Stradivarius
153773
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2008-07-14T03:03:56Z
Error -128
5931955
/* Violins */ moved 'Royal Spanish' 1730 entry, added owner & citation
[[Image:stradshp.jpg|right|thumb|350px|''Antonio Stradivari'', by Edgar Bundy, 1893: a [[Romanticism|romanticized image]] of a craftsman-hero]]
A '''Stradivarius''' is a [[stringed instrument]] built by members of the [[Stradivari]] family, particularly [[Antonio Stradivari]]. The bowed instruments are famous for the quality of their sound, which has defied attempts to explain or reproduce. The name "Stradivarius" has also become a superlative applied to designate excellence. To be called "the Stradivari" of any field is to be deemed the finest there is.
==Background==
[[Image:PalacioReal Stradivarius1.jpg| right|thumb|250px|The ''Spanish II'' (1687-1689) in the Stradivarius collection of the [[Palacio Real]], [[Madrid]], [[Spain]]]]
Born in [[Italy]] in 1644, Antonio Stradivari is considered to have been a disciple of [[Nicolo Amati]], of the [[Amati]] family of [[luthier]]s of [[Cremona]]. In 1660, Antonio set up shop on his own in Cremona, though his early violins are generally considered inferior to those of his "golden age", between 1698 and 1720. While his techniques have long been fertile soil for debate and not fully understood by modern craftsmen and scientists, it is known for certain that the wood used included [[spruce]] for the harmonic top, [[willow]] for the internal parts and [[maple]] for the back, strip and neck. This wood was treated with several types of minerals, including potassium borate ([[borax]]), sodium and potassium silicate, and [[vernice bianca]], a varnish composed of Arabic gum, honey and egg white.
A Stradivarius made in the 1680s, or during Stradivari's Brescian period from 1690-1700, could be worth several hundred thousand dollars or more on auction, at today's prices. Depending on condition, instruments made during Stradivari's "golden period" from 1700 to 1720 can be worth several million dollars. Though relatively rarely sold, the highest publicised price paid was at public auction for ''[[Hammer Stradivarius|The Hammer]]'', made in 1707, selling for US$3,544,000 on [[May 16]] [[2006]]. Private sales of Stradivari instruments have exceeded this price.<ref name=bbc20060517>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/entertainment/4988838.stm | title=Stradivarius tops auction record | work=BBC News | date=17 May 2006 |accessdate=2006-06-07}}</ref><ref name=MSNBC20060517>{{cite news | url=http://msnbc.msn.com/id/12824291 | title=Successful $3,544,000 bid of "Hammer"| author=Associated Press | work=MSNBC | date=16 May 2006 | accessdate=2006-10-18}}</ref>
It is not uncommon for violins to be labeled or branded "Stradivarius", as the name has been used since by other manufacturers. However, it is generally believed that there are fewer than 700 genuine instruments extant, very few of which are unaccounted for.
The fame of Stradivari instruments is not a modern phenomenon and they appear in numerous works of fiction. The fictional detective [[Sherlock Holmes]] is described as having owned a Stradivarius, with detail given to how he purchased the instrument for fifty-five [[Shilling|English shillings]] in the story ''[[The Adventure of the Cardboard Box]]''. A famous, if perhaps apocryphal story about the ''[[Duport Stradivarius]]'' claims the instrument's visible dent was made by the boots of Emperor [[Napoléon I of France]], who tried his hand at playing it.
One aspect of Stradivari's approach is illustrated in the BBC TV series ''[[Lovejoy]]'', in the episode "Second Fiddle", which notes that, while one would expect the 'f'-holes on the top of a violin to be symmetrical, Stradivari often made his slightly offset. The show credits this to him being less of a perfectionist than tradition holds, but, if true, it more likely demonstrates an aural perfectionism preferred over the visual aesthetic.
The reputation of the Stradivarius is such that its name is frequently invoked as a standard of excellence in other unrelated fields (such as ships and cars); for example, the [[Bath Iron Works]]' unofficial motto is "A Bath boat is the Stradivarius of [[destroyer]]s!" In 1924, The [[Vincent Bach Corporation]] began releasing a line of [[trumpet]]s which would later become known as [[Stradivarius trumpet|Stradivarius Trumpets]], in an attempt to capitalise on the Stradivari name.
==Theories and reproduction attempts==
[[Image:Stradivarius violin front.jpg|thumb|left|The Antonio Stradivari violin of 1703 on exhibit at the ''Musikinstrumentenmuseum'', Berlin.]]
Above all, these instruments are famous for the quality of sound they produce. Although various attempts at explaining or duplicating their quality have been undertaken, most results have been unsuccessful or inconclusive. Over the centuries, numerous theories have been presented, and debunked, including an assertion that the wood was salvaged from old cathedrals. [[Dendrochronology]], or tree-ring dating, has proved this false.
A more modern theory attributes tree growth during a time of unusually low solar activity during the [[Maunder Minimum]] "[[Little Ice Age]]" from ''ca.'' 1645 to 1750. During this period, temperatures throughout Europe were much cooler causing stunting and slower tree growth with unusually dense wood.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/science/12/08/stradivarius.secret.ap/ | title=Cool weather may be Stradivarius' secret | publisher=CNN | author=Associated Press | date=8 December 2003 | accessdate=2007-06-24}}</ref> Further evidence for this "Little Ice Age theory" comes from a simple examination of the dense growth rings in the wood used in Stradivari's instruments.<ref name=natgeo>{{cite news| url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/01/0107_040107_violin.html | title=Did "Little Ice Age" Create Stradivarius Violins' Famous Tone? | work=National Geographic News | author=John Pickrell | date=7 January 2004 | accessdate=2007-06-24}}</ref> Two researchers, Henri Grissino-Mayer, a University of Tennessee tree ring scientist and Lloyd Burckle, a Columbia University climatologist, published their conclusions supporting the theory on increased wood density in the journal ''Dendrochronologia''.<ref>{{cite web | author=Rachelle Oblack | title=10 Non-Military Historical Events Drastically Changed by the Weather | publisher=About.com | url=http://weather.about.com/od/meteorologyandsociety/ss/weatherhistory_3.htm | date=10 March 2008 | accessdate=2008-06-11}}</ref>
In 2008, Dutch researchers announced that they had discovered further evidence for wood density as the cause of the high quality of these instruments. After examining the violins with [[X-rays]], the researchers found that these violins all have extremely consistent density, with relatively low variation in the apparent growth patterns of the trees which produced this wood.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Stoel | first=Berend C. | coauthors=Borman, Terry M | title=A Comparison of Wood Density between Classical Cremonese and Modern Violins | journal=[[PLoS ONE]] | volume=3 | issue=7 | pages=e2554 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002554 | year=2008 | url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002554 | accessdate=2008-07-04}}</ref>
Researchers attributed this to the unique tree growth patterns of the Little Ice Age, the era of Stadivarius's work. The change in climate caused trees to grow uniformly in both summer and winter, creating the renowned quality of the wood used in Stradivariuses. Through the years, various other causes had been hypothesized, including varnishes, boiling or other treatments.<ref name="wired 0708">{{cite news | author=Brandon Keim | title=Secrets of Stradivarius Explained | url=http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/07/secrets-of-stra.html?npu=1&mbid=yhp | work=Wired | date=03 July 2008| accessdate=2008-07-03}}</ref>
Yet another possible explanation is that the wood originated and was harvested from the forests of northern [[Croatia]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Hill | first=W.H. | coauthors=Hill, A.F.; Hill, A.E. | title=Antonio Stradivari: His Life and Work | location=New York | publisher=Dover Publications | year=1963 | isbn=0486204251 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UBDc4WnFtiUC&pg=PA162&lpg=PA162&dq=stradivari+using+croatian+wood&source=web&ots=mgc-XJvt7M&sig=1ixmTjuIUYnolsW27dGAxxFBZiU | accessdate=2008-07-03}}</ref> This [[maple]] wood is known for its extreme density due to the slow growth from harsh Croatian winters. Croatian wood was a commodity traded by Venetian merchants of this era and is still used for crafting musical instruments by local luthiers to this day.
