenter [[Kirsty Young]] and footballer [[Billy Bremner]] (captain of [[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]] and [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]]).
The Barnwell brothers, Frank and Harold, worked at Grampian Motors in Causewayhead, and in 1909 they designed and flew the first powered flight in Scotland. [[Frank Barnwell]] went on to design aircraft including the [[Bristol Blenheim]]. A small monument to the brothers' pioneering achievement has been erected at Causewayhead roundabout.
Stirling is also famous for its many hauntings, like the Green Lady of the Castle, seen by many a Soldier and "The Settle Inn" near the Castle which is one of the most haunted places in Scotland. Other haunted pubs include "The Golden Lion" and "The Albion Bar" - named after the local football team Stirling Albion.
==Governance==
In terms of [[local government]], the city of Stirling is a part of the wider [[Stirling (council area)|Stirling Council area]], which governs on matters of local administration as set out by the [[Local Government etc (Scotland) Act 1994]]. Elections to the council take place every 4 years. The Council is currently controlled by the [[Scottish National Party]]. <ref>{{cite web|publisher=Stirling Council|title =SNP take control of Stirling Council| url =http://www.stirling.gov.uk/index/council/news.htm?id=163795&m=&y= | date = 2008-03-13| accessdate = 2008-03-28 }}</ref>The [[Provost (civil)|Provost]] of Stirling is Fergus Wood. <ref>{{cite web|publisher=BBC News|title =Council votes to remove provost| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/tayside_and_central/7318039.stm | date = 2008-03-28| accessdate = 2008-03-28 }}</ref>
In terms of national government, there is a [[Stirling (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Stirling constituency of the Scottish Parliament]] with the [[MSP]] being [[Bruce Crawford]] of the [[Scottish National Party]] and a [[Stirling (UK Parliament constituency)|Stirling constituency of the House of Commons]] represented by [[Anne McGuire]] of the [[British Labour Party|Labour Party]]. As [[Scotland]] comprises a single [[Scotland (European Parliament constituency)|European Parliament Constituency]], Stirling participates in electing 7 [[MEP]]'s using the [[d'Hondt]] method of [[proportional representation]] every 4 years.
==Geography==
[[Image:Stirlingmap1945.png|thumb|right|250px||A map of Stirling from 1945]]
Stirling is renowned as the ''Gateway to the Highlands'' and is generally regarded as occupying a strategic position at the point where the flatter largely undulating [[Scottish Lowlands]] meet the rugged slopes of the [[Scottish Highlands|Highlands]] along the [[Highland Boundary Fault]]. The starkness of this contrast is evidenced by the many [[hills]] and [[mountains]] of the lower Highlands such as [[Ben Vorlich (Loch Lomond)|Ben Vorlich]] and [[Ben Ledi]] which can be seen to the northwest of the city. On the other hand, the [[Carse|Carse of Stirling]], stretching to the west and east of the city, is one of the flattest and most agriculturally productive expanses of land in the whole of [[Scotland]].
The land surrounding Stirling has been most affected by [[glacial]] erosion and [[deposition]]. The city itself has grown up around its [[Stirling Castle|castle]] which stands atop an ancient [[Quartz-dolerite]] [[Sill]], a major defensive position, which was, in turn at the lowest crossing point on the [[River Forth]]. Stirling stands on the Forth at the point where the river widens and becomes [[tidal]]. To the east of the city the [[Ochil Hills]] dominate the skyline with the highest peaks in the range being [[Dumyat]] and [[Ben Cleuch]]. The Ochils meet the flat [[floodplain]] or [[Carse]] of the [[River Forth]] to the east of the distinctive geographical feature - [[Abbey Craig]], a [[crag and tail]] hill upon which stands the 220ft (67m) high [[Wallace Monument|Wallace National Monument]]<ref>''Gazetteer for Scotland'' [http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/features/featurefirst10406.html Abbey Craig]</ref>.
The climate of Stirling differs little from that of much of the rest of central [[Scotland]]. The warm, [[Gulf Stream]] air current from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] is the predominant influence, with a prevailing southwesterly wind.
