Submarine 28825 226043413 2008-07-16T16:00:31Z LastRanger 7422080 /* Submarines in popular culture */ {{Otheruses}} [[Image:ALVIN submersible.jpg|right|thumb|''[[DSV Alvin]]'' in 1978, a year after first exploring [[hydrothermal vent]]s.]] [[Image:German UC-1 class submarine.jpg|thumb|right|[[Germany|German]] UC-1 class World War I submarine]] [[Image:Underwater Flight.jpg|thumb|Experimental sub with [[hydrofoil]]s in [[Monterey Bay]]]] A '''submarine''' is a [[watercraft]] that can operate independently underwater, as distinct from a [[submersible]] that has only limited underwater capability. The term submarine most commonly refers to large manned autonomous vessels, however historically or more casually, submarine can also refer to medium sized or smaller vessels, ([[midget submarine]]s, [[wet sub]]s), [[Remotely Operated Vehicle]]s or [[Autonomous Underwater Vehicle|robots]]. The word submarine was originally an adjective meaning "under the sea", and so consequently other uses such as "submarine engineering" or "[[submarine cable]]" may not actually refer to submarines at all. Submarine was shortened from the term "submarine boat". Submarines are referred to as "[[boat]]s" for historical reasons because vessels deployed from a ship are referred to as boats. The first submarines were launched in such a manner. The [[English language|English]] term '''[[U-Boat]]''' for a [[Germany|German]] submarine comes from the [[German language|German]] word for submarine, '''U-Boot''', itself an [[abbreviation]] for '''Unterseeboot''' ("undersea boat"). Although experimental submarines had been built before, submarine design took off during the [[19th century]]. Submarines were first widely used in [[World War I]], and feature in many large [[navy|navies]]. Military usage ranges from attacking enemy ships or submarines, [[aircraft carrier]] protection, [[blockade]] running, [[ballistic missile submarines]] as part of a nuclear strike force, [[reconnaissance]] and covert insertion of [[special forces]]. Civilian uses for submarines include [[marine science]], salvage, exploration and facility inspection/maintenance. Submarines can also be specialised to a function such as search and rescue, or undersea cable repair. Submarines are also used in tourism and for academic research. Submarines have one of the largest ranges in capabilities of any vessel, ranging from small autonomous or one- or two-man vessels operating for a few hours, to vessels which can remain submerged for 6 months such as the [[Russia]]n [[Typhoon class submarine|Typhoon class]]. Submarines can work at greater depths than are survivable or practical for human [[divers]]. Modern deep diving submarines are derived from the [[bathyscaphe]], which in turn was an evolution of the [[diving bell]]. Most large submarines comprise a cylindrical body with conical ends and a vertical structure, usually located amidships, which houses communications and sensing devices as well as periscopes. In modern submarines this structure is the "sail" in American usage ("fin" in European usage). A "[[conning tower]]" was a feature of earlier designs: a separate pressure hull above the main body of the boat that allowed the use of shorter periscopes. There is a propeller (or pump jet) at the rear and various hydrodynamic control fins as well as ballast tanks. Smaller, deep diving and specialty submarines may deviate significantly from this traditional layout. ==Military usage== [[Image:U-47.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A model of [[Günther Prien]]'s [[Unterseeboot 47|Unterseeboot 47 (U-47)]], German WWII [[Type VII submarine|Type VII]] diesel-electric hunter]] Until the development of the homing [[torpedo]] in [[World War Two]], the primary role of the diesel/electric submarine was anti-ship warfare, inserting and removing covert agents and military forces, and intelligence-gathering and was generally not used against other submarines (although British developed an anti-submarine submarine in World War I, dubbed the "R1"). The impact-detonated torpedoes of the era were difficult to use against a submarine because they ran a fixed course at a fixed depth and were relatively easy for the small submarines to avoid with three dimensional maneuvers. Submarines were also used in limited roles for artillery support or raids, and rescuing aircrews during large-scale air attacks on islands, where the aircrewmen would be told of safe places to crash-land damaged aircraft so the submarine crew could rescue them. With the development of the homing torpedo, better [[sonar]] systems, and [[Nuclear navy|nuclear propulsion]], submarines also became able to effectively hunt each other as well as surface ships. The development of [[Submarine-launched ballistic missile|submarine-launched nuclear missiles]] and submarine-launched [[cruise missiles]] gave submarines a substantial and long-ranged ability to attack both land and sea targets with a variety of weapons ranging from [[cluster bomb]]s to [[nuclear weapon]]s. Mine laying submarines were developed in the early part of the 20th century. The facility has been used in both World Wars. Such capabilities continue today. The primary