Some research points to wood preservatives being used in that day as contributing to the resonant qualities.<ref>{{cite news | author=Paul Marks | title=Secrets of the Stradivarius: An Interview with Joseph Nagyvary | url=http://technology.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn10686&feedId=online-news_rss20 | title=Why do Stradivari's violins sound sublime? | journal=NewScientist | date=29 November 2006 | accessdate=2008-05-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=Charles Choi | title=Secrets of the Stradivarius: An Interview with Joseph Nagyvary | url=http://technology.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn10686 | work=Scientific American | date=10 June 2002 | accessdate=2008-05-25}}</ref>
While the sound of Stradivari's instruments still has not been fully explained by modern research tools, devices such as the scanning laser vibrometer are aiding researchers in testing the theory that the careful shaping of belly and back plate, in order to "tune" their resonant frequencies, may be an important factor.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://iwk.mdw.ac.at/Forschung/english/2004e_AWB_ISMA/ISMA04_PAPER_Final.htm | title=Documentation of Double Bass Plate Modes Using the Scanning Laser Vibrometer | publisher=University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna | author=Andrew W. Brown | date=2004 | accessdate=2007-06-24}}</ref>
Glues and varnishes used by Stradivari have been analyzed extensively, and have also been attributed for the sound and quality of his instruments. There remains no consensus on the single most probable factor, and most likely, it is some combination of all, and something not yet recognized.
{{-}}
==Stradivari instruments==
{{Refimprove|date=January 2008}}
=== Violins ===
{|class="wikitable"
|---- {{highlight1}}
! [[Sobriquet]]
! Year
! [[Provenance]]
! Notes
|---
| ''ex-Back''
| 1666
| [[Royal Academy of Music]]
| currently displayed as part of Royal Academy's York Gate Collection
|---
| ''Dubois''
| 1667
| Canimex Foundation
| on loan to Alexandre da Costa <ref>{{cite web | author= | title=Stradivarius | url=http://www.alexandredacosta.com/html/stradivarius.html | publisher=AlexandreDacosta.com | date=2006 | accessdate=2007-08-20}}</ref>
|---
| ''Aranyi''
| 1667
| Francis Aranyi (collector)
| sold at Sotheby's London, [[12 November]] [[1986]] <ref>{{cite web | author= | title=Violin by Antonio Stradivari, 1666-70 (Aranyi)| url=http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=723 | publisher=Cozio.com | accessdate=2007-08-20}}</ref>
|---
| ''ex-Captain Saville''
| 1667
| [[Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume]];<br>Captain Saville (1901-1907)
|
|---
| ''Amatese''
| 1668
|
| though listed in many reference books as one of Stradivari's earliest instruments, the modern consensus is that it is not a Stradivari; it was sold Sotheby's New York 3 February 1982 as "an interesting violin." <ref>{{cite web | title=Violin by Antonio Stradivari, 1664 (Amatese) | url=http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=722 | publisher=Cozio.com | date= | accessdate=2007-08-20}}</ref>
|---
| ''Oistrakh''
| 1671
| [[David Oistrakh]]
| missing: stolen in 1996 <ref name=stolen>{{cite web | author= | title=Stolen Musical Instruments | url=http://www.saztv.com/page36.html | publisher=Saz Productions, Inc. | date=May 2006 | accessdate=2007-08-20}}</ref>
|---
| ''Sellière''
| 1672
| [[Charles IV of Spain]]
|
|---
| ''Spanish''
| 1677
| Finnish Cultural Foundation
| on loan to Elina Vähälä <ref>{{cite web | title= Elina Vähälä | url=http://www.jwentworth.com/orchestral_soloists/elina_vahala/index.htm | publisher=Jonathan Wentworth Associates | date=9 June 2007 | accessdate=2008-02-05}}</ref>
|---
| ''[[Hellier Stradivarius|Hellier]]''
| 1679
| Sir Samuel Hellier
| Smithsonian Institution
|---
| ''Paganini-Desaint''
| 1680
| [[Nippon Music Foundation]] <ref name=nippon>{{cite web | url=http://www.nmf.or.jp/english/instrument/instruments.html | title=Instruments Owned by NMF | publisher=Nippon Music Foundation | date=Dec 2006 | accessdate=2007-04-07}}</ref>
| this violin along with the ''Paganini-Comte Cozio di Salabue'' violin of 1727, the ''Paganini-Mendelssohn'' viola 1731, and ''Paganini-Ladenburg'' cello of 1736, comprise a group of instruments referred to as the ''[[Paganini Quartet]]''; on loan to Kikuei Ikeda of the [[Tokyo String Quartet]]
|---
| ''Fleming''
| 1681
|
|
|---
| ''Chanot-Chardon''
| 1681
| Timothy Baker;<br>[[Joshua Bell]]
| shaped like a guitar
|---
| ''Bucher''
| 1683
|
|
|---
| ''Cipriani Potter''
| 1683
|
|
|---
| ''Cobbett''; ''ex-Holloway''
| 1683
|
| on loan to [[Sejong]] brokered by the Stradivari Society <ref name=stradsociety>{{cite web | author= | title=Recipients and Instrument Collection | url=http://www.stradivarisociety.com/recipients.htm | publisher=The Stradivari Society| date=28 March 2008 | accessdate=2008-04-29}}</ref>
|---
| ''ex-Croall''
| 1684
| WestLB
|
|---
| ''ex-Elphinstone''
| 1684
| Guarneri House
|
|---
| ''ex-Arma Senkrah''
| 1685
|
|
|---
| ''ex-Castelbarco''
| 1685
|
|
|---
| ''Goddard''
| 1686
| Miss Goddard; Antonio Fortunato<ref name="goddard">{{cite web | title=Violin by Antonio Stradivari, 1686 (Goddard) |url=http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=752 | publisher=Cozio.com | accessdate=2007-11-24}}</ref>
|
|---
| ''Ole Bull''
| 1687
| [[Ole Bull]] (1844);<br>{{nowrap|Dr. Herbert Axelrod (1985-1997)}}
| donated to the [[Smithsonian Institution]] in 1997 by Axelrod
|---
| ''Mercur-Avery''
| 1687
|
| on loan to Jonathan Carney, concertmaster of the [[Baltimore Symphony Orchestra]] since 2002
|---
| ''Auer''
| 1689
|
| on loan to Vadim Gluzman brokered by the Stradivari Society <ref name=stradsociety />
|---
| ''Arditi''
| 1689
| Dextra musica AS, Norway
| on loan to Elise Båtnes, [[concertmaster]], [[Oslo Philharmonic]]
|---
| ''Baumgartner''
| 1689
| [[Canada Council for the Arts]]
| on loan to [[Judy Kang]] <ref name=miba>{{cite web | author=Director of Endowments and Prizes | url=http://www.canadacouncil.ca/prizes/musical_instrument_bank/tl127223047534218750.htm | title=Musical Instrument Bank | publisher=The Canada Council for the Arts | accessdate=2007-06-24}}</ref>
|---
| ''Spanish I''
| 1689
| [[Patrimonio Nacional]], Palacio Real, Madrid, Spain <ref name=palacioreal>{{cite web | author= | title=Violins, violas, cellos & double basses owned by Royal Palace in Madrid | url=http://www.cozio.com/Owner.aspx?id=698 | publisher=Cozio | date=2008 | accessdate=2008-03-26}}</ref>
| date range 1687-1689; part of a duo of violins (''Spanish I and II'') referred to as ''los Decorados'', and ''los Palatinos''; also collectively known as ''del Cuarteto Real'' (The Royal Quartet) when included with the ''Spanish Court'' viola (1696) and cello (1694).