===Areas of Stirling===
[[Image:Broad St Stirling Scotland.jpg|thumb|Broad Street at the heart of Stirling's Old Town area (called Top of the Town by locals)]]
* [[Bannockburn]]
* Braehead
* [[Broomridge]]
* Cambusbarron
* [[Cambuskenneth]]
* Causewayhead
* [[Cornton]]
* Cowie
* Fallin
* Kings Park
* [[Raploch]]
* Riverside
* [[St. Ninians (Stirling)|St. Ninians]]
* Top of the Town
* Torbrex
==Demography==
The city of Stirling had a population of 41,243 at the 2001 [[census]], which has risen to 44,460 according to mid-2004 population estimates<ref>''Settlement Population Estimates 2004''[http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files/04mid-year-estimates-settlements-table1.pdf General Register Office for Scotland, 2004]</ref>. The wider [[Stirling Council]] area had a population of 86,370 in 2004. The city is reputed to be the third fastest growing area of [[Scotland]] in terms of population<ref>''Stirling Council City Profile'' [http://www.stirling.gov.uk/index/stirling/stirling-city/stirling_s_profile.htm Stirling Profile]</ref>. According to the 2001 census<ref>''Scotland's Census Results online'' [http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&mainLevel=Locality&mainText=Stirling&mainTextExplicitMatch=true&compLevel=CountryProfile&compArea=Scotland&compText=&compTextExplicitMatch=null Results for the Stirling locality, 2001]</ref>, 52.7% of the population was female compared to 47.2% male. Stirling had both a smaller proportion of under 16's, at 16.7% compared to the [[Scotland|Scottish]] average of 19.2% and a smaller proportion of those of pensionable age - 17.8% - compared to the Scottish average of 18.6%. The highest proportion of the [[population]], at 24.3% was concentrated in the 16-29 age group. Stirling also had a higher proportion of non-Scottish born residents at 16.5% compared to the Scottish average of 12.8%. The population was also slightly younger than the Scottish average - the [[median]] age for [[male]]s was 34 to the national average of 37; and the [[median]] age for females was 36, to the national average of 39. The population peaks and troughs significantly when the students come and go from the city.
==Economy==
[[Image:Stirling Castle.jpg|thumb|The main courtyard inside [[Stirling Castle]]. It is said that the ghost of a soldier has been seen walking out from under the stairs (centre bottom.)]]
At the centre of a large rural [[agricultural]] hinterland that encompasses some of the flattest and most productive land in [[Scotland]], Stirling principally functioned as a [[market town]], symbolised by its [[Mercat cross]], with farmers coming to sell their products and wares in the large agricultural market that was held in the town. Today, agriculture still plays a part in the economic life of Stirling, given its focus at the heart of a large rural area, but to a much less extent than previously.
With Stirling's development as a [[market town]] and its location as the focus of transport and communications in the region, it has developed a substantial [[retail]] sector serving a wide range of surrounding communities as well as the city itself. Primarily centred on the city centre, there are a large number of chain stores, as well as the [[Thistles Centre|Thistles]] [[Shopping mall|shopping centre]]. However this has been augmented by out-of-town developments such as the Springkerse Retail Park on the city bypass to the east of Stirling, and the development of a large [[Sainsbury's]] at [[Raploch|the Raploch]].
A major new [[Urban renewal|regeneration project]] on the site of the former port area and the 40-acre former Ministry of Defence site, adjacent to [[Stirling railway station, Scotland|Stirling Railway Station]], is currently underway. <ref>[http://www.stirling.gov.uk/index/council/news.htm?id=33314 Stirling Council: Council » Latest News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Known as Forthside, it has the aim of developing a new waterfront district linked to the railway station via a new pedestrian bridge, the development comprises retail, residential and commercial elements, including a conference centre, hotel and [[Vue (cinema)|Vue]] multiplex cinema, that will ultimately expand the city centre area, linking it to the River Forth, which has been cut off from the city centre area since the construction of the [[A9 road|A9 bypass]] under the railway station in the 1960s. <ref>[http://www.instirling.com/initve/intve.htm InStirling report on Forthside project]</ref> For the first time in 100 years, local people will have access to the banks of the River Forth in the city centre with landscaped public areas, footpaths, cycleways and an improved public transport network.
In terms of the service sector, [[financial services]] as well as [[tourism]] are the biggest employers. The financial services and insurance company [[Prudential plc|Prudential]] have a large and well-established base at Craigforth on the outskirts of Stirling. In terms of tourism, the presence of such historical monuments as [[Stirling Castle]], the [[National Wallace Monument]] and other nearby attractions like [[Blair Drummond Safari Park]], the key role which Stirling has played in [[History of Scotland|Scottish history]], as well as the scenery of the area, has bolstered Stirling's position as an important tourist destination in [[Scotland]].
