Student
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2008-07-14T15:46:43Z
Onebravemonkey
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Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/98.15.140.75|98.15.140.75]] identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by [[User:121.209.235.20|121.209.235.20]].
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[[Image:Math lecture at TKK.JPG|thumb|370px|Students attending a [[lecture]] on [[linear algebra]] at the [[Helsinki University of Technology]]]]
The word '''student''' is [[etymology|etymologically]] derived through [[Middle English]] from the [[Latin]] [[Latin conjugation#Principal parts for the active voice|second-type]] [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugation]] [[verb]] "stŭdērĕ", [[Meaning (linguistic)|meaning]] "to direct one's zeal at"; hence a student could be described as 'one who directs zeal at a subject'. In its widest use, "student" is used for anyone who is learning.
==Scope==
In many countries, the word "student" or a cognate equivalent (e.g., [[France|French]] "''étudiant''") is reserved for higher education or [[university]] students. However derived adjectives in such languages (e.g., "''estudiantin''" in French) may also, or even especially (e.g., Dutch "''studentikoos''"), be associated with the non-academic, fun-loving side of stereotyped "student life" (in part organised, such as [[hazing]], "Greek life" in [[North America]]n [[Fraternities]] and [[sororities]]), although not all students induldge in this lifestyle.
== International variations ==
[[Image:Village school in Northern Bahr el Ghazal, Sudan.jpg|left|thumb|180px|Students in rural [[Sudan]], 2002]]
[[Image:Nh-students.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Over one thousand students in uniform during an assembly at a [[secondary school]] in [[Singapore]].]]
===Australia===
In [[Australia]], after [[Kindergarten]], "year one", "year two", etc. through to "year twelve" are in most common usage. Children in primary and secondary school are all referred to as students. The term student is used for all learners including primary school, secondary school and university/TAFE.
===Canada===
In [[Canada]], special terms are occasionally used. In English provinces, the high school (known as Academy or secondary school) years can be referred to simply as first, second, third, fourth and fifth year. Some areas call it by grade such as Grade 9, Grade 10, Grade 11 and Grade 12. In university, students are classified as first-, second-, third-, or fourth-year students. In some occasions, they can be called Senior Ones, Twos, Threes, and Fours. First years are commonly known as "frosh", and the first week of university for first year students is commonly known as Frosh week.
===Continental Europe===
In [[Belgium|Belgian]] universities, first-year students are called ''schacht'' in [[Dutch language|Flemish]], or ''bleu'' in [[French language|French]]. In [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] they are called ''бруцош''.
===United Kingdom and Ireland===
At universities in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] the derivative form "fresher" is more often used to describe new students; the term "first years" is also commonly used (especially after the first term). There is no derogatory connotation in this name unlike its US counterpart. The week before the start of a new year is called "[[Orientation week|Freshers' Week]]" at many universities, with a programme of special events to welcome new students; some universities, however, are attempting to drop the connotative associations of "freshers' week" by renaming it "welcome week".{{Fact|date=April 2007}} An undergraduate in the last year of study before graduation is generally known as a "finalist", or simply a third year (in [[England]], [[Wales]], and [[Northern Ireland]] ) or a fourth year (in [[Scotland]] and the Republic of Ireland).
The ancient Scottish [[University of St Andrews]] uses the terms "bejant" for a first year (from the French "''bec-jaune''" – "yellow beak", "fledgling"). Second years are called "semi-bejants", third years are known as "tertians", and fourth years, or others in their final year of study, are called "magistrands".
===United States===
====First year====
A freshman (slang alternatives that are usually derogatory in nature include "fish", "fresher", "frosh", "newbie", "freshie", "snotter", "fresh-meat", etc.) is a first-year student in [[college]], [[university]] or [[high school]]. The less-common{{Fact|date=February 2008}} gender-neutral synonym "first-year student" exists; the variation "freshperson" is rare.{{Fact|date=February 2008}}
In many traditions there is a remainder of the ancient (boarding, pre-commuting) tradition of [[fagging]]. He may also be subjected to a period of [[hazing]] or [[ragging]] as a [[pledge]](r) or [[rookie]], especially if joining a [[Fraternities and sororities|fraternity/sorority]] or certain other clubs, mainly athletic teams. For example, many high schools have initiation methods for freshmen, including, but not limited to, Freshman Duct-taped Throw, Freshman races, Freshman Orientation, Freshman Freshening (referring to poor hygiene among freshmen), and the Freshman Spread.
