Stuttgart 28565 225948716 2008-07-16T04:09:56Z Tabletop 173687 Spell resutl => result {{otheruses}} {{Infobox German Location |Art = Stadt |image_photo = Stg-schlossplatz-kunstmuseum.jpg |imagesize = <!-- Photo size. Default is 250px --> |image_caption = Stuttgart [[Schlossplatz, Stuttgart|Schlossplatz]] (Castle square) |Wappen = Coat of arms of Stuttgart.svg |lat_deg = 48 |lat_min = 46 |lat_sec = 43 |lon_deg = 09 |lon_min = 10 |lon_sec = 46 |Lageplan = |Bundesland = Baden-Württemberg |Regierungsbezirk = Stuttgart |Landkreis = Stadtkreis |Höhe = 245 |Fläche = 207.36 |Einwohner = 590429 |Metropolitan area = 3460000 |Stand = 2008-02-29 |pop_ref = <ref>Population and area data from [http://stuttgart.de Stuttgart.de 29.02.2008]</ref> |PLZ = 70173–70619 |PLZ-alt = 7000 |Vorwahl = 0711 |Kfz = S |Gemeindeschlüssel = 08 1 11 000 |LOCODE = DE STR |Gliederung = 23 districts |Adresse = Marktplatz 1<br />70173 Stuttgart |Website = [http://www.stuttgart.de/ www.stuttgart.de] |Bürgermeister = Wolfgang Schuster |Bürgermeistertitel= Oberbürgermeister |Partei = CDU |year = 10th century }} '''Stuttgart''' ({{IPA2|ˈʃtʊtgaʁt}}) is the capital of the state of [[Baden-Württemberg]] in southern [[Germany]]. The [[list of cities in Germany|sixth-largest city in Germany]], Stuttgart has a population of 590,429 (February 2008) while the metropolitan area referred to as [[Stuttgart Region]] has a population of 2.7 million ([[2007]])<ref>[http://www.statistik.baden-wuerttemberg.de/SRDB/Tabelle.asp?01035050RV11 Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg]</ref>. The city lies at the centre of a heavily populated area, circled by a ring of smaller towns. The [[Agglomeration|inner urban area]] has a population of 2.63 million making 'greater Stuttgart' the third biggest city region in Germany after the [[Ruhr Area]] and [[Berlin]]. Stuttgart is spread across a variety of hills, valleys and parks - unusual for German cities and often a cause of surprise to visitors who primarily associate the city with its industrial reputation as the "[[Stuttgart#The_cradle_of_the_automobile|Cradle of the automobile]]". Stuttgart has the status of [[Independent_city#Germany|Stadtkreis]], a type of self-administrating urban county. It is also the seat of the regional parliament, local council and the Protestant State Church of Württemberg as well as one of the two co-seats of the bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] diocese of [[Rottenburg-Stuttgart]]. The city's [[motto]] is "Stuttgart is more" (to tourists; to business it describes itself as "''{{lang|de|Standort Zukunft}}''", translated by town hall marketing as "Where business meets the future"). In 2007 the [[Burgomaster|''Bürgermeister'']] marketed Stuttgart to foreign investors as "The creative power of Germany". Under current plans to improve transport links to the international infrastructure (as part of the [[Stuttgart 21]] project), in March 2008 the city unveiled a new logo and slogan, describing itself as "''{{lang|de|Das neue Herz Europas}}''" ("The new heart of Europe")<ref>[http://stuttgart.de/sde/menu/frame/ns_top_11021.htm Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg]</ref>. Stuttgart is nicknamed the ''Schwabenmetropole'' ([[Swabia]]n metropolis), a reference to the [[Swabian German|Swabian]] dialect spoken by the locals. ==Geography== Stuttgart lies about an hour from the [[Black Forest]] and a similar distance from the [[Swabian Jura]]. The city centre lies in a lush valley, nestling between vineyards and thick woodland close to the River [[Neckar]]. In the hot summer months local residents refer to this area as the "Stuttgart [[cauldron]]". Stuttgart covers an area of {{convert|207|km2|sqmi|0|lk=on}}. The elevation ranges from 207 metres above [[sea level]] by the [[Neckar]] river to 549 metres on [[Bernhartshöhe]] hill. As a result there are more than 400 flights of stairs around the city (called "Stäffele" in local dialect), equivalent to approximately 20 kilometres of steps. Many originate from the time when vineyards lined the entire valley. Even today there are vineyards less than 500 metres from the [[Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof|Main Station]]. [[Image:Stuttgart Panorama 2007.jpg|thumb|800px|Panorama of Stuttgart looking South East. From the [[Neckar]] valley on the left the city rises to the city centre, backdropped by high woods to the south ([[Fernsehturm Stuttgart|television tower]]). Stuttgart [[Stuttgart South|South]] and [[Stuttgart West|West]] are to the right.]] === City districts === The city of Stuttgart is subdivided into a total of 23 city districts, 5 inner districts and 17 outer districts. The inner districts are: [[Central Stuttgart]], Stuttgart [[Stuttgart North|North]], [[Stuttgart East|East]], [[Stuttgart South|South]] and [[Stuttgart West|West]]. The outer districts are: *[[Bad Cannstatt]] (home to Western Europe's largest mineral spas/[[Wilhelma]] zoo/the [[Stuttgart Spring Festival]]/[[VfB Stuttgart]] football team) *[[Degerloch]] ([[Fernsehturm Stuttgart|The world's first television tower]]/[[Stuttgarter Kickers]] football team) *[[Stuttgart-Möhringen|Möhringen]] (musical theatres) *[[Stammheim Prison|Stammheim]] (High-security court and jail - see [[Red Army Faction|RAF]] terrorists) *[[Stuttgart-Untertürkheim|Untertürkheim]] ([[Daimler AG]] HQ and original [[Mercedes-Benz]] plant) *[[Vaihingen]], not to be confused with nearby [[Vaihingen an der Enz|Vaihingen (Enz)]] (one of two Stuttgart University campuses, [[Patch Barracks|headquarters of US armed forces]] in Europe) *[[Zuffenhausen]] ([[Porsche]] HQ) *[[Stuttgart-Feuerbach|Feuerbach]] (Home of the original [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] plant and [[Behr GmbH & Co. KG|Behr]]) * as well as [[Birkach]], [[Botnang]], [[Hedelfingen]], [[Mühlhausen]], [[Stuttgart-Münster|Münster]], [[Obertürkheim]], [[Plieningen]], [[Sillenbuch]], [[Stuttgart-Wangen]] and [[Weilimdorf]]. [[Image:StuttgartCentreWinter.jpg|thumb|200px|The city centre in winter]] Stuttgart's metropolitan area (the political entity "[[Stuttgart Region]]") encompasses the nearby towns of [[Ludwigsburg]] with its enormous [[Ludwigsburg Palace|baroque palace]], [[Böblingen]], [[Esslingen am Neckar|Esslingen]], [[Waiblingen]], [[Göppingen]] and their respective districts. === Climate === Stuttgart has a [[continental climate]]. In the summer months, the nearby [[Black Forest]] and [[Swabian Alb]] hills act as a shield from severe weather but the city can also be subject to thunderstorms in the summer months and periods of snow lasting several days in the winter. The centre of the city, referred to by locals as the "Kessel" (cauldron) experiences more severe heat in the summer and less snow in the winter than the suburbs. Lying as it does at the centre of the European continent, the temperature range between day and night or summer and winter can be extreme. On average Stuttgart enjoys 1693 hours of sunshine per year<ref>http://www.stuttgart-tourist.de/ENG/city/zahlen-fakten.htm Stuttgart official tourist information</ref>. Winters last from December to March. The coldest month is January with an average temperature of {{convert|0|°C|°F|sigfig=2}}. Snow cover tends to last no longer than a few days although it has been known to last a couple of weeks as recently as 2004. The summers are warm with an average temperature of {{convert|20|°C|°F|sigfig=2}} in the hottest months of July and August. The summers last from May until September. <center><!