The [[University of Stirling]] and [[Stirling Council]] are two of the biggest employers in the area. Knowledge related industries, [[research and development]] as well as [[life sciences]] have clustered around the university in the Stirling University Innovation Park, close to its main campus. Other public sector agencies that are major employers in the city include [[Central Scotland Police]], [[Cornton Vale (HM Prison)|Scottish Prison Service]], [[NHS Forth Valley]] and the [[Scottish Environmental Protection Agency]].
Stirling is home to national construction companies Ogilvie group, chaired by Duncan Ogilvie who is listed the times rich list claiming he is worth £35 million. And home to Fes group (Forth Electrical Services)
===Transport===
Public Transport to districts within the city and to the surrounding towns, like [[Bridge of Allan]] and [[Alloa]], is almost completely provided by buses operated principally by the [[FirstGroup plc|First Group]], although there are also railway links to [[Bridge of Allan railway station|Bridge of Allan]] and [[Dunblane railway station|Dunblane]]. At the heart of Scotland's [[Central Belt]], Stirling has direct road connections to the major cities of [[Glasgow]], via the [[M80 motorway]], and [[Edinburgh]], via the [[M9 motorway]], as well as [[inter-city rail]] links from [[Stirling railway station, Scotland|Stirling Railway Station]]. Transport infrastructure in the area will be further improved with the completion of the [[Upper Forth Crossing]] and the [[Stirling-Alloa-Kincardine rail link]], as well as a planned upgrade of the [[A80 road|A80]] [[Trunk road]] to [[Motorway]] standards. The City of Stirling is home to a large number of [[Commuting|commuters]], with 12,000 residents commuting to work in other areas, with 13,800 workers also travelling in to the city.<ref>''Stirling Council, Property and the economy'' [http://www.stirling.gov.uk/index/business/property/economy.htm Keeping an eye on your business]</ref>
==Sports and Recreation==
===Sports===
[[Image:Wfm scottish institute of sport.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The headquarters of the [[Scottish Institute of Sport]] in Stirling.]]
Local sporting teams include the [[Football (soccer)|football]] team [[Stirling Albion F.C.]] who play at [[Forthbank Stadium]], the [[rugby union]] team [[Stirling County]] and the [[athletics (track and field)|athletics]] team Central Athletic Club based at [[University of Stirling]]. Stirling Wanderers Hockey Club have also moved to a brand new (international standard) pitch at Forthbank for season 2008/09.
Footballers [[Billy Bremner]] and [[Duncan Ferguson (footballer)|Duncan Ferguson]] were born in Stirling, as were rugby internationals [[Kenny Logan]] and [[Allister Hogg]], [[jockey]] [[Willie Carson]], and [[cricket]]er [[Dougie Brown]].
Stirling is also a major centre of sports training and education in [[Scotland]]. The [[Scottish Institute of Sport]] is headquartered in a purpose built facility on the campus of [[Stirling University]] which opened in 2002. Also at the university in the state of the art Scottish National Swimming Academy as well as the [[Gannochy]] National Tennis centre which is seen as a tennis centre of excellence<ref>''Stirling University'' [http://www-test.stir.ac.uk/home/back.htm University background]</ref>.
Furthermore the university itself has its own dedicated Sports Studies department and was ranked amongst the best in the [[United Kingdom]] for its provision of sports facilities, with the maximum 5 star award, shared by 16 other universities in the UK<ref> ''Stirling University'' [http://www.external.stir.ac.uk/visitor_info/facts/index.php External Visitor Information]</ref>. Stirling University also currently hosts the Scottish men's lacrosse champions.
Stirling and its surrounding area has a number of 9 and 18 hole [[golf course]]s, the largest of which is the Stirling Golf Course, located in the Kings Park area of the city.
===Closure of Rainbow Slides===
On [[January 25]] [[2008]], it was announced that [[Stirling Council]] had decided to close the city's swimming pool, Rainbow Slides, permanently with the loss of 33 jobs.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/tayside_and_central/7208642.stm BBC NEWS | Scotland | Tayside and Central | Swimming pool to close for good<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Stirling councillors decided to shut the city's Rainbow Slides, built in [[1975]], because repair costs were too high. Metal slats from the facility's roof fell into the water in December as the pool was being used by swimmers<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/tayside_and_central/7140519.stm BBC NEWS | Scotland | Tayside and Central | Pool closed after roof collapses<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. No-one was injured in the incident.
The pool closed for good on 29 February. A new public pool is due to open at the city's Forthside development in March 2009. The decision to close the facility has proved controversial as it leaves the city without a public pool for more than a year.