Even after that, specific rules may apply depending on the school's traditions (e.g., wearing a distinctive [[beanie]]), non-observance of which may result in punishment in which the [[paddle (spanking)|paddle]] may come into play.
====Second year====
In the U.S., a [[wiktionary:sophomore|sophomore]] is a second-year student. [[Folk etymology]] has it that the word means "[[wise fool]]"; consequently "sophomoric" means "pretentious, bombastic, inflated in style or manner; immature, crude, superficial" (according to the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''). It appears to be most likely formed from Greek "''sophos''", meaning "wise", and "''moros''" meaning "foolish", although it may also have separately originated from the word "sophumer", an obsolete variant of "[[sophism]]"<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sophomore&searchmode=none Online Etymology Dictionary<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Outside of the U.S. the term "sophomore" is rarely used, with second-year students simply called "second years".
[[Image:Academic procession.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Academic procession during the [[University of Canterbury]] graduation ceremony.]]
====Post-second year====
In the U.S. a "junior" is a student in the penultimate (usually third) year and a "senior" a student in the last (usually fourth) year of [[college]], [[university]], or [[high school]]. A college student who takes more than the normal number of years to graduate is sometimes referred to as a "[[super senior]]".<ref>http://www.doubletongued.org/index.php/dictionary/super_senior/ Definition of a super senior; URL accessed [[October 5]] [[2006]].</ref> The term "underclassman" is used to refer collectively to freshmen and sophomores, and "upperclassman" to refer collectively to juniors and seniors, sometimes even sophomores. The term "middler" is used to describe a third-year student of a school (generally [[college]]) which offers five years of study. In this situation, the fourth and fifth years would be referred to as "junior" and "senior" years, respectively.
==Mature students==
{{Main|Mature student}}
A '''mature''', or '''adult student''' in [[tertiary education]] (at a university or a college) is normally classified as an (undergraduate) student who is at least 21 - 23 years old at the start of their [[Course of study|course]] and usually having been out of the education system for at least two years. Mature students can also include students who have been out of the education system for decades, or students with no secondary education. Mature students also make up graduate and [[postgraduate]] populations by demographic of age.
==Student pranks==
{{main|Student prank}}
University students have a long association with pranks and japes.<ref>[http://www.princeton.edu/mudd/news/faq/topics/pranks.shtml Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library : FAQ Student pranks<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.kiwiblog.co.nz/2006/10/student_pranks.html Kiwiblog » Blog Archive » Student Pranks<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/china/story/0,7369,1075600,00.html Student prank that gave the Chinese a fit of the willies | World news | The Guardian<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.epigram.org.uk/view.php?id=1503 Epigram Online - Alarming consequences for student pranks<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.fox11az.com/news/topstories/stories/kmsb-20070614-PEjc-prank.338b9df.html Sticky student prank injures teacher | Top Stories | FOX11AZ.com | News for Tucson, Arizona<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> These can often involve petty crime, such as the theft of [[traffic cone]]s and other public property,<ref>[http://www.hero.ac.uk/uk/studying/archives/2001/nightmare_on_student_stre901.cfm Nightmare on student street<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> or hoaxes. It is also not uncommon for students from one school to steal or deface the [[mascot]] of a rival school.<ref>[http://www.dailycal.org/article.php?id=10351 The Daily Californian<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In fact, pranks play such a significant part in student culture that numerous books have been published that focus on the issue.<ref>Nightwork: A History of Hacks and Pranks at MIT by T.F. Peterson (Paperback - 1 April 2003)</ref><ref>If at All Possible, Involve a Cow: The Book of College Pranks by Neil Steinberg (Paperback - 1992)</ref>Pranks may reflect current events<ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/globe/city_region/breaking_news/2006/09/mit_hacks_mark_1.html MIT 'hacks' mark Sept. 11 with a fake fire truck - Local News Updates - The Boston Globe<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, be a form of protest or revenge, or have no other purpose than for the enjoyment of the prank itself. A recent report has been released focusing on the misbehaviour of university students. The report, ''Studentification: A Guide to Opportunities, Challenges and Practice'', by Universities UK, focuses on six British universities as case studies.