--Infobox begins-->{{Infobox Weather |single_line= Yes |metric_first = Yes |location = Stuttgart, Germany |Jan_Hi_°F = 37 |Jan_Hi_°C = 3 |Feb_Hi_°F = 40 |Feb_Hi_°C = 4 |Mar_Hi_°F = 49 |Mar_Hi_°C = 9 |Apr_Hi_°F = 54 |Apr_Hi_°C = 12 |May_Hi_°F = 63 |May_Hi_°C = 17 |Jun_Hi_°F = 69 |Jun_Hi_°C = 20.5 |Jul_Hi_°F = 73 |Jul_Hi_°C = 23 |Aug_Hi_°F = 73 |Aug_Hi_°C = 23 |Sep_Hi_°F = 66 |Sep_Hi_°C = 19 |Oct_Hi_°F = 57 |Oct_Hi_°C = 14 |Nov_Hi_°F = 46 |Nov_Hi_°C = 8 |Dec_Hi_°F = 40 |Dec_Hi_°C = 4 |Year_Hi_°F = 56 |Year_Hi_°C = 13 |Jan_Lo_°F = 27 |Jan_Lo_°C = -3 |Feb_Lo_°F = 27 |Feb_Lo_°C = -3 |Mar_Lo_°F = 33 |Mar_Lo_°C = 0.5 |Apr_Lo_°F = 37 |Apr_Lo_°C = 3 |May_Lo_°F = 45 |May_Lo_°C = 7 |Jun_Lo_°F = 51 |Jun_Lo_°C = 10.5 |Jul_Lo_°F = 55 |Jul_Lo_°C = 13 |Aug_Lo_°F = 49 |Aug_Lo_°C = 9 |Sep_Lo_°F = 48 |Sep_Lo_°C = 8 |Oct_Lo_°F = 41 |Oct_Lo_°C = 5 |Nov_Lo_°F = 33 |Nov_Lo_°C = 0.5 |Dec_Lo_°F = 29 |Dec_Lo_°C = -2 |Year_Lo_°F = 40 |Year_Lo_°C = 4 |Jan_Precip_inch = 1.9 |Jan_Precip_cm = 4.8 |Jan_Precip_mm = |Feb_Precip_inch = 1.8 |Feb_Precip_cm = 4.6 |Feb_Precip_mm = |Mar_Precip_inch = 1.7 |Mar_Precip_cm = 4.3 |Mar_Precip_mm = |Apr_Precip_inch = 2.4 |Apr_Precip_cm = 6.1 |Apr_Precip_mm = |May_Precip_inch = 3.4 |May_Precip_cm = 8.6 |May_Precip_mm = |Jun_Precip_inch = 3.4 |Jun_Precip_cm = 8.6 |Jun_Precip_mm = |Jul_Precip_inch = 2.9 |Jul_Precip_cm = 7.4 |Jul_Precip_mm = |Aug_Precip_inch = 3.3 |Aug_Precip_cm = 8.4 |Aug_Precip_mm = |Sep_Precip_inch = 3.4 |Sep_Precip_cm = 8.6 |Sep_Precip_mm = |Oct_Precip_inch = 2.3 |Oct_Precip_cm = 5.8 |Oct_Precip_mm = |Nov_Precip_inch = 1.8 |Nov_Precip_cm = 4.6 |Nov_Precip_mm = |Dec_Precip_inch = 1.8 |Dec_Precip_cm = 4.6 |Dec_Precip_mm = |Year_Precip_inch = 28.9|Year_Precip_cm =73.4 |Year_Precip_mm = |source =Weatherbase<ref name=Weatherbase>{{cite web | url =http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=083701&refer= |title =Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Stuttgart, Germany | publisher=Weatherbase | year=2007 | accessdate=2008-03-21 | language = English }}</ref> |accessdate = Mar 2008 }}<!--Infobox ends--></center> ==History== ===Pre 19th century=== The first known settlement of Stuttgart was around the end of the 1st century A.D. with the establishment of a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] fort in the modern district of [[Cannstatt]] on the banks of the river [[Neckar]]. The Romans withdrew in around 260 A.D. following the invasion of the [[Alamanni]] from the north. Although nothing is known about Cannstatt during the period of [[Barbarian Invasion]] it is believed that the area remained inhabited as it is mentioned in [[Abbey of St. Gall]] archives dating back to 700 A.D. <ref name=wpde>{{de}}</ref> [[Image:AltesSchlossStuttgart.JPG|thumb|250px|The [[Old Castle (Stuttgart)|'Old Castle']] which dates back to 950]] Stuttgart itself was probably founded around [[950]] A.D. shortly before the [[Battle of Lechfeld]] by Duke [[Liudolf, Duke of Swabia|Liudolf]] of [[Swabia]], one of the sons of Holy Roman Emperor [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I the Great]]. The town was used for breeding cavalry horses in fertile meadows at the very centre of today's city, although recent archaeological excavations indicate that this area was already home to [[Merovingian]] farmers.<ref>Daniel Kirn: Stuttgart. Eine kleine Stadtgeschichte, Sutton 2007.(ISBN 978-3-86680-137-0</ref> A gift registry from [[Hirsau Abbey]] dated around [[1160]] mentioned "Hugo de Stuokarten", confirmation of the existence of the Stuttgart of today. Between this time and the 14th century, the settlement was owned by the [[List of rulers of Baden|Margraves of Baden]] and the [[Württemberg]] towns of [[Backnang]] and [[Besigheim]]. [[Image:StuttgartSchlossplatz.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The "[[New Castle (Stuttgart)|New Castle]]" on [[Schlossplatz, Stuttgart|Schlossplatz]] which was built between 1746 and 1807]] In around [[1300]] Stuttgart became the residence of the Counts of [[Württemberg]] who expanded the growing settlement into the capital of their territory ('Territorialstaat'). Stuttgart was elevated to the status of city in [[1321]] when it became the official royal residence. The territory around Stuttgart was known as the [[County]] of Württemberg before the counts were elevated to dukes by the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] in [[1495]] when Stuttgart became the [[Duchy]] capital and Ducal residence. The name [[Württemberg]] originates from a steep hill in Stuttgart, formerly known as ''Wirtemberg''. In the 18th century, Stuttgart temporarily surrendered its residence status after [[Eberhard Ludwig]] founded [[Ludwigsburg]] to the north of the city. In [[1775]], [[Karl Eugen]] requested a return to Stuttgart, ordering the construction of the [[New Castle (Stuttgart)|New Castle]]. ===19th and 20th century=== In [[1803]] Stuttgart was proclaimed capital of Württemberg ''Kurfürstentum'' (ruled by a [[Prince-elector]]) until [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte's]] breakup of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in [[1805]] when Stuttgart became capital of the [[Kingdom]] of [[Kingdom of Württemberg|Württemberg]]. The royal residence was expanded under [[Frederick I of Württemberg]] although many of Stuttgart's most important buildings including the [[Wilhelmspalais|Wilhelm Palace]], Katharina Hospital, the [[Staatsgalerie Stuttgart|State Gallery]], the Villa Berg and the [[Königsbau]] were built under the reign of [[William I of Württemberg|King Wilhelm I]]. <!-- Image not working: [[Image:Neues Schloss Stuttgart Anlagen.jpg|thumb|200px|Stuttgart [[New Castle (Stuttgart)|New Castle]] in 1809]] Help to get this working appreciated --> [[Image:S-wilhelmspalais.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Wilhelmspalais|Wilhelm Palace]] of 1840, now the city library]]Stuttgart's development as a city was impeded in the 19th century by its location. It was not until the opening of the [[Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof|Main Station]] in [[1846]] that the city underwent an economic revival. The population at the time was around 50,000. During the [[The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states|revolution of 1848/1849]], a democratic pan-German national parliament ([[Frankfurt Parliament]]) was formed in [[Frankfurt]] to overcome the division of Germany. After long discussions, the parliament decided to offer the title of the German emperor to King [[Frederick William IV of Prussia]]. As the democratic movement became weaker, the German princes regained control of their independent states. Finally, the Prussian king declined the revolutionaries' offer. The members of parliament were driven out of Frankfurt and the most radical members (who wanted to establish a republic) fled to Stuttgart. A short while later, this [[rump parliament]] was dissolved by the Württemberg military. By [[1871]] Stuttgart boasted 91,000 inhabitants and by the time [[Gottlieb Daimler]] invented the automobile in a small workshop in [[Cannstatt]] the population had risen rapidly to 176,000.<ref>Stuttgart - Where Business Meets the Future. CD issued by Stuttgart Town Hall, Department for Economic Development, 2005.</ref> In [[1871]], as an autonomous kingdom, Württemberg joined the [[German Empire]] created by [[Otto von Bismarck]], [[Prime Minister of Prussia]], during the [[unification of Germany]]. [[Image:Stuttgart.