|---
| ''Spanish II''
| 1689
| [[Patrimonio Nacional]], Palacio Real, Madrid, Spain <ref name=palacioreal/>
| date range 1687-1689; part of a duo of violins (''Spanish I and II'') referred to as ''los Decorados'', and ''los Palatinos''; also collectively known as ''del Cuarteto Real'' (The Royal Quartet) when included with the ''Spanish Court'' viola (1696) and cello (1694).
|---
| ''Bingham''
| 1690
|
|
|---
| ''Bennett''
| 1692
| [[Winterthur Group|Winterthur-Versicherungen]]
| on loan to Hanna Weinmeister
|---
| ''Falmouth''
| 1692
|
| on loan to [[Leonidas Kavakos]]
|---
| ''Gould''
| 1693
| George Gould<br>[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
| bequeathed by Gould to the Metropolitan Museum in 1955 <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.metmuseum.org/Works_of_Art/artworks.asp?ReplicationId=%7B3A7C57E5-935D-4935-81E5-6F98CE703415%7D | title=Daily Artwork Arcdhive | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | date=Jan 2004 | accessdate=2007-06-24}}</ref>
|---
| ''Harrison''
| 1693
| Richard Harrison; Henry Hottinger; [[Kyung-Wha Chung]]
| in the collection of the National Music Museum <ref>{{cite web | author= | title="The Harrison" by Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, 1693 | url=http://www.usd.edu/smm/Violins/Stradivari3598/3598StradViolin.html | publisher=National Music Museum | date=15 April 2008 | accessdate=2008-05-09}}</ref>
|---
| ''Baillot-Pommerau''
| 1694
|
|
|---
| ''Ruston''
| 1694
| [[Royal Academy of Music]]
| on loan to Clio Gould <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ram.ac.uk/study/selectadepartment/biogs/Clio+Gould.htm | title=Clio Gould AGSM, Hon RAM | publisher=Royal Academy of Music | accessdate=2007-06-24}}</ref>
|---
| ''Fetzer''
| 1695
|
|
|---
|
| 1697
| [[Edvin Marton]]
| [[Dima Bilan]], together with Evgeni Plushenko, and [[Edvin Marton]] playing his Stradivarius, won the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2008]] <ref>{{cite web | author= | title=The Violin | url=http://www.edvinmarton.com/violin.php | publisher=Edvin Marton | date=2008 | accessdate=2008-05-26}}</ref>
|---
| ''Cabriac''
| 1698
|
|
|---
| ''[[Baron Knoop Stradivarius|Baron Knoop]]''
| 1698
|
| one of eleven Stradivari violins associated with [[Baron Johann Knoop]]
|---
| ''Joachim''
| 1698
| [[Royal Academy of Music]]
|
|---
| ''Duc de Camposelice''
| 1699
|
|
|---
| ''[[Lady Tennant Stradivarius|Lady Tennant; Lafont]]''
| 1699
| Charles Phillipe Lafont;<br>Marguerite Agaranthe Tennant
| on loan to Xiang Gao brokered by the Stradivari Society;<ref name=stradsociety /> sold at Christie's auction US$2.032 million, April 2005 <ref>{{cite web | author=Agence France-Presse | title=Stradivari violin fetches record auction price | url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200504/s1352033.htm | publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date=23 April 2005 | accessdate=2008-01-26}}</ref>
|---
| ''Longuet''
| 1699
|
|
|---
| ''Countess Polignac''
| 1699
|
| on loan to [[Gil Shaham]].
|---
| ''Castelbarco''
| 1699
|
|
|---
| ''Kustendyke''
| 1699
| [[Royal Academy of Music]]
|
|---
| ''Crespi''
| 1699
| [[Royal Academy of Music]]
|
|---
| ''Cristiani''
| 1700
|
|
|---
| ''The Penny''
| 1700
| Barbara Penny
|
|---
| ''Dragonetti''
| 1700
| Nippon Music Foundation
|
|---
| ''[[Jupiter Stradivarius|Jupiter]]''
| 1700
| [[Giovanni Battista Viotti]]
|
|---
| ''Taft; ex-Emil Heermann''
| 1700
| [[Canada Council for the Arts]]
| on loan to [[Jessica Linnebach]] <ref name=miba/>
|---
| ''Dushkin''
| 1701
|
| on loan to Dennis Kim, concertmaster, Seoul Philharmonic Orchestra
|---
| ''[[Markees Stradivarius|Markees]]''
| 1701
| Music Chamber
| on loan to Leung Kin-fung
|---
| ''Irish''
| 1702
| OKO Bank, Finland
| on loan to Réka Szilvay
|---
| ''Conte de Fontana''; ''ex-Oistrach''
| 1702
| [[David Oistrakh]] (1953-1963); [[Riccardo Brengola]]; Pro Canale Foundation
| Oistrakh's first violin; on loan to Mariana Sirbu
|---
| ''Lukens; Edler Voicu''
| 1702
| A.W. Lukens; Jon Voicu; [[Minister of Culture and Religious Affairs (Romania)|Romania Culture Ministry]]
| on loan to [[Alexandru Tomescu]] through 2012 <ref>{{cite news | author=R.R. | title=Legendary Stradivarius finds Romania owner at last | url=http://english.hotnews.ro/stiri-Bucharest-2017919-Legendary_Stradivarius_finds_Romania_owner_at_last.htm | work=HotNews | date= 24 November 2007 | accessdate=2008-04-29}}</ref>
|---
| ''King Maximilian Joseph''
| 1702
|
|
|---
| ''Lyall''
| 1702
|
|
|---
| Antonio Stradivari
| 1703
| [[Bundesrepublik Deutschland]]
| on exhibit at ''Musikinstrumentenmuseum'', Berlin <ref>{{cite web | author= | title=Violin by Antonio Stradivari, 1703 | url=http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=719 | publisher=Cozio.com | date=2008 | accessdate=2008-03-27}}</ref>
|---
| ''La Rouse Boughton''
| 1703
| [[Österreichische Nationalbank]] <ref name=osterreichische>{{cite news | url=http://www.oenb.at/de/ueber_die_oenb/kunstraum/streichinstrumente/antonio_stradivari.jsp | title=Wertvolle alte Streichinstrumente | publisher=Oesterreichische Nationalbank | accessdate=2007-04-07}}</ref>
| on loan to Boris Kuschnir of the [[Kopelman Quartet]]
|---
| ''Lord Newlands''
| 1702
| Nippon Music Foundation
| on loan to Toru Yasunaga
|---
| ''Allegretti''
| 1703
|
|
|---
| ''Alsager''
| 1703
|
|---
| ''Lady Harmsworth''
| 1703
| Paul Bartel
| on loan to Kristof Barati brokered by the Stradivari Society<ref>{{cite web | author= | title=Kristof Barati | url=http://www.kristof-barati.com/flash/index.htm | publisher=Kristof Barati | date= | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070711195506/http://www.kristof-barati.com/flash/index.htm | | archivedate=2007-07-11 | accessdate=2008-02-05}}</ref>
|---
| ''Emiliani''
| 1703
| [[Anne-Sophie Mutter]]
|
|---
| ''[[Betts Stradivarius|Betts]]''
| 1704
| [[Library of Congress|U.S. Library of Congress]]
|
|---
| ''Sleeping Beauty''
| 1704
| L-Bank Baden-Wurttemberg
| on loan to Isabelle Faust. One of the few Stradivari violins to have retained original neck.