defensive power of a submarine lies in its ability to remain concealed in the depths of the ocean. Modern submarines are built with an emphasis on stealth. Advanced propeller designs, extensive sound-reducing insulation, and special machinery allow a submarine to be as quiet as ambient ocean noise, making them extremely difficult to detect. Such submarines can launch an attack on land targets, surface ships, and other submarines from seemingly nowhere, and require specialized equipment to find and attack in retaliation. Water is an excellent conductor of sound, and submarines have excellent sonars that can detect and track comparatively noisy surface ships from long distances. This allows an attacking sub, at its discretion, to quietly maneuver to and attack from the best possible position at the best possible time. A concealed military submarine is a real threat and, because of its stealth, it can force an enemy navy to waste resources searching large areas of ocean and protecting all ships against possible attack, while in reality only threatening a small area. This advantage was vividly demonstrated in the 1982 [[Falklands War]] when the British SSN [[HMS Conqueror (S48)|HMS ''Conqueror'']] sank the Argentine cruiser ''[[General Belgrano]]''. After the sinking the Argentine Navy realized that they were vulnerable to submarine attack, and that they had no defense from it. Thus the Argentinian surface fleet withdrew to port for the remainder of the war, though an Argentinian submarine remained at sea. During World War II some military submarines were used as supply vessels for U-boats. ===Anti-submarine net=== One of the defenses against submarines is an antisubmarine net that blocks the passage, e.g. at the entrance of a harbor. It can sometimes be lowered to let friendly ships pass. See [[Events_leading_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor#Intelligence gathering|antisubmarine nets at Pearl Harbor]] or [[net laying ship]]. ==Civil uses== Although the majority of the world's submarines are military ones, there are some civil submarines. They have a variety of uses, including tourism, exploration, oil and gas platform inspections and pipeline surveys. A semi-civilian use was the adaption of U-boats for cargo transport during WWI and WWII. Another is submarine crew rescue. == Technology == ===Submersion and trimming=== [[Image:Submarine control surfaces2.svg|thumb|Control surfaces]] [[Image:Submarine seen from a plane.png|thumb|Submerged submarine seen from a plane]] All surface ships, as well as surfaced submarines, are in a positively [[buoyancy|buoyant]] condition, weighing less than the volume of water they would displace if fully submerged. To submerge hydrostatically, a ship must have negative buoyancy, either by increasing its own weight or decreasing displacement of the water. To control their weight, submarines have ballast tanks, which can be filled with outside water or pressurized air. For general submersion or surfacing, submarines use the forward and aft tanks, called Main Ballast Tanks or MBTs, which are filled with water to submerge, or filled with air to surface. Under submerged conditions, MBTs generally remain flooded, which simplifies their design, and on many submarines these tanks are a section of interhull space. For more precise and quick control of depth, submarines use smaller Depth Control Tanks or DCTs, also called hard tanks due to their ability to withstand higher pressure. The amount of water in depth control tanks can be controlled either to reflect changes in outside conditions or change depth. Depth control tanks can be located either near the submarine's [[center of gravity]], or separated along the submarine body to prevent affecting [[trim]]. When submerged, the water pressure on submarine's hull can reach 4 [[Pascal (unit)|MPa]] for steel submarines and up to 10 MPa for titanium submarines like [[Soviet submarine K-278|Komsomolets]], while interior pressure remains unchanged. This difference results in hull compression, which decreases displacement. Water density also increases, as the [[salinity]] and pressure are higher, but this does not compensate for hull compression, so buoyancy decreases as depth increases. A submerged submarine is in an unstable equilibrium, having a tendency to either fall or float to the surface. Keeping a constant depth requires continual operation of either the depth control tanks or control surfaces.