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Stuttgart around 1900]] At the end of the [[First World War]] the monarchy broke down and the [[Free_state_%28government%29#Germany|Free State]] of [[Free People's State of Württemberg|Württemberg]] was established, as a part of the [[Weimar Republic]]. Stuttgart was proclaimed the capital. In [[1920]] Stuttgart became the seat of the German National Government (after the administration flee from [[Berlin]], see [[Kapp Putsch]]). Under [[Nazi Germany]], Stuttgart began deportation of [[Jewish]] inhabitants in [[1939]]. Around sixty percent of the German Jewish population had fled by the time restrictions on their movement were imposed on 1 October [[1941]] at which point Jews living in Württemberg were forced to live in "Jewish apartments" before being "concentrated" on the former Trade Fair grounds in [[Killesberg]]. On 1 December 1941 the first deportation trains were organised to [[Riga]]. Only 180 Jews from Württemberg held in [[concentration camp]]s survived.<ref name=wpde>{{de}}</ref> During [[World War II]], the centre of Stuttgart was nearly completely destroyed due to [[Bombing of Stuttgart in World War II|Allied air raids]]. Some of the most severe bombing took place in [[1944]] at the hands of Anglo-American bombers. The heaviest raid took place on 12 September 1944 when the [[Royal Air Force]] bombed the old town of Stuttgarter dropping over 184,000 bombs including 75 [[Blockbuster bomb|blockbusters]]. More than 1000 people perished in the resulting [[firestorm]]. In total Stuttgart was subjected to 53 bombing raids, resulting in the destruction of 68% of all buildings and the death of 4477 people. In [[1945]] the Allied Forces took control of Germany, spearheaded by the French army which occupied Stuttgart until the city fell into the American military occupation zone. An early concept of the [[Marshall Plan]] aimed at supporting reconstruction and economic/political recovery across Europe was presented during a speech given by US Secretary of State [[James F. Byrnes]] at the Stuttgart Opera House. His speech led directly to the unification of the British and American occupation zones, resulting in the 'bi-zone' (later the 'tri-zone' including the French). When the [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]] was founded on [[7 October]] [[1949]], Stuttgart, like [[Frankfurt]], was a serious contender to become the federal capital, but finally [[Bonn]] succeeded. Parts of the former German States of [[Baden Germany|Baden]] and [[Württemberg]] were merged in [[1952]] leading to founding of the new state of [[Baden-Württemberg]], now Germany's third largest state. ===Recent=== During the [[Cold War]], Stuttgart became home to the joint command centre of all [[United States]] military forces in Europe, Africa and the Atlantic (US European Command, EUCOM). [[EUCOM]] is still headquartered there today. U.S. Army bases in and around Stuttgart include or included the following: [[Patch Barracks]] (HQ EUCOM), Robinson Barracks, Panzer Kaserne, [[Kelley Barracks]]<ref>U.S. Army Installations in Stuttgart [http://www.usarmygermany.com/USAREUR_City_Stuttgart.htm]</ref>. [[Image:Stuttgart wappen alt.jpg|thumb|150px|First Stuttgart coat of arms in 1286]]In the late 1970s, the district of [[Stammheim]] was centre stage of one of the most controversial periods of German post-war history during the trial of [[Red Army Faction]] members at Stammheim high-security court. After the trial, [[Ulrike Meinhof]], [[Andreas Baader]], Gudrun Ensslin and Jan-Carl Raspe committed suicide in Stammheim. Several attempts were made to free the terrorists by force or blackmail during the '[[German Autumn]]' of 1977, culminating in the abduction and murder of the German industrialist and President of the German Employers' Association [[Hanns Martin Schleyer]] as well as the hijacking of [[Landshut Hijacking|Lufthansa flight LH181]]. In [[1978]] Stuttgart's [[Stuttgart S-Bahn|suburban railway]] came into operation. ===Origin of the city's name and its coat of arms=== Stuttgart's coat of arms shows a black horse on its hind legs on a yellow background. It was first used in its current format in 1938 before when various designs and colours had been used, often with two horses. The [[canting arms|canting seal]] pictured here reflects the origin of the name "Stuttgart". The name in [[Old High German]] was "stuotgarten", with "stuot" cognate with the [[Old English]] term "stod" (Modern English: "stud", relating to the breeding of horses). The Old High German term "garten" referred to the compound on the site of the original settlement. == Landmarks, sights and culture== [[Image:Stuttgart Staatsoper.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Staatstheater Stuttgart|State Opera House]]]] === The inner city === At the centre of Stuttgart lies its main square, [[Schlossplatz, Stuttgart|Schlossplatz]]. As well as being the largest square in Stuttgart, it stands at the crossover point between the city's shopping area, ''Schlossgarten'' park which runs down to the river [[Neckar]], Stuttgart's two central castles and major museums and residential areas to the south west. Although the city centre was heavily damaged during [[World War II]], many historic buildings have been reconstructed and the city boasts some fine pieces of modern post-war architecture. Buildings and squares of note in the inner city include: [[Image:Stuttgart AlteKanzlei01.JPG|250px|thumb|The ''Alte Kanzlei'' on [[Schillerplatz (Stuttgart)|Schillerplatz]]]] * The [[Stiftskirche (Stuttgart)|''Stiftskirche'']] (the Collegiate Church), 1200 - 1600. Exterior: [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]]/[[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]; interior: Romanesque/Gothic/Modern. Reconstructed with simplified interior * ''Altes Schloss'' (the [[Old Castle (Stuttgart)|Old Castle]]), 1300 - 1500. [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] style; reconstructed * ''Alte Kanzlei'' (the Old Chancellery) on [[Schillerplatz (Stuttgart)|Schillerplatz]] which backs onto the 1598 Mercury Pillar * ''Neues Schloss'' (the [[New Castle (Stuttgart)|New Castle]]), 1700 - 1800. [[Baroque]]/[[Classicism]]); reconstructed with modern interior * ''Wilhelmpalais'' (the King [[Wilhelm Palais]]), 1840 * ''Königsbau'' (the King's Building), 1850. Classicism; reconstructed * The ''Großes Haus'' of [[Staatstheater Stuttgart|Stuttgart National Theatre]], 1909-1912 * ''Markthalle'' Market Hall, 1910. ([[Art Nouveau]]) * The ''[[Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof|Hauptbahnhof]]'' (Main Railway Station), 1920. Pre-Modern * The ''[[Württembergische Landesbibliothek]]'' state library, rebuilt in 1970. * ''Friedrichsbau Varieté'' (Friedrich Building), rebuilt in 1994 on the site of the former art nouveau building [[Image:Stuttgart-haus-der-wirtschaft.jpg|250px|thumb|The ''Haus der Wirtschaft'' (House of Commerce)]] === Architecture in other districts === A number of significant castles stand in Stuttgart's suburbs and beyond as reminders of the city's royal past. These include: *[[Castle Solitude]], 1700 - 1800. Baroque/[[Rococo]]) *[[Ludwigsburg Palace]], 1704 - 1758. Baroque, with its enormous baroque garden. *[[Castle Hohenheim]], 1771 - 1793 Other landmarks in and around Stuttgart include (''see also [[#Museums|museums]] below): *[[Castle Rosenstein]] (1822-1830). Classical *[[Württemberg Mausoleum]] (1824) which holds the remains of [[Catherine Pavlovna of Russia]] and King [[William I of Württemberg]] *''[[Wilhelma]]'' Zoo and Botanical Gardens (1853) *[[Weissenhof Estate]] (1927), ([[International style (architecture)|International Style]]) *The [[Fernsehturm Stuttgart|TV Tower]] (1950), the world's first concrete TV tower *[[Stuttgart Airport|Stuttgart Airport Terminal Building]], 2000. In neighbouring [[Leinfelden-Echterdingen]] === Parks, lakes, cemeteries and other places of interest === [[Image:Killesbergpark.