|---
| ''[[Marsick Stradivarius|ex-Marsick; ex-Oistrach]]''
| 1705
| David Oistrach
| acquired in trade by Oistrach for the 1702 ''Conte di Fontana''
|---
| ''ex-Brüstlein''
| 1707
| [[Österreichische Nationalbank]] <ref name=osterreichische/>
|
|---
| ''La Cathédrale''
| 1707
|
|
|---
| ''[[Hammer Stradivarius|Hammer]]''
| 1707
| Christian Hammer (collector)
| sold at Christie's New York on [[16 May]] [[2006]] for a record US$3,544,000 (€2,765,080) after five minutes of bidding <ref name=bbc20060517/><ref name=MSNBC20060517/>
|---
| ''Burstein; Bagshawe''
| 1708
|
|
|---
| ''Huggins''
| 1708
| Nippon Music Foundation
| on loan to [[Sergey Khachatryan]] <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.askonasholt.co.uk/Green/Green/Home.nsf/Lookup5a/Sergey+Khachatryan | title=Sergey Khachatryan: | publisher=Askonas Holt | accessdate=2007-04-05}}</ref>
|---
| ''Ruby''
| 1708
|
| on loan to Chen Xi brokered by the Stradivari Society <ref name=stradsociety />
|---
| ''Strauss''
| 1708
|
| on loan to Chee-Yun brokered by the Stradivari Society <ref name=stradsociety />
|---
| ''Berlin Hochschule''
| 1709
|
|
|---
| ''Hammerle; ex-Adler''
| 1709
| Österreichische Nationalbank <ref name=osterreichische/>
| on loan to Werner Hink
|---
| ''Ernst''
| 1709
|
| on loan to Zsigmondy Dénes through 2003
|---
| ''Engleman''
| 1709
| Nippon Music Foundation
| on loan to [[Lisa Batiashvili]]
|---
| ''[[Viotti Stradivarius|Viotti; ex-Bruce]]''
| 1709
| [[Royal Academy of Music]]
| purchased in 2005 for GB£3.5 million
|---
| ''Marie Hall''
| 1709
| Giovanni Battista Viotti;<br>[[The Chi-Mei Collection]]
| named after the violinist, Marie Hall
|---
| ''ex-Kempner''
| 1709
|
| on loan to Soovin Kim
|---
| ''Camposelice''
| 1710
| Nippon Music Foundation
| on loan to [[Kyoko Takezawa]]
|---
| ''[[Lord Dunn-Raven Stradivarius|Lord Dunn-Raven]]''
| 1710
| [[Anne-Sophie Mutter]]
|
|---
| ''ex-Roederer''
| 1710
|
| on loan to [[David Grimal]].
|---
| ''ex-Vieuxtemps''
| 1710
|
| on loan to Samuel Magad, concertmaster, [[Chicago Symphony Orchestra]]
|---
| ''Earl of Plymouth; Kreisler''
| 1711
| [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] <ref>{{cite web | title=Violin by Antonio Stradivari, 1711 (Earl of Plymouth; Kreisler) | url=http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=4058 | publisher=Cozio.com | accessdate=2007-11-22}}</ref>
| found in store room on the estate of the Earl of Plymouth along with ''The Messiah'' and ''Alard'' violins in 1925; purchased by Fritz Kreisler in 1928 and subsequently sold by him in 1946 <ref>{{cite news | author=Time writers | title=Unplayed Strads | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,792805,00.html | work=Time | date=22 April 1946 | accessdate=2007-11-22}}</ref>
|---
| ''Liegnitz''
| 1711
|
|
|---
| ''Le Brun''
| 1712
| [[Niccolò Paganini]]; Charles LeBrun; Otto Senn;
| sold at Sotheby's auction [[November 13]], [[2001]]
|---
| ''Karpilowsky''
| 1712
| Harry Solloway
| missing: stolen in 1953 from Solloway's residence in Los Angeles
|---
| ''Schreiber''
| 1713
|
|
|---
| ''Antonio Stradivari''
| 1713
|
|
|---
| ''Boissier''
| 1713
|
|
|---
| ''[[Gibson Stradivarius|Gibson; ex-Huberman]]''
| 1713
| [[Bronisław Huberman]];<br>[[Joshua Bell]]
| stolen twice from Huberman
|---
| ''Lady Ley''
| 1713
| Stradivarius family
| now bought by Jue Yao - Chinese violinist
|---
| ''Wirt''
| 1713
|
|
|---
|''[[Dolphin Stradivarius|Dolphin; Delfino]]''
| 1714
| [[Jascha Heifetz]];<br> Nippon Music Foundation
| on loan to [[Akiko Suwanai]]
|---
| ''[[Soil Stradivarius|Soil]]''
| 1714
| Amédée Soil; [[Yehudi Menuhin]]; [[Itzhak Perlman]]
|
|---
| ''ex-Berou''; ''ex-Thibaud''
| 1714
|
|
|---
| ''ex-Foulis''
| 1714
|
|
|---
| ''Le Maurien''
| 1714
|
| missing: stolen 2002 <ref name=stolen />
|---
| ''Leonora Jackson''
| 1714
|
|
|---
| ''Sinsheimer; General Kyd; Perlman''
| 1714
| [[Itzhak Perlman]]<br>David L. Fulton
|
|---
| ''Smith-Quersin''
| 1714
| Österreichische Nationalbank <ref name=osterreichische/>
| on loan to Rainer Honeck
|---
| ''[[Alard-Baron Knoop Stradivarius|Alard-Baron Knoop]]''
| 1715
|
|
|---
| ''[[Baron Knoop; ex-Bevan Stradivarius|Baron Knoop; ex-Bevan]]''
| 1715
|
|
|---
| ''ex-Bazzini''
| 1715
|
|
|---
| ''Cremonese''; ''ex-Harold, [[Joseph Joachim]]''
| 1715
| Municipality of Cremona
|
|---
| ''Joachim''
| 1715
| Nippon Music Foundation
| on loan to Sayaka Shoji
|---
| ''[[Lipinski Stradivarius|Lipinski]]''
| 1715
|
| in private hands since 1962
|---
| ''[[Marsick Stradivarius|ex-Marsick]]
| 1715
|
| on loan to [[James Ehnes]]
|---
| ''Titian''
| 1715
| Jacob Lynam
|
|---
| ''Cessole''
| 1716
|
|
|---
| ''Berthier''
| 1716
|
|
|---
| ''[[Booth Stradivarius|Booth]]''
| 1716
| Nippon Music Foundation
| on loan to Shunsuke Sato; formerly loaned to [[Arabella Steinbacher]]; formerly loaned to [[Julia Fischer]]
|---
| ''Colossus''
| 1716
|
| |missing: stolen 1998 <ref name=stolen />
|---
| ''Duranti''
| 1716
| Mariko Senju <ref>{{cite web | title=Mariko Senju Profile | url=http://www.marikosenju.com/en/profile | publisher=Mariko Senju | accessdate=2008-02-05}}</ref>
|
|---
| ''Monasterio''
| 1716
|
| Cyrus Forough
|---
| ''Provigny''
| 1716
|
|
|---
| ''[[Messiah Stradivarius|Messiah-Salabue]]''
| 1716
| [[Ashmolean Museum Oxford]]
| on exhibit at the Oxford Ashmolean Museum
|---
| ''ex-Windsor-Weinstein''; ''Fite''
| 1716
| [[Canada Council for the Arts]]
| on loan to Jean-Sébastien Roy <ref name=miba/>
|---
| ''Baron Wittgenstein''
| 1716
|
| on loan to Mincio Mincev
|---
| ''Gariel''
| 1717
|
|
|---
| ''ex-Wieniawski''
| 1717
|
|
|---
| ''[[Kochanski]]''
| 1717
| Pierre Amoyal
| reported stolen in 1987; recovered in 1991 <ref>{{cite book | last=Amoyal | first=Pierre | title=Pour l'amour d'un Stradivarius | location=Paris | publisher=Laffont | year=2004 | isbn=2221094735 }}</ref>
|---
| ''Sasserno''
| 1717
| Nippon Music Foundation
| on loan to [[Viviane Hagner]]
|---
| ''Viotti''; ''ex-Rosé''
| 1718
| Giovanni Battista Viotti;<br>Österreichische Nationalbank <ref name=osterreichische/>
| on loan to Volkhard Steude
|---
| ''Firebird''; ''ex-Saint Exupéry''
| 1718
| [[Salvatore Accardo]]
| name is taken from the colouration of the varnish and its brilliant sound.