<ref name="Physics Of Liquids & Gases">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vectorsite.net/tpecp_08.html|title=Physics Of Liquids & Gases|accessdate = 2006-10-07|work=Elementary Classical Physics}}</ref> Submarines in a neutral buoyancy condition are not intrinsically trim-stable. To maintain desired trim, submarines use forward and aft trim tanks. Pumps can move water between these, changing weight distribution, creating a moment pointing the sub up or down. A similar system is sometimes used to maintain stability. [[Image:Kiosk Casabianca.jpg|right|thumb|[[Sail (submarine)|Sail]] of the French nuclear submarine ''[[FS Casabianca|Casabianca]]''; note the diving planes, [[camouflage]]d masts, periscope, electronic warfare masts, door and windows.]] The hydrostatic effect of variable ballast tanks is not the only way to control the submarine underwater. Hydrodynamic maneuvering is done by several surfaces, which can be moved to create hydrodynamic forces when a submarine moves at sufficient speed. The stern planes, located near the propeller and normally horizontal, serve the same purpose as the trim tanks, controlling the trim, and are commonly used, while other control surfaces may not be present on many submarines. The fairwater planes on the sail and/or bow planes on the main body, both also horizontal, are closer to the centre of gravity, and are used to control depth with less effect on the trim. When a submarine performs an emergency surfacing, all depth and trim methods are used simultaneously, together with propelling the boat upwards. Such surfacing is very quick, so the sub may even partially jump out of the water, but it may inflict serious damage on submarine systems. === Submarine hull === {{Main|Submarine hull}} ====Overview==== [[Image:USS Greeneville (SSN 772) in Dry Dock.jpg|thumb|right|The ''Los Angeles'' class attack submarine [[USS Greeneville (SSN-772)|USS ''Greeneville'']] in dry dock, showing typical cigar-shaped hull.]] [[Image:Astute2cropped.jpg|thumb|[[HMS Astute (S119)|HMS Astute]] displaying a low sonar detection shaped hull.]] Modern submarines are cigar-shaped. This design, visible in early submarines (see below) is sometimes called a "[[teardrop hull]]". It reduces the hydrodynamic [[drag (physics)|drag]] when submerged, but decreases the sea-keeping capabilities and increases drag while surfaced. Since the limitations of the propulsion systems of early submarines forced them to operate surfaced most of the time, their hull designs were a compromise. Because of the slow submerged speeds of those subs, usually well below 10[[knot (speed)|kt]] (18&nbsp;km·h<sup>−1</sup>), the increased drag for underwater travel was acceptable. Late in World War II, when technology allowed faster and longer submerged operation and increased aircraft surveillance forced submarines to stay submerged, hull designs became teardrop shaped again to reduce drag and noise. On modern military submarines the outer hull is covered with a layer of sound-absorbing [[rubber]], or [[anechoic tile|anechoic plating]], to reduce detection. The occupied pressure hulls of deep diving submarines such as [[DSV Alvin]] are spherical instead of cylindrical. This allows a more even distribution of stress at the great depth. A titanium frame is usually affixed to the pressure hull, providing attachment for ballast and trim systems, scientific instrumentation, battery packs, [[syntactic foam|syntactic flotation foam]], and lighting. A raised tower on top of a submarine accommodates the [[periscope]] and electronics masts, which can include radio, [[radar]], [[electronic warfare]], and other systems including the snorkel mast. In many early classes of submarines (see history), the Control Room, or "Conn", was located inside this tower, which was known as the "[[conning tower]]". Since then, the Conn has been located within the hull of the submarine, and the tower is now called the "sail". The Conn is distinct from the "bridge", a small open platform in the top of the sail, used for observation during surface operation. "Bathtubs" are related to conning towers but are used on smaller submarines. The bathtub is a metal cylinder surrounding the hatch that prevents waves from breaking directly into the cabin. It is needed because surfaced submarines have limited [[freeboard]], that is, they lie low in the water. Bathtubs help prevent swamping the vessel. ==== Single / double hull ==== [[Image:U995 2004 1.jpg|right|thumb|[[Unterseeboot 995|U-995]], Type VIIC/41 U-Boat of WWII, showing the typical combination of ship-like non-watertight outer hull with bulky strong hull below]] [[Image:SRH025-p40.jpg|right|thumb|[[Type XXI]] U-Boat, late WWII, with pressure hull almost fully enclosed inside the light hull]] Modern submarines and submersibles, as well as the oldest ones, often have a single hull. Large submarines generally have an additional hull or hull sections outside. This external hull, which actually forms the shape of submarine, is called the outer hull (casing in the Royal Navy) or [[light hull]], as it does not have to withstand a pressure difference. Inside the outer hull there is a strong hull, or [[pressure hull]], which withstands sea pressure and has normal atmospheric pressure inside. As early as World War I, it was realized that the optimal shape for withstanding pressure conflicted with the optimal shape for seakeeping and minimal drag, and construction difficulties further complicated the problem. This was solved either by a compromise shape, or by using two hulls; internal for holding pressure, and external for optimal shape. Until the end of World War II, most submarines had an additional partial cover on the top, bow and stern, built of thinner metal, which was flooded when submerged. Germany went further with the [[Type XXI]], the general predecessor of modern submarines, in which the pressure hull was fully enclosed inside the light hull, but optimised for submerged navigation, unlike earlier designs that were optimised for surface operation. After World War II, approaches split. The Soviet Union changed its designs, basing them on German developments. All post-WWII heavy Soviet and Russian submarines are built with a [[double hull]] structure. American and most other Western submarines switched to a primarily single-hull approach. They still have light hull sections in the bow and stern, which house main ballast tanks and provide a hydrodynamically optimized shape, but the main cylindrical hull section has only a single plating layer. The double hulls are being considered for future submarines in the United States to improve payload capacity, stealth and range.