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Killesberg]] park with fountains and vineyards in the background ]] At the centre of Stuttgart lies a series of gardens referred to by locals as the ''Green U'' and popular with families and cyclists. It starts with the old '''[[Schlossgarten (Stuttgart)|Schlossgarten]]''', castle gardens first mentioned in records in [[1350]]. The modern park stretches down to the river [[Neckar]] and is divided into the upper garden (bordering the [[Old Castle (Stuttgart)|Old Castle]], the [[Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof|Main Station]], the [[Staatstheater Stuttgart|State Theater]] and the State Parliament building), and the middle and lower gardens - a total of 61 hectares. The park also houses Stuttgart planetarium. At the far end of Schlossgarten lies the second ''Green U'' park, the larger '''[[Rosensteinpark]]''' which borders Stuttgart's [[Wilhelma]] zoo and botanical gardens. Planted by King [[William I of Württemberg]], it contains many old trees and open areas and counts as the largest English-style garden in southern Germany. In the grounds of the park stands the former Rosenstein castle, now the Rosenstein museum. Beyond bridges over an adjacent main road lies the final ''Green U'' park, '''[[Killesbergpark]]''' or 'Höhenpark' which is a former quarry that was converted for the [[Third Reich]] garden show of [[1939]] (and was used as a collection point for [[Jew]]s awaiting transportation to [[concentration camps]]). The park has been used to stage many gardening shows since the 1950s, including the [[Bundesgartenschau]] and 1993 International Gardening Show, and runs miniatures trains all around the park in the summer months for children and adults. The viewing tower (Killesbergturm) offers unique views across to the north east of Stuttgart. [[Image:Stuttgart Wilhelma 1900.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Wilhelma]] Zoo and Botanical Garden, around 1900]]On the northern edge of the [[Rosensteinpark]] is the famous "[[Wilhelma]]", Germany's only combined zoological and botanical garden. The whole compound, with its ornate pavilions, greenhouses, walls and gardens was built around 1850 as a summer palace in moorish style for King [[Wilhelm I]] of [[Württemberg]]. It currently houses around 8000 animals and some 5000 plant species and contains the biggest [[magnolia]] grove in Europe. Other parks in Stuttgart include the gardens at [[Castle Hohenheim]] (which date back to [[1776]] and are still used to catalogue and research plant species), Uhlandshöhe hill (between the city centre, [[Bad Cannstatt]] and Frauenkopf, and home to Stuttgart observatory), the Weißenburgpark (a five hectare park in the Bopser area of [[Stuttgart South]] which dates back to 1834 and is now home to a 'tea house' and the 'marble room' and offers a relaxing view across the city centre), the [[Birkenkopf]] (at 511 metres the highest point in central Stuttgart, where many ruins were laid to commemorate the [[Second World War]]), the Eichenhain park in [[Sillenbuch]] (declared a nature reserve in 1958 and home to 200 [[oak]] trees, many 300-400 years old). There are number of natural and artificial '''lakes''' and ponds in Stuttgart. The largest is the Max-Eyth-See which was created in 1935 by reclaiming a former quarry and is now an official nature reserve. It is surrounded by an expansive open area overlooked by vineyards on the banks of the river [[Neckar]] near [[Mühlhausen]]). [[Image:Stuttgart-Feuersee.jpg|thumb|250px|Feuersee, in the area of the same name in [[Stuttgart West]].]]There are expansive areas of woodland to the west and south west of Stuttgart which are popular with walkers, families, cyclists and ramblers. The most frequented lakes form a 3km trio made up of the Bärensee, Neuer See and Pfaffensee. The lakes are also used for local water supplies. In the Feuersee area in the [[Stuttgart West|west of Stuttgart]] lies one of two "Feuersee"s (literally fire lakes), striking for its views of the church across the lake, surrounded by nearby houses and offices. The other Feuersee can be found in [[Vaihingen]]. '''Cemeteries''' in Stuttgart include: * The Hoppenlaufriedhof in [[Central Stuttgart]], the oldest remaining cemetery which dates back to [[1626]], an [[infirmary]] graveyard that last used in [[1951]] * The Waldfriedhof, the 1913 forest cemetry that is connected to Südheimer Platz by [[Standseilbahn Stuttgart|funicular railway]] * The [[Pragfriedhof]], with its [[Art Nouveau]] [[crematorium]]. Established in [[1873]] it was extended to include Jewish graves in [[1874]] and also now houses the [[Russian orthodox]] Church of [[Alexander Nevsky]] * The Uff-Kirchhof cemetry in [[Bad Cannstatt]] which stands at the crossroads of two ancient [[Roman roads]] and Cannstatter Hauptfriedhof, the largest graveyard in Stuttgart which has been used as a Muslim burial ground since [[1985]]. The districts of [[Bad Cannstatt]] and Berg are home to the second largest mineral spas in [[Europe]] (only surpassed by the baths of [[Budapest]]). === Culture and events === [[Image:Residenzschloss Ludwigsburg.jpg|thumb|300px|Main building and baroque gardens of [[Ludwigsburg Palace]]]] Stuttgart is known for its strong cultural heritage, in particular its [[Staatstheater Stuttgart|State Theatre (''Staatstheater'')]] and [[Staatsgalerie Stuttgart|State Gallery (''Staatsgallerie'')]]. The [[Staatstheater Stuttgart|''Staatstheater'']] is home to the [[Stuttgart Opera|State opera]] and three smaller theatres and it regularly stages opera, ballet and theatre productions as well as concerts. The [[Staatstheater Stuttgart|Staatstheater]] was named Germany/Austria/Switzerland "Theatre of the year" in 2006; Stuttgart Opera has won the "Opera of the year" award six times. [[Stuttgart Ballet]] is connected to names like [[John Cranko]] and [[Marcia Haydée]]. The city also offers two broadway-style musical theatres, the Apollo and the Palladium Theater (each approx. 1800 seats). [[Ludwigsburg Palace]] in the nearby town of [[Ludwigsburg]] is also used throughout the year as a venue for concerts and cultural events. The [[Schleyerhalle]] sports arena is regularly used to stage rock and pop concerts with major international stars on European tour. Stuttgart's Swabian cuisine, beer and wine have been produced in the area since the 1600s and are now famous throughout Germany and beyond<ref>http://www.germany.co.uk/Food---Drink/Gourmet/article,Culinary-A-to-Z,1501.html Famous German foods, see also [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_cuisine#Baden-W.C3.BCrttemberg]</ref>. For example, [[Gaisburger Marsch]] is a stew that was invented in Stuttgart's [[Gaisburg]] area of [[Stuttgart South]]. [[Image:Cannstatter-fruchtsaeule-2004.jpg|thumb||left|widthpx|The Stuttgart ''[[Cannstatter Wasen|"Volksfest"]]'']]In [[1993]] Stuttgart hosted the International Garden Show in the suburb of [[Killesberg]]. In [[2006]] it was also one of the host cities of the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|Football World Cup]]. The city is set to host the 2008 [[World Individual Debating and Public Speaking Championships]]. Regular events that take place in Stuttgart: * The world-famous annual [[Cannstatter Wasen|"Volksfest"]], originally a traditional agricultural fair which now also hosts beer tents and a French village and is second in size only to the [[Oktoberfest]] in [[Munich]]. Unlike Munich, however, there is also a [[Stuttgart Spring Festival|Spring festival]] on the same grounds in April of each year. * With more than 3.6 million visitors in 2007<ref>http://www.stuttgarter-weihnachtsmarkt.de/ Stuttgart Marketing Website: Christmas Market</ref> and more than 200 stands, Stuttgart's [[Christmas Market, Stuttgart|Christmas Market]] is the largest and one of the oldest and most beautiful traditional [[Christmas]] markets in Europe. It is especially renowned for its abundant decorations and takes place in the 4 weeks leading up to Christmas. * The Fish Market (''Hamburger Fischmarkt'', late July) with fresh fish, other food and beer from [[Hamburg]] * The Summer Festival (''Stuttgart Sommerfest'', usually in early August) with shows, music, children's entertainment and local cuisine in [[Schlossplatz, Stuttgart]] and adjacent parks * The Lantern Festival (''Lichterfest'', early July) in [[Killesberg]] park with its famous firework display and fairground attractions * The Wine Village (''Weindorf'', late August/early September) on [[Karlsplatz, Stuttgart|Karlsplatz]] === Museums === [[Image:Stuttgart alte staatsgalerie.jpg|thumb|Entrance to the [[Staatsgalerie Stuttgart|Old State Gallery]]]] Stuttgart is home to five of the eleven state museums in [[Baden-Württemberg]]. The foremost of these is the old [[Staatsgalerie Stuttgart|State Gallery]] (opened in [[1843]], extended in [[1984]]) which holds art dating from the 14th to 19th century including works by [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]], [[Rembrandt van Rijn|Rembrandt]], [[Claude Monet|Monet]], [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir|Renoir]], [[Paul Cézanne|Cézanne]] and [[Joseph Beuys|Beuys]]. Next door to the Old State Gallery is the [[Neue Staatsgalerie|New State Gallery]] (1980) with its controversial modern architecture. Among others, this gallery houses works from [[Max Beckmann]], [[Salvador Dalí|Dalí]], [[Henri Matisse|Matisse]], [[Joan Miró|Miró]], [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]], [[Paul Klee|Klee]], [[Marc Chagall|Chagall]] and [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]]. [[Image:Württembergische Königskrone.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Baden-Württemberg]] crown jewels on display in the State Museum of Württemberg ([[Old Castle (Stuttgart)|Old Castle]])]] The [[Old Castle (Stuttgart)|Old Castle]] is also home to the State Museum of Württemberg which was founded in [[1862]] by [[William I of Württemberg]]. The museum traces the rich [[history of Württemberg]] with many artefacts from the its dukes, counts and kings, as well as earlier remants dating back to the [[stone age]]. On the [[Karlsplatz, Stuttgart|Karlsplatz]] side of the Old Castle is a museum dedicated to the memory of [[Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg]], former resident of Stuttgart who attempted to assassinate [[Adolf Hitler]] on [[July 20 plot|20 July 1944]]. Other leading museums in Stuttgart include: * The History Museum (''Haus der Geschichte'', 1987), examining local history, finds, the conflict between modern society and its cultural history * [[Stuttgart State Museum of the Natural Sciences]] (SMNS) in [[Rosensteinpark|Park Rosenstein]] housed in [[Castle Rosenstein]] (with an emphasis on biology and natural history) and [[Löwentor Museum]] ([[paleontology]] and [[geology]], home of the [[Steinheim Skull]] and many unique fossils from the [[triassic]] , [[jurassic]] and [[tertiary]] periods * The [[Mercedes-Benz Museum]] (1923, moved in 2006), now the most visited museum in Stuttgart (440,000 visits per year<ref>Official museum visitor statistics[http://stuttgart.de/sde/menu/frame/top_11021.htm Stuttgart Statistics department (German)]</ref>. The museum traces the 120 year history of the automobile from the legendary silver arrow to the [[Mercedes-Benz]] brand of today * [[Kunstmuseum Stuttgart|Stuttgart Art Museum]] (''Kunstmuseum Stuttgart'', 2005), the number two museum in Stuttgart in terms of visitors with a strong leaning towards modern art (the foremost exhibition of [[Otto Dix]] works. The museum stands on the corner of [[Schlossplatz, Stuttgart]] in a huge glass cube, in strong contrast to the surrounding traditional architecture. * The [[Porsche Museum, Stuttgart|Porsche Museum]] (1976, due to reopen in new premises in 2008) * [[Hegel House]] (''Hegelhaus''), birthplace of the philosopher [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] which documents his life works * [[Stuttgart Straßenbahn Museum Zuffenhausen|Stuttgart Tram Museum]] in [[Zuffenhausen]], a display of historical vehicles dating back to [[1868]] * Theodor Heuss House (''[[Theodor Heuss|Theodor-Heuss]]-Haus'', 2002) in [[Killesberg]]park, a tribute to the life and times of the former German president * The North Station Memorial (''Gedenkstätte am Nordbahnhof Stuttgart)'' in memory of the 2000 or so [[Jews|Jewish]] [[holocaust]] victims deported by the [[Nazis]] from the now disused North Station [[Image:Stiftskirche stuttgart.jpg|thumb|200px|The Protestant [[Stiftskirche (Stuttgart)|Stiftskirche]] (originally built in 1170) pictured around 1900. In the foreground: the memorial on [[Schillerplatz (Stuttgart)|Schiller square]].]] === Churches === Stuttgart is the seat of a [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[bishop]] (Protestant State Church of Württemberg) and one of the two co-seats of the bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] diocese of [[Rottenburg-Stuttgart]]. The Stuttgart-based [[Pentecostalism|pentecostal]] ''Biblische Glaubens-Gemeinde'' is the largest place of worship ([[megachurch]]) in Germany.<ref>BGG International website http://www.bgg-stuttgart.de</ref> == Demographics == The population of Stuttgart declined steadily between 1960 (637,539) and 2000 (586,978). Then low levels of unemployment and attractive secondary education opportunities led to renewed population growth, fuelled especially by young adults from the [[New Länder|former East Germany]]<ref>Statistiches Amt, Stuttgart, July 2007. PDF source: www.stuttgart.de</ref>. For the first time in decades, in 2006 there were also more births in the city than deaths. In 2000, 22.8% of the population did not hold [[German nationality law|German citizenship]], in 2006 this had reduced to 21.7%. The largest groups of foreign nationals were [[Turkish people|Turks]] (22,025), [[Greeks]] (14,341), [[Italians]] (13,978), [[Croats]] (12,985), [[Serbs]] (11,547) followed by immigrants from Bosnia-Herzegovina, Portugal, Poland, Austria and France. 39% of foreign nationals come from the [[European Union]]. === Religion === The religious landscape in Stuttgart changed in [[1534]] as a direct result of the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]]. Since this time [[Baden-Württemberg]] has been predominantly [[Protestantism|Protestant]]. However since 1975 the number of Protestants in Stuttgart has dropped from around 300,000 to 200,000. In 2000, 33.7% of inhabitants were [[Protestantism|Protestant]], 27.4% were [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]. At 39%, the largest section of the population now has no religion or follows a religion not accounted for in official statistics. [[Image:Stuttgart Rathaus01.JPG|thumb|200px|Stuttgart Town Hall (Rathaus)]] === Crime rates === Stuttgart ranks as one of the safest cities in Germany. In 2003, 8535 crimes were committed in Stuttgart for every 100,000 inhabitants (versus the average for all German cities of 12,751)<ref>Stuttgart official statistics [http://www.stuttgart.de/lhs-services/komunis/documents/4034_1.PDF]</ref>. Figures for 2006 indicate that Stuttgart ranked second behind [[Munich]]<ref>City of Hamburg website [http://fhh.hamburg.de/stadt/Aktuell/pressemeldungen/2007/april/13/2007-04-13-bfi-pm-staedtevergleich.html]</ref>. 