|---
| ''Marquis de Riviere''
| 1718
| Daniel Majeske
| played by Majeske while [[concertmaster]] of the [[Cleveland Orchestra]] from 1969-1993
|---
| ''San Lorenzo''
| 1718
| Georg Talbot
| on loan to [[David Garrett (violinist)|David Garrett]]; incorrectly reported as damaged on 27 December 2007.<ref>{{cite news | author=Thomas Wagner | title=Violinist: Fall Fractures $1M Fiddle | url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5j6SvefMLdaU6LadYGbquqXFeD4RQD8UQ8EC00 | work=The Associated Press | date=14 February 2008 | accessdate=2008-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author=Andy McSmith | title=Virtuoso's trip destroys priceless Stradivarius | url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/virtuosos-trip-destroys-priceless-stradivarius-781531.html | work=Independent | date=13 February 2008 | accessdate=2008-02-15}}</ref>
|---
| ''[[Lauterbach Stradivarius|Lauterbach]]''
| 1719
| Johann Christoph Lauterbach; [[Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume|J.B. Vuillaume]]; [[Charles Philippe Lafont]] <ref name = "lauterbach1">{{cite web | url=http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=515 | title=Violin by Antonio Stradivari, 1719 (Lauterbach) | publisher=Cozio.com | accessdate=2007-11-24}}</ref>
|
|---
| ''Madrileño''
| 1720
|
|
|---
| ''von Beckerath''
| 1720
| Michael Antonello
|
|---
| ''Antonius Stradivarius Cremonensis''
| 1721
|
| recovered in southern Germany in 2006
|---
| ''Lady Blunt''
| 1721
| Paolo Stradivari
| named after [[Lady Anne Blunt]], daughter of [[Ada Lovelace]], granddaughter of [[Lord Byron]].
|---
| ''Jean-Marie Leclair''
| 1721
| [[Jean-Marie Leclair]];
| on loan to Guido Rimonda <ref>{{cite web | title=Guido Rimonda Biography | url=http://www.guidorimonda.com/Biografia.aspx | publisher=Guido Rimonda | accessdate=2008-02-06}}</ref>
|---
| ''Red Mendelssohn''
| 1721
| Mendelssohn Family;<br>[[Elizabeth Pitcairn]]
| inspiration for the [[1998 film]], ''[[The Red Violin]]''
|---
| ''Artot''
| 1722
|
|
|---
| ''[[Jupiter-Goding Stradivarius|Jupiter; ex-Goding]]''
| 1722
| Nippon Music Foundation
| on loan to Daishin Kashimoto; formerly [[Midori Goto]]
|---
| ''[[Laub-Petschnikoff Stradivarius|Laub-Petschnikoff]]''
| 1722
|
|
|---
| ''[[Jules Falk Stradivarius|Jules Falk]]''
| 1722
| [[Viktoria Mullova]]
|
|---
| ''Elman''
| 1722
| [[Chi Mei Museum]]
|
|---
| ''[[Cádiz Stradivarius|Cádiz]]''
| 1722
| [[Joseph Fuchs]]
| on loan to Jennifer Frautschi; named after the city of [[Cádiz, Spain]].
|---
| ''[[Kiesewetter Stradivarius|Kiesewetter]]''
| 1723
| Clement and Karen Arrison<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7385174.stm | title=Violinist Plays For Taxi Driver | publisher=BBC | accessdate=2008-05-06}}</ref>
| on loan to [[Philippe Quint]] brokered by the Stradivari Society <ref name=stradsociety /> Left by Quint in taxi on [[April 21]] [[2008]], and recovered the following day.
|---
| ''Earl Spencer''
| 1723
|
| on loan to [[Nicola Benedetti]] <ref>{{cite web | author= | title=Meet The Orchestra Players: Nicola Benedetti | url=http://www.philharmonia.co.uk/meettheorchestra/players/nicolabenedetti | publisher=Philharmonia Orchestra | date=2008 | accessdate=2008-04-29}}</ref>
|---
| ''Le Sarasate''
| 1724
| [[Cité de la Musique|Musée de la Musique]], Paris <ref>{{cite web| title= Violin by Antonio Stradivari, 1724 (Sarasate)| url=http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=293 | publisher= Cozio.com| accessdate= 2008-06-18 }}</ref>
| bequeathed to the Conservatory by [[Pablo de Sarasate]]
|---
| ''Brancaccio''
| 1725
| Destroyed in an allied air raid on Berlin.