==Other terms==
*A student who is repeating a grade level of schooling due to poor grades is sometimes referred to as having been "held back".
*The term pupil (originally a Latin term for a minor as the ward of an adult guardian etc.) is used in British [[primary school|primary]] and [[secondary school|secondary]] schools instead of "student", but once attending higher education such as [[sixth-form]] college etc, the term "student" is standard.
*The [[United States military academies]] use only numerical terms, except there are colloquial expressions used in everyday speech. In order from first year to fourth year, students in these institutions are officially referred to as "fourth-class", "third-class", "second-class", and "first-class" cadets or midshipmen. Unofficially, other terms are used, for example at the United States Military Academy, freshman are called "plebes," sophomores are called "yearlings" or "yuks," juniors are called "cows," and seniors are called "firsties." Some universities also use numerical terms to identify classes; students enter as "first-years" and graduate as "fourth-years" (or, in some cases, "fifth-years", "sixth-years", etc).
* [[Freshers' Flu]] refers to the generic illness that many new students get during the first few weeks of starting the first year. This is often attributed to viral/bacterial diseases being carried by students from other regions of the country/world, to which some have no immunity.{{Fact|date=April 2007}}
<span id="gunner"></span>
* In the United States a "gunner" is an overly competitive student, typically in [[law school]] or [[medical school]]. Calling someone a gunner is usually highly offensive{{Fact|date=October 2007}}. A gunner is also overly ambitious and often excitedly volunteers oral answers in class that are, by turns, incorrect, off-topic, or specifically designed to demonstrate the questionable "intellectual" prowess of the person supplying them. These questions are often prefaced with phrases like "A cursory literature search revealed ... " A gunner will compromise his or her peer relationships in order to obtain recognition and praise from his or her instructors and superiors, often by directly harming or attempting to harm the academic well-being of said peers.<ref>[http://politedissent.com/archives/113 Polite Dissent » True Tales of Medical School: The Gunner: comics, medicine, and medical comics<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
==Idiomatic use==
"[[Freshman]]" and "[[wiktionary:sophomore|sophomore]]" are sometimes used [[figurative]]ly, almost exclusively in the United States, to refer to a first or second effort ("the [[singer]]'s ''sophomore'' [[album]]"), or to a [[politician]]'s first or second term in office ("freshman senator") or an [[sportsperson|athlete]]'s first or second year on a [[professional sports team]]. "Junior" and "senior" are not used in this figurative way to refer to third and fourth years or efforts, because of those words' broader meanings of "[[young]]er" and "[[old]]er". (A [[junior senator]] is therefore not one who is in his or her third term of office, but merely one who has not been in the Senate as long as the other senator from his or her [[state (United States)|state]].)
== See also ==
{{sisterlinks|student}}
* [[Student accommodation]]
* [[Student activism]]
* [[Freshman fifteen]]
* [[International student]]
* [[Orientation week]]
* [[School district drug policies]]
* [[wiktionary:sophomore|Sophomore]]
* Student resources
** [[Guidance Counseling]]
** [[Homework help service]]
** [[Student financial aid]]
** [[Study skills]]
** [[Tutoring]]
* [[Studentification]]
==References==
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[[Category:Academia]]
[[Category:Students| ]]
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[[es:Estudiante]]
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[[eu:Ikasle]]
[[fa:دانشآموز]]
[[fr:Étudiant]]
[[ko:학생]]
[[id:Peserta didik]]
[[is:Nemandi]]
[[it:Studente]]
[[he:סטודנט]]
[[lt:Studentas]]
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[[ja:在籍者 (学習者)]]
[[no:Student]]
[[pl:Student]]
[[pt:Aluno]]
[[ro:Student]]
[[ru:Студент]]
[[simple:Student]]
[[sl:Študent]]
[[sr:Студент]]
[[fi:Opiskelija]]
[[sv:Student]]
[[th:นักเรียน]]
[[tg:Донишҷӯ]]
[[tr:Öğrenci]]
[[uk:Студент]]
[[yi:סטודענט]]
[[zh-yue:學生]]
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