60% of Stuttgart crimes were solved in 2003, ranking second behind [[Nuremberg]]. == Politics == Stuttgart's current [[Bürgermeister]] (mayor) is [[Wolfgang Schuster]] of the conservative [[Christian Democratic Union|CDU]] party (Christian Democratic Union of Germany). === City government past and present=== When Stuttgart was run as a county (or within the Duchy of [[Württemberg]]), it was governed by a type of protectorate called a [[Vogt]] appointed by the [[Duke]]. After 1811 this role was fulfilled by a City Director or "Stadtdirektor". After 1819 the community elected its own community mayor or "Schulthieß". Since 1930 the title of Oberbürgermeister (the nearest equivalent of which would be [[Lord Mayor]] in English) has applied to Stuttgart and all other Württemberg towns of more than 20,000 inhabitants. At the end of the [[Second World War]], French administrators appointed the independent politician [[Arnulf Klett]] as [[Burgomaster]], a role he fulfilled without interruption until his death in 1974. Since this time Stuttgart has been governed by the [[Christian Democratic Union|CDU]]. The previous mayor was [[Manfred Rommel]] (son of perhaps the most famous German [[field marshal]] of World War II, [[Erwin Rommel]]). As the capital of [[Baden-Württemberg]], Stuttgart is an important political centre in Germany and the seat of the State Parliament, or [[Landtag]] as well as all [[Baden-Württemberg]] state departments. === Recent election results=== {| class="prettytable" |----- style="background:#e3e3e3" ! Party<br />Year ! Regional<br /> 1999 ! European <br />1999 ! State <br />2001 ! [[Bundestag|National German parliament]]<br />2002 ! Regional <br />2004 ! European <br />2004 ! City Council<br /> 2004 (seats) ! [[Bundestag|National German parliament]]<br /> 2005 |----- align="center" ! [[CDU]] | 42.5 % || 42.9 % || 37.1 % || 35.1 % || 35.6 % || 37.4 % || 32.9 % (21) || 32.7 % |----- align="center" ! [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] | 24.5 % || 27.6 % || 36.3 % || 35.7 % || 24.4 % || 21.2 % || 22.8 % (14) || 32.0 % |----- align="center" ! [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]] | 5.5 % || 6.2 % || 9.2 % || 8.5 % || 5.3 % || 7.7 % || 6.5 % (4)|| 12.8 % |----- align="center" ! [[Alliance '90/The Greens|Green Party]] | 14.1 % || 14.3 % || 11.5 % || 16.2 % || 17.2 % || 22.1 % || 18.7 % (11)|| 15.0 % |----- align="center" ! [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] | 5.6 % || - || - || - || 8.5 % || - || 9.7 % (6)|| - |----- align="center" ! [[The Republicans (Germany)|Republicans]] | 3.6 % || 3.6 % || 4.7 % ||1.0 % || 4.0 % || 3.3 % || 3.9 % (2) ||0.8 % |----- align="center" ! [[The Left Party.PDS|PDS]] | - || - || - || 1.4 % || 1.7 % || 1.9 % || 1.8 % (1)|| 4.4 % |----- align="center" ! SÖS | - || - || - || - || - || - || 1.7 % (1)|| - |----- align="center" ! Others | 1.5 % || 5.4 % || 1.2% || 2.1 % || 3.4 % || 6.5 % || 2.0 % || 2.3 % |----- align="center" style="background:#e3e3e3" | Election turnout | 59.1 % || 46.6 % || 65.5 % || 81.0 % || 54.0 % || 51.9 % || 48.7 % || 79.1 % |} Source =Stuttgart election results[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahlergebnisse_in_Stuttgart] ==Economy== The Stuttgart area is known for its high-tech industry. Some of its most prominent companies include [[Daimler AG]], [[Porsche]], [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]], [[Celesio]], [[Hewlett-Packard]] and [[International Business Machines|IBM]] -- all of whom have their world or German headquarters here. [[Image:MercedesMuseumStuttgart.JPG|thumb|250px|The [[Mercedes-Benz Museum]] in the Stuttgart district of [[Bad Cannstatt]]]] Stuttgart is home to Germany's ninth biggest exhibition centre, [[Stuttgart Trade Fair]] which lies on the city outskirts next to [[Stuttgart Airport]]. Hundreds of [[Small and medium enterprises|SMEs]] are still based in Stuttgart (the so-called "[[Mittelstand]]"), many still in family ownership with strong ties to the automotive, electronics, engineering and high-tech industry. ===The cradle of the automobile=== The motorbike and four-wheel automobile were invented in Stuttgart (by [[Gottlieb Daimler]] and [[Karl Benz]]; industrialised in 1887 by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach at the [[Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft]]). As a result it is considered by many to be the starting point of the worldwide automotive industry and is sometimes referred to as "The cradle of the automobile". [[Mercedes-Benz]], [[Porsche]] and [[Maybach]] are all produced in Stuttgart and nearby towns. The very first prototypes of the [[VW Beetle]] were manufactured in Stuttgart based on a design by [[Ferdinand Porsche]]. ===Science and [[R&D]]=== The region currently has Germany's highest density of scientific, academic and research organisations. No other region in Germany registers so many patents and designs as Stuttgart<ref>Stuttgart - Where Business Meets the Future. CD issued by Stuttgart Town Hall, Department for Economic Development, 2005</ref>. Almost 45% of [[Baden-Württemberg]] scientists involved in R&D are based directly in the Swabian capital. More than 11% of all German R&D costs are invested in the Stuttgart Region (approximately 4.3 billion euros per year). In addition to several universities and colleges (e.g. [[University of Stuttgart]], [[University of Hohenheim]] and several Stuttgart [[University of Applied Sciences Stuttgart|Universities of Applied Sciences]]), the area is home to six [[Fraunhofer Society|Fraunhofer]] institutes, four institutes of collaborative industrial research at local universities, two [[Max Planck Society|Max-Planck institutes]] and a major establishment of the [[German Aerospace Center|German Aerospace Centre (DLR)]]. <!--At 21%, Stuttgart employs more people in high and medium-high tech manufacturing than other city in the European Union<ref>Eurostat Eurostat, Regional employment in high-tech sectors [http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-07-102/EN/KS-SF-07-102-EN.PDF] DATA TO BE CONFIRMED--> [[Image:Koenigsbau Stuttgart 20060901.jpg|thumb|left|270px|The 'Königsbau' on [[Schlossplatz, Stuttgart|Schlossplatz]], former home to the [[Börse Stuttgart|Stuttgart Stock Exchange]]]] ===Financial services=== The Stuttgart Stock Exchange is the second largest in Germany (after [[Frankfurt Stock Exchange|Frankfurt]]). Many leading companies in the financial services sector are headquartered in Stuttgart with around 100 credit institutes in total (e.g. [[Landesbank Baden-Württemberg|LBBW Bank]], [[Wüstenrot & Württembergische]], [[Allianz|Allianz Life Insurance]]). [[Image:Zuckerle.jpg|thumb|250px|Vineyards on the [[Neckar]] river in the Mühlhausen area of Stuttgart]] ===A history of wine and beer=== Wine-growing in the area goes back to 1108 when, according to State archives, [[Blaubeuren Abbey]] was given vineyards in Stuttgart as a gift from "Monk Ulrich". In the 17th century the city was the third largest German wine-growing community in the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. Wine remained Stuttgart's leading source of income well into the 19th century. Stuttgart is still one of Germany's largest wine-growing cities, thanks in main to its location at the centre of the "Württemberg Wine Growing Area" (110.3 km², one of 13 official areas captured under German [[Wine law]]). The continuing importance of wine to the local economy is marked every year at the annual wine festival ("Weindorf"). Stuttgart also has several famous breweries such as [[Stuttgarter Hofbräu]], [[Dinkelacker]], and [[Schwaben Bräu]]. ==Transport== Following the suit of other German cities such as [[Berlin]], [[Cologne]] and [[Hanover]], on 1 March 2008 a [[Low Emission Zone]] (LEZ) came into effect in Stuttgart with the aim of improving air quality. This affects all vehicles entering the Stuttgart "Environmental zone" (''Umweltzone''), including vehicles from abroad.