| owned by [[Carl Flesch]], until 1928 where it was sold to Franz von Mendelssohn, banker and amateur violinist.<ref>{{cite web | author= | title=Violin by Antonio Stradivari, 1725 (Brancaccio) | url=http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=1519 | publisher=Cozio | date= | accessdate=2008-01-12}}</ref>
|---
| ''Chaconne''
| 1725
| Österreichische Nationalbank <ref name=osterreichische/>
| on loan to Rainer Küchel
|---
| ''Leonardo da Vinci''
| 1725
| Da Vinci family <ref>{{cite web | author= | title=The Instruments and to Whom Did They Belong, and When? | url=http://www.fritz-reuter.com/nantscheff/theinstruments/index.htm#davinci | publisher=Fritz Reuter & Sons | date=14 July 2007 | accessdate=2008-02-10}}</ref>
|
|---
| ''Wilhelmj''
| 1725
| Nippon Music Foundation
| on loan to [[Baiba Skride]]; one of several Stradivari violins with the sobriquet ''"Wilhelmj"''
|---
| ''Greville; Kreisler; Adams''
| 1726
| [[Fritz Kreisler]]
|
|---
| ''Barrere''
| 1727
|
| on loan to [[Janine Jansen]] brokered by the Stradivari Society <ref name=stradsociety />
|---
| ''Davidoff-Morini''
| 1727
|
| missing: stolen in 1995; <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cid/arttheft/northamerica/us/music/10181995/10181995.htm | title=Theft Notices & Recoveries | publisher=FBI Art Theft Program | accessdate=2007-04-07}}</ref>
|---
| ''ex-General Dupont''
| 1727
|
| on loan to Jennifer Koh
|---
| ''Holroyd''
| 1727
|
|
|---
| ''Kreutzer''
| 1727
| [[Maxim Vengerov]]
| one of four Stradivari violins with the sobriquet ''Kreutzer'' (1701, 1720, 1731)
|---
| ''Hart''; ''ex-Francescatti''
| 1727
| [[Salvatore Accardo]]
|
|---
| ''Paganini-Comte Cozio di Salabue''
| 1727
| Nippon Music Foundation
| this violin along with the ''Paganini-Desaint'' violin of 1680, the ''Paganini-Mendelssohn'' viola of 1731, and the ''Paganini-Ladenburg'' cello of 1736, comprise a group of instruments referred to as the ''[[Paganini Quartet]]''; on loan to [[Martin Beaver]] of the Tokyo String Quartet
|---
| ''Halphen''
| 1727
| Angelika Prokopp Private Foundation
| on loan to Eckhard Seifert
|---
| ''Vesuvius''
| 1727
| Antonio Brosa<br>[[Remo Lauricella]]<br>[[Cremona|Town of Cremona]]
|
|---
| ''A. J. Fletcher; Red Cross Knight''
| 1728
| A. J. Fletcher Foundation
| on loan to Nicholas Kitchen of the Borromeo String Quartet; the instrument was made by Omobono Stradivarius <ref>{{cite web | author= | title=Nicholas Kitchen Biography| url=http://www.borromeoquartet.org/artist.php?view=bio&bid=900 | publisher=Borromeo String Quartet | date=2007 | accessdate=2008-02-05}}</ref>
|---
| ''[[Artot-Alard Stradivarius|Artot-Alard]]''
| 1728
| Endre Balogh <ref>{{cite web | title=Violin by Antonio Stradivari, 1728 (Artot-Alard)| url=http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=3102 | publisher=Cozio.com | accessdate=2008-06-16}}</ref>
| a bench copy of this instrument was produced in 1996 by [[Gregg Alf]] and [[Joseph Curtin]], using modern materials and methods;<ref>{{cite journal | last=Shepherd | first=Steven L | year=2000 | month=Spring | title=The Mysterious Technology of the Violin | journal=[[Invention and Technology Magazine]] | volume=15 | issue=4 | publisher=[[American Heritage (magazine)|American Heritage]] | url=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/2000/4/2000_4_26.shtml | accessdate=2008-06-16}}</ref> Balogh performs on both the 1728 original and the replica.<ref>{{cite web | title=Will The Real Stradivarius Please Play An A? | url=http://www.betterphoto.com/gallery/big.asp?photoID=1885465&catID=&style=&rowNumber=21&memberID=85471 | last=Balogh | first=Endre | publisher=Betterphoto.com | date=2006-03-20 | accessdate=2008-06-16}}</ref>
|---
| ''Dragonetti; Milanollo''
| 1728
| Giovanni Battista Viotti
| on loan to Corey Cerovsek
|---
| ''Perkins''
| 1728
| [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]]
| named after Frederick Perkins, formerly owned by [[Luigi Boccherini]]<ref>{{cite web | author= | title=Violin by Antonio Stradivari, 1728 (Perkins)| url=http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=1549 | publisher=Cozio.com | date=2006 | accessdate=2007-11-22}}</ref>
|---
| ''Benny''
| 1729
| [[Jack Benny]];<br>[[Los Angeles Philharmonic]]
| bequeathed to the Los Angeles Philharmonic by Jack Benny
|---
| ''[[Solomon ex-Lambert Stradivarius|Solomon, ex-Lambert]]''
| 1729
| Murray Lambert;<br>Seymour Solomon
| sold at Christie's, New York for US$2,728,000 (€2,040,000)
|---
| ''Innes''
| 1729
|
| on loan to Eugen Sarbu; previously loaned to Wieniawski
|---
| ''Guarneri''
| 1729
| [[Canada Council for the Arts]]
| on loan to Yi-Ja Suzanne Hou in 2003 <ref name=miba/><ref name=mibb>{{cite web | author=Director of Endowments and Prizes| title=Musical Instrument Bank | url=http://www.canadacouncil.ca/prizes/musical_instrument_bank/pk127245482885000000.htm | publisher=Canada Council for the Arts | accessdate=2007-07-15}}</ref>
|---
| ''Royal Spanish''
| 1730
| [[Anne Akiko Meyers]] <ref>{{cite web | title= Interview with Anne Akiko Meyers | url= http://www.violinist.com/blog/laurie/20082/8218/ | last= Niles | first= Laurie | publisher= Violinist.com | date= 2008-02-12 | accessdate= 2008-07-14}}</ref>
| once owned by the King of Spain <ref>{{cite web | title= Stradivari's gift | url= http://www.anneakikomeyers.com/thereason/stradivari.php | last= Meyers | first= Anne Akiko | authorlink= Anne Akiko Meyers | publisher= Official website | year= 2007 | accessdate= 2008-07-14}}</ref>
|---
| ''Lady Jeanne''
| 1731
| Donald Kahn Foundation
| on loan to Benjamin Schmid
|---
| ''Garcin''
| 1731
| [[Jules Garcin]]; [[Sidney Harth]]
|
|---
| ''Heifetz-Piel''
| 1731
| Rudolph Piel;<br>Jascha Heifetz
|
|---
| ''Duke of Alcantara''
| 1732
| an obscure Spanish nobleman described as an [[aide-de-camp]] of [[King Don Carlos]]; [[UCLA]]
| Genevieve Vedder donated the instrument to the University of California at Los Angeles' ([[UCLA]]) music department in the 1960s. In 1967, the instrument was on loan to David Margetts who left the Stradivarius on the roof of his car and drove off or claimed it was stolen from his vehicle. For 27 years the violin was considered missing until it was recovered from an amateur violinist. A settlement was made and the Stradivarius was returned to [[UCLA]] in 1995.<ref>{{cite news | author=Daniel Pearl | title=Stradivarius Violin, Lost Years Ago, Resurfaces but New Owner Plays Coy (1994-10-17) | url=http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/pearl101794.htm | publisher=[[Wall Street Journal]] | accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author=Carla Shapreau | title=Lost and Found. And Lost Again? (2006-02-12)| url=http://www.latimes.com/features/magazine/west/la-tm-violin7feb12,0,1376616.story | publisher=[[LA Times]] | accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Violin by Antonio Stradivari, 1732c (Duke of Alcantara) | publisher=Cozio | url=http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=1405 | accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref>
|---
| ''Herkules''
| 1732
| [[Eugène Ysaÿe]]
| missing: stolen in 1908 <ref name=stolen />
|---
| ''Red Diamond''
| 1732
|
|
|---
| ''Tom Taylor''
| 1732
|
| previously loaned to Joshua Bell
|---
| ''Des Rosiers''
| 1733
| [[Angèle Dubeau]]
|
|---
| ''Huberman; Kreisler''
| 1733
| [[Bronisław Huberman]];<br>[[Fritz Kreisler]]
|
|---
| ''Khevenhüller''
| 1733
| [[Yehudi Menuhin]]
|
|---
| ''Rode''
| 1733
|
|
|---
| ''[[Ames Stradivarius|Ames]]''
| 1734
|
| missing: stolen in the 1960s <ref name=stolen />
|---
| ''Baron Feilitzsch''; ''Heermann''
| 1734
| Baron Feilitzsch;<br>Hugo Heerman<br>[[Gidon Kremer]]
|
|---
| ''Habeneck''
| 1734
| [[Royal Academy of Music]]
|
|---
| ''Herkules; Ysaye; ex-Szeryng; King David''
| 1734
| [[Eugène Ysaÿe]];<br>[[Charles Münch]];<br>[[Henryk Szeryng]];<br>State of [[Israel]]
|
|---
| ''Lord Amherst of Hackney''
| 1734
| [[Fritz Kreisler]]
|
|---
| ''Lamoreux''
| 1735
|
| missing: stolen <ref name=stolen />
|---
| ''[[Muntz Stradivarius|Muntz]]''
| 1736
| Nippon Music Foundation
| on loan to [[Arabella Steinbacher]]
|---
| ''ex.Roussy''
| 1736
| Chisako Takashima<ref>{{cite web | title=Antonio Stradivarius 1736 "ex.Roussy" violin | url=http://www.large.co.jp/album/kaisetu/album_russy02.html | publisher=large.co | accessdate=2008-06-06}}</ref>
|
|---
| ''Comte d'Amaille''
| 1737
|
|
|---
| ''Lord Norton''
| 1737
|
|
|---
| ''Chant du Cygne''; ''Swan Song''
| 1737
| [[Ivry Gitlis]]
|
|---
|}
=== Violas ===
There are thirteen known extant Stradivari [[viola]]s.<ref name=smithsonian>{{cite web | url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian/issues02/dec02/small.html | title=Extant Stradivari works | work=The Smithsonian Magazine | date=December 2002 | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060307002122/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian/issues02/dec02/small.html | archivedate=2006-03-07 | accessdate=2008-02-05}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|--- {{highlight1}}
! Sobriquet
! Year
! Provenance
! Notes
|---
| ''Tuscan-Medici''
| 1690
| Cosimo III de' Medici
| commissioned by [[Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany]]; currently on loan to the U.S. Library of Congress
|---
| ''Archinto''
| 1696
| [[Royal Academy of Music]] <ref name=natgeo/>
|
|---
| ''Spanish Court''
| 1696
| [[Patrimonio Nacional]], Palacio Real, Madrid, Spain <ref name=palacioreal/>
| collectively known as ''del Cuarteto Real'' (The Royal Quartet) when included with the violin duo, ''los Decorados'' (''Spanish I and II'', 1687-1689), and the ''Spanish Court'' cello of 1694.