==Education==
[[Image:Fmstirlinguni.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Looking out over Airthrey Loch on the main campus of The University of Stirling]]
The [[University of Stirling]] opened in 1967 on a greenfield site outside the town. Currently there are 9000 students studying at the university, of which 7000 are [[undergraduate]]s and 2000 are [[postgraduate]]s. Students of over 80 nationalities are represented at the university, with 14% of students coming from overseas<ref>''Visitor Information - Useful facts and figures'' [http://www.external.stir.ac.uk/visitor_info/facts/index.php Stirling University Facts and Figures]</ref>. It has grown into a major research centre, with a large [[science park]] - Innovation Park, located immediately adjacent to the main university campus. Innovation Park has grown since its initiation in 1993, and is now home to 40 companies engaging in various forms of [[research and development]]<ref>''Stirling University Innovation Park'' [http://www.suip.co.uk/AboutSUIP.aspx About us]</ref>. Stirling is also home to part of the wider [[Forth Valley College]] which was formed on [[August 1]] [[2005]] from the merger of [[Falkirk]], Stirling and [[Clackmannan]] colleges.
There are four main high schools in Stirling itself - [[Stirling High School]], with a school roll of 940 pupils, [[Wallace High School]] with 950 pupils, [[St Modan's High School]], located in the suburb of [[St Ninians]] and Bannockburn High School in Broomridge. All the city's schools are currently being redeveloped as a result of a [[Public-private partnership]] scheme.
In January [[2008]] it was announced that Students from [[Singapore]] would be able to gain degrees in retail from the [[University of Stirling]] in a tie-up with the country's [[Nanyang Polytechnic]] (NYP).<ref>[http://news.scotsman.com/scotland/Stirling-in-degree-deal-with.3692118.jp Stirling in degree deal with Singapore polytechnic - Scotsman.com News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Under the deal, students with a relevant polytechnic diploma will be able to enter directly into year three of the University's BA (Hons) Retail Marketing – thereby serving a niche market for well-trained retail managers. Professor Paul Freathy, director of the university's Institute for Retail Studies (IRS), said: "Statistics have shown that close to 80 per cent of the retail workforce in Singapore have secondary or below education. There are no comprehensive and industry-oriented tertiary education programmes in retail in Singapore – so this is a significant step forward for the retail sector. We expect to see the retail leaders of tomorrow passing through this programme." Prof Freathy said the university would have a suite of offices in Singapore at the Nanyang campus through which students would have access to all the Stirling facilities. In addition, Stirling staff would be permanently based in Singapore and IRS staff will travel out to teach.
==Twinned cities==
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Villeneuve d'Ascq]], [[France]]
*{{flagicon|United States}} [[Dunedin, Florida|Dunedin]], [[Florida]], [[United States]]
*{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Óbuda]], [[Hungary]]
*{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Summerside, Prince Edward Island]], [[Canada]]
==References==
{{reflist|1}}
{{cite book | author=Mair, Craig | title=Stirling: The Royal Burgh | publisher=John Donald Publishers | year=1990 | id=ISBN 0-85976-420-6}}
==See also==
*[[Stirling Castle]]
*[[Battle of Stirling Bridge]]
*[[Battle of Stirling (1648)]]
*[[Central Scotland Police]]
*[[Lecropt]]
==External links==
{{commons|Stirling}}
*[http://www.stirling.gov.uk Stirling Council Website]
*[http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/properties_sites_detail.htm?propertyID=PL_275 Stirling Castle] ([[Historic Scotland]])
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/ram/mappingthetown_20050824.ram Mapping the Town]: the history of Stirling, presented by [[Julian Richards]] ([[BBC Radio 4]]) ([[RealAudio]] format)
*[http://www.stir.ac.uk University of Stirling]
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/zosofoto/sets/218553/ Photos of Stirling]
*[http://www.calvarystirling.org/stirling.html More photos of Stirling] - Taken by Stuart Gillespie, Pastor of [[Calvary Chapel]] Stirling
*[http://www.cambusbarron.com Cambusbarron Village] - Local website with lots of information about the village and the Stirling area
*[http://www.stirlingchinese.com Stirling Chinese Community] - Stirling Chinese Community
*[http://www.stirlinggaelicchoir.org.uk Stirling Gaelic Choir]
*[http://www.stirling.gov.uk/tolbooth Tolbooth, Stirling's venue for live music]
*{{wikitravel|Stirling}}
{{UK cities}}
[[Category:Cities in Scotland]]
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