<ref>Stuttgart city council FAQs (German) [http://www.stuttgart.de/sde/menu/frame/top.php?seite=http%3A//www.stuttgart.de/sde/item/gen/185468.htm Umweltzone und Feinstaub-Plakette: Fragen und Antworten]</ref><ref>[http://www.env-it.de/luftdaten/download/public/html/Umweltzonen/Dokumente/PDF-Versionen_Umweltzonen_Einzelne_Staedte/Umweltzone_Stuttgart_20071115.pdf PDF showing the areas of Stuttgart in the Low Emission Zone ]</ref> ===Local transport=== [[Image:Stadtbahn Stuttgart - Hst Rathaus.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Stuttgart Stadtbahn|Stadtbahn]] underground]] Stuttgart has a [[light rail]] system known as the [[Stuttgart Stadtbahn]]. In the city centre and densely built-up areas, the Stadtbahn runs underground. Stations are signposted with a "U" symbol, which stands for ''Unabhaengig'' (independent). Until 2007, Stuttgart also operated regular [[tram]]s. Stuttgart also has a large [[bus]] network. Stadtbahn lines and buses are operated by the [[Stuttgarter Straßenbahnen AG]] (SSB). [[Image:Zahnradbahn stuttgart 1917.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[Rack Railway Stuttgart|''Zahnradbahn'']] in 1917]] The outlying suburbs of Stuttgart and nearby towns are served by a suburban railway system called the [[Stuttgart S-Bahn]], using tracks supplied by the national [[Deutsche Bahn|Deutsche Bahn AG]] (DBAG). A peculiarity of Stuttgart is the [[Rack Railway Stuttgart|''Zahnradbahn'']], a [[rack railway]] that is powered by electricity and operates between Marienplatz in the [[Stuttgart South]] district of the city and [[Degerloch]]. It is the only urban rack railway in Germany. Stuttgart also has a [[Standseilbahn Stuttgart|''Standseilbahn'']], a [[funicular|funicular railway]] that operates in the Heslach area of [[Stuttgart South]] and the forest cemetery (Waldfriedhof). In [[Killesberg Park]], on a prominent hill overlooking the city, there is the [[Killesberg railway|miniature railway]] run by diesel (and on weekends with steam). ===Rail links=== Stuttgart is a hub in the [[InterCityExpress]] and [[InterCity]] networks of [[Deutsche Bahn|Deutsche Bahn AG]] (DBAG), with through services to most other major German cities. It also operates international services to [[Strasbourg]], [[Vienna]], [[Zurich]] and [[Paris]] (four times a day, journey time 3 hours 40 minutes<ref name=wpde>{{de}}</ref>). Long distance trains stop at [[Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof]], the city's main line terminus which is also used by regional DBAG [[RegionalExpress]] and [[RegionalBahn]] for services to stations in the Stuttgart metropolitan area. The local rail networks (see above) operate underneath the terminus.<ref name=wpde>{{de}}</ref> Stuttgart also has its own rail freight centre with [[classification yard|marshalling yards]] and a [[container terminal]] in the Obertürkheim area of [[Hedelfingen]].<ref name=wpde>{{de}}</ref> [[Image:Bosch-Parkhaus02.jpg|thumb|right|600px|The [[Bundesautobahn 8|A8 motorway]] running under the car park next to [[Stuttgart Airport]] and [[Stuttgart Trade Fair]]]] ===Air, road and waterway links=== Stuttgart is served by [[Stuttgart Airport]] (German: ''Flughafen Stuttgart''), an international airport approximately 8 miles (13 km) south of the city centre on land belonging to the neighbouring town of [[Leinfelden-Echterdingen]]. It takes 30 minutes to reach the airport from the city centre using S-Bahn lines S2 or S3. Stuttgart airport is Germany's only city airport with one runway. Despite protests and local initiatives, surveys are currently underway to assess the impact of a second runway. <ref>Stutgarter Nachrichten [http://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/stn/page/detail.php/15242690, German newspaper report on planned 2nd runway</ref> The airport is adjacent to the [[Bundesautobahn 8|A8 Autobahn]], a major motorway which forms the southern boundary of Stuttgart and runs from [[Luxemburg]] via [[Saarbrücken]], [[Karlsruhe]], Stuttgart, [[Munich]] and [[Salzburg]] eventually to [[Vienna]]. Other Autobahns leading to Stuttgart are the A81 ([[Zürich]] – [[Singen]] – [[Würzburg]] – [[Hamburg]]) and A831. Stuttgart has an inland port in [[Hedelfingen]] on the [[Neckar|River Neckar]].<ref name=wpde>{{de}}</ref> ===The ''Stuttgart 21'' project=== After years of political fighting and controversy, plans were approved in October 2007 to convert [[Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof|the main train station]] to a through station. The ''[[Stuttgart 21]] project'' will include the rebuilding of surface and underground lines connecting the station in Stuttgart’s enclosed central valley with existing railway and underground lines. Building work is scheduled to start in 2010 and should be completed in 2020. ==Sport== ===Football=== [[Image:Gottlieb-daimler-stadion.jpg|thumb|250px|[[VfB Stuttgart]]'s home ground, the [[Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion]] in [[Bad Cannstatt]]. In the background: the [[Stuttgart Spring Festival]]]] As in the rest of Germany, [[football (soccer)|football]] is the most popular sport in Stuttgart which is home to "The Reds" and "The Blues". "The Reds", [[VfB Stuttgart]], are the most famous and popular local club. An established team in the German [[Fußball-Bundesliga|Bundesliga]], VfB was founded in [[1893]] and has won five German titles since 1950, mostly recently in 1992 and 2007. VfB is based at the [[Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion]] in [[Bad Cannstatt]]. "The Blues", [[Stuttgarter Kickers]], are the second most important football team. They currently play in the [[Regionalliga Süd]] (third division) at the smaller [[Gazi Stadium]] close to the [[Fernsehturm Stuttgart|TV tower]] in [[Degerloch]]. Other lower-division football teams are ''Sportfreunde Stuttgart'' - most famous for taking part in the [[Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy]] in 1908, considered the first ''World Cup''<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lipton-trophy.html Lipton Trophy]</ref> - and [[FV Zuffenhausen]]. ===Other sports=== Stuttgart is home to [[VfL Pfullingen]]/Stuttgart, a local [[handball]] team that played in the national league from 2001 to 2006 in the [[Schleyerhalle]]. Its three-times German champion women's [[volleyball]] team, CJD Feuerbach, has now stopped playing for financial reasons but there is now [[Stuttgart Volleyball Club]] with a women's team in the 2nd southern league. Stuttgart's [[ice hockey]] team, [[Stuttgarter EC]] plays at the Waldau ice rink in [[Degerloch]]. The strongest local [[water polo]] team is [[SV Cannstatt]] which won the German championship in 2006. Stuttgart has two [[American Football]] teams, the Stuttgart Nighthawks American football team which plays in the Western Europe Pro League and [[Stuttgart Scorpions]] which plays in [[Stuttgarter Kickers]]' [[Gazi Stadium]]. [[TC Weissenhof]] is a Stuttgart-based women's [[tennis]] team that has won the German championship four times. Another women's