|---
| ''Kux; Castelbarco''
| 1714
| [[Royal Academy of Music]]
| converted from viol to viola by [[Jean Baptiste Vuillaume]] <ref>{{cite web | author= David Rattray | title=Viola by Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, 1714, 'Ex Kux' | url=http://www.yorkgate.ram.ac.uk/emuweb/pages/ram/Display.php?irn=941&QueryPage=%2Femuweb%2Fpages%2Fram%2FQuery.php | publisher=Royal Academy of Music | date=2004 | accessdate=2008-01-12}}</ref>
|---
| ''The Russian''
| 1715
| Russian State Collection
|
|---
| ''Cassavetti''
| 1727
| U.S. [[Library of Congress]]
|
|---
| ''Paganini-Mendelssohn''
| 1731
| {{nowrap|Nippon Music Foundation}}
| this viola along with the ''Paganini-Desaint'' violin of 1680, the ''Paganini-Comte Cozio di Salabue'' violin of 1727, and the ''Paganini-Ladenburg'' cello of 1736, comprise a group of instruments referred to as the ''[[Paganini Quartet]]''; on loan to Kazuhide Isomura of the Tokyo String Quartet
|}
=== Celli ===
Antonio Stradivari built between 70 and 80 cellos in his lifetime, of which 63 are extant.
{| class="wikitable"
|--- {{highlight1}}
! Sobriquet
! Year
! Provenance
! Notes
|---
| ''[[Du Pré Stradivarius|ex-Du Pre; ex-Harrell]]''
| 1673
| [[Jacqueline du Pré]]<br>Lynn Harrell
|
|---
| ''[[General Kyd Stradivarius|General Kyd; ex-Leo Stern]]''
| 1684
| [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]]
| the instrument was stolen in 2004 and later recovered.<ref>{{cite news | title=Rare cello escapes CD rack fate | publisher=BBC News | date=15 May 2004 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3728193.stm | accessdate=2008-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author=Kevin Roderick | title=Cello returned with damage | url=http://www.laobserved.com/archive/2004/05/cello_returned.php | work=LA Observed | date=18 May 2004 | accessdate=2008-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Cello by Antonio Stradivari, 1684 (General Kyd; ex-Leo Stern) | publisher=Cozio.com | url=http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=265 | accessdate=2008-02-09}}</ref>
|---
| [[Barjansky Stradivarius|''Barjansky'']]
| 1690
| [[Julian Lloyd Webber]] <ref>{{cite interview | subject=Julian Lloyd Webber | interviewer=Tim Janof | type= | url=http://www.cello.org/Newsletter/Articles/webber/webber.htm | format=Transcript | program=Internet Cello Society | date=18 July 2004 | accessdate=2008-02-10}}</ref>
|
|---
| ''ex-Gendron; ex-Lord Speyer''
| 1693
| [[Kunststiftung NRW]]
| on loan to [[Maria Kliegel]]; previously loaned to Maurice Gendron (1958-1990)
|---
| ''Spanish Court''
| 1694
| [[Patrimonio Nacional]], Palacio Real, Madrid, Spain <ref name=palacioreal/>
| collectively known as ''del Cuarteto Real'' (The Royal Quartet) when included with the violin duo, ''los Decorados'' (''Spanish I and II'' 1687-1689), and the ''Spanish Court'' viola of 1696.
|---
| ''[[Bonjour Stradivarius|Bonjour]]''
| 1696
| Abel Bonjour<br>[[Canada Council for the Arts]]
| on loan to [[Soo Bae]] <ref name=miba/>
|---
| ''Lord Aylesford''
| 1696
| {{nowrap|Nippon Music Foundation}}
| on loan to Danjulo Ishizaka; previously loaned to [[Janos Starker]] (1950-1965)
|---
| ''Castelbarco''
| 1697
|
|
|---
| ''[[Servais Stradivarius|Servais]]''
| 1701
| [[National Museum of American History]]
| on loan to [[Anner Bylsma]];
|---
| ''Paganini-Countess of Stanlein''
| 1707
| [[Bernard Greenhouse]]
|
|---
| ''Markevitch; Delphino''
| 1709
| [[Royal Academy of Music]]
|
|---
| ''Gore Booth; Baron Rothschild ''
| 1710
| Rocco Filippini
|
|---
| ''[[Duport Stradivarius|Duport]]''
| 1711
| [[Mstislav Rostropovich]] (1974-2007)
|
|---
| ''Mara''
| 1711
| [[Heinrich Schiff]]
|
|---
| ''[[Davidov Stradivarius|Davidov]]''
| 1712
| [[Karl Davidov]]<br>[[Jacqueline du Pré]]
| on loan to [[Yo-Yo Ma]].
|---
| ''Batta''
| 1714
| J. P. Thibout<br>Alexander Batta; [[W.E. Hill & Sons]]; [[Baron Johann Knoop]]; [[Gregor Piatigorsky]] <ref>{{cite web| title= Cello by Antonio Stradivari, 1714 (Batta) | url=http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=279 | publisher=Cozio.com | accessdate=2008-06-18}}</ref>
|
|---
| ''de Vaux''
| 1717
|
| on loan to [[Adam Klocek]].