team is [[TEC Waldau Stuttgart]] (German champions in 2006). [[HTC Stuttgarter Kickers]] is one of the most successful [[field hockey]] clubs in Germany, having won the German championship in 2005 and a European title in 2006. ===Sporting events=== Stuttgart has a reputation for staging major events, including the [[1993 World Championships in Athletics]]. It was one of the twelve host cities of the [[FIFA World Cup 2006]]. Six matches, three of them secound round matches, including the 3rd and 4th place playoff, were played at the Daimler Stadium. Stuttgart was also 2007 "European Capital of Sports"<ref>[http://www.aces-europa.eu/ European Capital of Sport 2007]</ref>, hosting events such as the [[World Cycling Championship|UCI World Cycling Championships]] Road Race and the [[IAAF World Athletics Final]]. Other famous sports venues are the Weissenhof tennis courts, where the annual [[Mercedes Cup]] [[tennis]] tournament is played, the [[Porsche Arena]] (hosting tennis, [[basketball]] and [[handball]]) and the [[Schleyerhalle]] ([[boxing]], [[equestrianism]]/[[show jumping]], [[gymnastics]], [[track cycling]] etc). ==Sister cities== Stuttgart is official [[Town twinning|twin towns]] with the following cities<ref>http://stuttgart.de/sde/menu/frame/ns_top_11021_11041.htm Stutgart official website, 23 Mar 2008</ref>: {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" | style="vertical-align:top; padding-right:2em;" | *{{flagicon|UK}} {{flagicon|England}} [[St Helens, Merseyside|St Helens]], [[England]], [[UK]] since 1948 *{{flagicon|UK}} {{flagicon|Wales}} [[Cardiff]], [[Wales]], [[UK]] since 1955 *{{flagicon|United States}} [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], [[USA]], since 1960 *{{flagicon|France}} [[Strasbourg]], [[France]], since 1962 | style="vertical-align:top; padding-right:2em;" | *{{flagicon|India}} [[Mumbai]] (formerly known as Bombay), [[India]], since 1968 *{{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Menzel Bourguiba]], [[Tunisia]], since 1971 *{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]], since 1979 *{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Łódź]], [[Poland]], since 1988 | style="vertical-align:top;" | *{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Brno]], [[Czech Republic]], since 1989 *{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Samara]], [[Russia]], since 1992 |} The city has "special friendships" with the following cities<ref>http://stuttgart.de/sde/menu/frame/ns_top_11021_11041.htm Stadt Stuttgart official website, 23 Mar 2008</ref>: *{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Ōgaki, Gifu|Ōgaki]], [[Gifu Prefecture]], [[Japan]], since 1988 *{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Shavei Zion]], [[Israel]] *{{flagicon|China}} [[Nanjing]], [[People's Republic of China]] ==Notable residents== Notable people born in Stuttgart or residents who influenced the history of the city: * [[Rosalie Abella]] - Justice, Supreme Court of Canada * [[Günther Behnisch]] - architect * [[Robert Bosch]] - inventor (founded the [[Robert Bosch GmbH]]) * [[Gottlieb Daimler]] - inventor of the motorbike and automobile, founded what would become [[Mercedes-Benz]] * [[Roland Emmerich]] - film producer, director and writer * [[Gerhard Ertl]] - [[Nobel Prize]] laureate in chemistry [[2007]] * [[Sascha Gerstner]]-Guitarist of German power metal band Helloween * [[Bernd Glemser]] - international concert pianist {{Fact|date=January 2008}} [[Image:Stuttgart-Hegel-Birthplace-2006-04-09a.jpg|thumb|200px|The Hegel Museum, birthplace of philosopher [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]]]] * [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] - philosopher * [[Theodor Heuss]] - First German Post-War President * [[Jürgen Klinsmann]] - football player, former coach of the German football squad * [[Helmut Lachenmann]] - composer {{Fact|date=January 2008}} * [[Mark Landler]] - ''[[New York Times]]'' European economic correspondent * [[Hermann Lang]] - Grand Prix race car driver * [[Fritz Leonhardt]] - structural engineer * [[Wilhelm Maybach]] - inventor together with [[Gottlieb Daimler]] * [[Frei Otto]] - architect (designer of the roof on the [[Olympic Stadium (Munich)|Olympic stadium in Munich]]) * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] - creator of the [[VW Beetle]], founder of the [[Porsche]] car company * [[Manfred Rommel]] - Mayor of Stuttgart 1974-1996, son of [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Friedrich von Schiller]] - famous German poet * [[Peter Schilling]] - popular musician and ''[[Neue Deutsche Welle]]'' artist * [[Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg]] - member of the German Resistance who [[July 20 Plot|tried to kill Hitler]] * [[Bernard Tomic]] - [[Tennis]] [[child prodigy]] * [[Dorothea Wendling]] - soprano for whom the role of Ilia was created by [[Mozart]] in his ''[[Idomeneo]]'' * [[Richard von Weizsäcker]] - German President, Mayor of Berlin {{Commons|Stuttgart}} == Trivia and interesting facts== The logo of automobile company [[Porsche]] holds a modified version of Stuttgart's coat of arms at its centre. Stuttgart is home to several installations of the United States Armed Forces: * Robinson Barracks in the Burgholzhof area of Stuttgart * Kelley Barracks in the district of Möhringen * Patch Barracks in the district of Vaihingen (home to the United States European Command (EUCOM), the only Unified Combatant Command outside the United States) ==Gallery== <center><gallery> Image:Stuttgart Weinsteige.jpg|<center>Stuttgart from Weinsteige Road</center> Image:Stuttgart SchlossSolitude.jpg|<center>[[Castle Solitude]]</center> Image:Fernsehturm stuttgart.jpg|<center>The 1956 [[TV Tower]]</center> Image:S Weissenhof.jpg|<center>The [[Weissenhof Estate]] in 1927</center> Image:Schloß-Rosenstein.jpg|<center>[[Castle Rosenstein]]</center> </gallery></center> == External links == * {{wikitravel|Stuttgart}} * [http://www.stuttgart.de/ Official homepage of Stuttgart] * [http://www.stuttgart-tourist.de/ Official Stuttgart Tourist Board] * [http://www.flughafen-stuttgart.de/ Stuttgart International Airport] * [http://www.vvs.de/en/index.php Stuttgart Public Transportation System] == References == {{reflist}} <br> {{Germany_districts_baden-württemberg}} [[Category:Stuttgart region]] [[Category:Stuttgart]] [[Category:German state capitals]] [[Category:Spa towns in Germany]] [[af:Stuttgart]] [[als:Stuttgart]] [[ar:شتوتغارت]] [[an:Stuttgart]] [[bar:Stuggart]] [[bs:Stuttgart]] [[br:Stuttgart]] [[bg:Щутгарт]] [[ca:Stuttgart]] [[cs:Stuttgart]] [[da:Stuttgart]] [[de:Stuttgart]] [[et:Stuttgart]] [[el:Στουτγκάρδη]] [[es:Stuttgart]] [[eo:Stutgarto]] [[eu:Stuttgart]] [[fa:اشتوتگارت]] [[fr:Stuttgart]] [[fy:Stuttgart]] [[gl:Stuttgart]] [[ko:슈투트가르트]] [[hr:Stuttgart]] [[io:Stuttgart]] [[id:Stuttgart]] [[is:Stuttgart]] [[it:Stoccarda]] [[he:שטוטגרט]] [[pam:Stuttgart]] [[ka:შტუტგარტი]] [[sw:Stuttgart]] [[ku:Stuttgart]] [[la:Stuttgartum]] [[lv:Štutgarte]] [[lb:Stuttgart]] [[lt:Štutgartas]] [[hu:Stuttgart]] [[mk:Штутгарт]] [[mr:श्टुटगार्ट]] [[nah:Stuttgart]] [[nl:Stuttgart]] [[ja:シュトゥットガルト]] [[no:Stuttgart]] [[nn:Stuttgart]] [[oc:Stuttgart]] [[uz:Stuttgart]] [[nds:Stuttgart]] [[pl:Stuttgart]] [[pt:Estugarda]] [[ro:Stuttgart]] [[qu:Stuttgart]] [[ru:Штутгарт]] [[sq:Shtutgarti]] [[simple:Stuttgart]] [[sk:Stuttgart]] [[sl:Stuttgart]] [[sr:Штутгарт]] [[sh:Stuttgart]] [[srn:Stuttgart]] [[fi:Stuttgart]] [[sv:Stuttgart]] [[ta:ஸ்டுட்கார்ட்]] [[th:ชตุทท์การ์ท]] [[vi:Stuttgart]] [[tr:Stuttgart]] [[uk:Штутгарт]] [[vec:Stocarda]] [[vo:Stuttgart]] [[yi:שטוטגארט]] [[zh:斯图加特]]