|---
| ''Becker''
| 1719
|
|
|---
| ''Piatti''
| 1720
| [[Carlos Prieto]]
|
|---
| ''Cristiani''
| 1720
|
|
|---
| ''Baudiot''
| 1725
| Gregor Piatigorsky
|
|---
| ''Chevillard''
| 1725
| [[Museu da Música]] (Lisbon)
|
|---
| ''Marquis de Corberon; ex-Loeb''
| 1726
| [[Royal Academy of Music]]
|
|---
| ''[[De Munck Stradivarius|De Munck; ex-Feuermann]]''
| 1730
| [[Emmanuel Feuermann]]<br>[[Aldo Parisot]]<br>Nippon Music Foundation
| on loan to [[Steven Isserlis]] <ref>{{cite web | author= | title=Cello by Antonio Stradivari, 1730c (Feuermann; De Munck, Gardiner) | url=http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=61 | publisher=Cozio.com | date= | accessdate=2007-08-20}}</ref><ref name=smithsonian />
|---
| ''Pawle''
| 1730
| [[Chi Mei Museum]]
|
|---
| ''Braga''
| 1731
|
| played by [[Myung-Wha Chung]] <ref>{{cite book | last=Cummings | first=David | coauthors= | title=International Who's Who in Music | pages=116 | location=Ely | publisher=Melrose | year=2000 | isbn=0948875534}}</ref>
|---
| ''Paganini-Ladenburg''
| 1736
| Nippon Music Foundation
| this cello along with the ''Paganini-Desaint'' violin of 1686, the ''Paganini-Comte Cozio di Salabue'' violin of 1727, and the ''Paganini-Mendelssohn'' viola of 1731, comprise a group of instruments referred to as the ''[[Paganini Quartet]]''; on loan to Clive Greensmith of the Tokyo String Quartet
|---
|}
=== Guitars ===
There are two complete extant guitars by Stradivari, and a few fragments of others, including the neck of a third guitar which is owned by the [[Conservatoire de Musique]] in [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE4DD143BF935A25751C0A960948260 | title= Get ready for videos of the classics | work=The New York Times | accessdate=2007-06-25}}</ref> These guitars have ten (doubled) strings, which was typical of the era.
{| class="wikitable"
|--- {{highlight1}}
! Sobriquet
! Year
! Provenance
! Notes
|---
| ''Hill''
| 1688
| [[Ashmolean Museum]] at [[Oxford University]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE4DD143BF935A25751C0A960948260 | title=Music Notes: Get Ready for Videos of the Classics | work=The New York Times | author=Tim Page | date=16 Feb 1986 | accessdate=2007-07-15}}</ref>
|
|---
| ''Rawlins''
| 1700
| [[National Music Museum]] South Dakota <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.usd.edu/smm/PluckedStrings/Guitars/Stradivari/StradGuitar.html | title=Stradivari Guitar on Exhibit at the National Music Museum | publisher=University of South Dakota, National Music Museum | accessdate=2007-04-08}}</ref>
|
|---
|}
=== Harps ===
The only Stradivarius harp to survive today is the ''arpetta'' (little harp), owned by [[Music conservatories of Naples|San Pietro a Maiella Music Conservatory]] in Naples, Italy.<ref>{{cite news | author=de la Mare, Calina| title=Review of: "Stradivarius: Five Violins, One Cello and a Genius", by Toby Faber (2004) Macmillan | url=http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/books/story/0,10595,1344638,00.html | work=The Guardian | date=6 November 2004 | accessdate=2008-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | first=Maria Principia | last=Buonadonna | title=Tradition, Art and Folklore: the Luthiers of Naples | pages=197 | format=.PDF | journal=Rivista di Politica Economica | volume=LXXXVIII | issue=VII-IX | url=http://www.emersionelavorononregolare.it/dev/old/catania/doc/volume1/12buonad.pdf | date=1998 | accessdate=2008-03-14}}</ref>
===Mandolins===
There are two known extant Stradivari mandolins. The ''Cutler-Challen Choral Mandolino'' of 1680, is currently in the collection of the [[National Music Museum]] at the [[University of South Dakota]] in [[Vermillion, South Dakota]].<ref>{{cite web | author=National Music Museum
| title=The Cutler-Challen Choral Mandolino by Stradivari, 1680 | url=http://www.usd.edu/smm/PluckedStrings/Mandolins/StradMandolin/StradMandolin.html | publisher=University of South Dakota | date=19 September 2006 | accessdate=2008-01-30}}</ref> The other, dated ''ca.'' 1706, is owned by private collector Charles Beare of London.<ref>{{cite book | last=Tyler | first=James | coauthors=Sparks, Paul | title=The Early Mandolin | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1989 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=p4JFbUqIGPcC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r#PPA18,M1 | isbn=0198163029 | accessdate=2008-02-15}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite book | last=Hill | first=William Henry | coauthors=Hill, Arthur F.; Hill, Alfred Ebsworth | title=Antonio Stradivari, His Life and Work (1644-1737) | location=London | publisher=W.E. Hill & Sons| year=1902 | oclc=8179349 }}
* {{cite book | last=Faber | first=Toby | title=Stradivari’s Genius: Five Violins, One Cello, and Three Centuries of Enduring Perfection | location=New York | publisher=Random House | year=2004 | isbn=0375508481}}
* {{cite book | last=Vannes | first=Rene | title=Dictionnaire Universel del Luthiers (vol.3)| location=Bruxelles | publisher=Les Amis de la musique | year=1985 |origyear=1951 | oclc=53749830 }}
* {{cite book | last=William | first=Henley | title=Universal Dictionary of Violin & Bow Makers | location=Brighton; England | publisher=Amati | year=1969 | isbn=0901424005 }}
* [[Walter Hamma]], ''Meister Italienischer Geigenbaukunst'', Wilhelmshaven 1993, ISBN 3-7959-0537-0
* {{cite book | last=Millant | first=Roger | title=J. B. Vuillaume: Sa Vie et son Oeuvre | publisher=W.E. Hill | date=1972 | location=London | language=French | oclc=865746 }}
==External links==
{{commons|Stradivarius|Stradivarius}}
*[http://www.channel4.com/fourdocs/film/film-detail.jsp?id=31945 A FourDoc (short on-line documentary) about a group of violin makers making a violin in the original spec of the maurin Stradivarius in just five days]
*[http://ididnotknowthatyesterday.blogspot.com/2006/12/what-makes-stradivarius-violin-so.html What makes a Stradivarius so Great?]
*[http://www.cozio.com/Luthier.aspx?id=17 Cozio.com] Online database of instruments by Antonio Stradivari.
*[http://www.jose-sanchez-penzo.net/records.html Cheniston K. Roland, Discography (incomplete) of Stradivarius recordings]
*[http://www.uberhippy.com/axelrodnyt080303.shtml Mark Levine, "Medici of the Meadowlands", ''The New York Times'' 3 August 2003] [[Herbert R. Axelrod]]'s Stravarius collection.
*[http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/~jw/chladni.html Chladni patterns] for visualizing violin plate resonance patterns
* [http://home.scarlet.be/~tor-4879/stradivarienglish.htm Stradivari Violin Forms] A detailed study of Stradivari's molds and drawings kept in the Cremona Museum..
* [http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/ancham/79/i03/pdf/0207detective.pdf How Stradivari and Guarneri got their music] discusses the chemical techniques used to figure out what makes these instruments' unique sound. From [http://pubs3.acs.org/acs/journals/toc.page?incoden=ancham&indecade=0&involume=79&inissue=3 the February 1, 2007 issue of ''Analytical Chemistry'']
* {{cite web | last=Gough | first=Colin | title=Science and the Stradivarius | url=http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/13/4/8 | publisher=Physics Web. Institute of Physics Publishing | date=April 2000 | accessdate=2008-01-30}}
* {{cite news | last=Grovier | first=Kelly | title=Biography of Antonio Stradivari | url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/biography/0,,1288082,00.html | work=The Observer | date=22 August 2004 | accessdate=2008-01-30}}
* {{cite web | last=Hanscom | first=Michael | title=Stradivarius’ Secret | url=http://www.michaelhanscom.com/eclecticism/2003/12/09/stradivarius-secret/| publisher=Eclecticism | date=9 December 2003 | accessdate=2008-01-30}}
[[Category:String instruments]]
[[Category:Stradivari violins| ]]
[[Category:Stradivari cellos| ]]
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