<ref>http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/issues/2000/May/Virginia-Class.htm National Defence magazine</ref> ==== Pressure hull ==== The pressure hull is generally constructed of thick high strength steel with a complex structure and high strength reserve, and is separated with watertight [[Bulkhead (partition)|bulkheads]] into several [[Compartmentalization (fire protection)|compartments]]. There are also examples of more than two hulls in a submarine, like the [[Typhoon class submarine|Typhoon class]], which has two main pressure hulls and three smaller ones for control room, torpedoes and steering gear, with the missile launch system between the main hulls. The [[Submarine depth ratings|dive depth]] cannot be increased easily. Simply making the hull thicker increases the weight and requires reduction of onboard equipment weight, ultimately resulting in a [[bathyscaph]]. This is acceptable for civilian research submersibles, but not military submarines. WWI submarines had hulls of [[carbon steel]], with a 100 meter maximum depth. During WW II, high-strength [[Alloy|alloyed steel]] was introduced, allowing 200 meter depths. High-strength alloy steel remains the primary material for submarines today, with 250-400 meter depths, which cannot be exceeded on a military submarine without design comprimises. To exceed that limit, a few submarines were built with [[titanium]] hulls. Titanium is almost as strong as steel, lighter, and is not [[Ferromagnetism|ferromagnetic]], important for stealth. Titanium submarines were built by the Soviet Union, which developed specialized high-strength alloys. It has produced several types of titanium submarines. Titanium alloys allow a major increase in depth, but other systems need to be redesigned to cope, so test depth was limited to 1000 meters for [[Soviet submarine K-278|K-278 Komsomolets]], the deepest-diving combat submarine. An [[Alfa class submarine]] may have successfully operated at 1300 meters,<ref>[http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/deep.htm Federation of American Scientists]</ref> though continuous operation at such depths would produce excessive stress on many submarine systems. Titanium does not flex as readily as steel, and may become brittle during many dive cycles. Despite its benefits, the high cost of titanium construction led to the abandonment of titanium submarine construction as the Cold War ended. Deep diving civilian submarines have used thick glass pressure hulls. The task of building a pressure hull is very difficult, as it must withstand pressures up to that of its required diving depth. When the hull is perfectly round in cross-section, the pressure is evenly distributed, and causes only hull compression. If the shape is not perfect, the hull is bent, with several points heavily strained. Inevitable minor deviations are resisted by stiffener rings, but even a one inch (25&nbsp;mm) deviation from roundness results in over 30 percent decrease of maximal hydrostatic load and consequently dive depth.<ref>[http://www.usna.edu/naoe/courses/en200/ch10.pdf US Naval Academy]</ref> The hull must therefore be constructed with high precision. All hull parts must be welded without defects, and all joints are checked multiple times with different methods, contributing to the high cost of modern submarines. (For example, each [[Virginia class submarine|Virginia-class attack submarine]] costs 2.6 billion dollars, over $200,000 per [[long ton|ton]] of displacement.) === Propulsion === [[Image:HMCS Windsor SSK 877.jpg|thumb|right|[[HMCS Windsor (SSK 877)|HMCS ''Windsor'']], a [[Victoria class submarine|''Victoria''-class]] diesel-electric hunter-killer submarine]] [[Image:U Boot 212 HDW 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Germany|German]] [[Type 212 submarine]] with AIP propulsion of the [[German Navy]] in dock at [[Howaldtswerke|HDW]]/[[Kiel]]]] [[Image:2004-Bremerhaven U-Boot-Museum-Sicherlich retouched.jpg|thumb|right|[[German Type XXI submarine]]s, also known as "''Elektroboote''", were the first submarines designed to operate entirely submerged]] Originally submarines were human propelled. The first mechanically driven submarine was the 1863 French [[Plongeur]], which used compressed air for propulsion. Anaerobic propulsion was first employed by the Spanish [[Ictineo|Ictineo II]] in 1864. Ictineo's engine used a peroxide compound to generate heat for steam propulsion, while also providing [[oxygen]] for the crew. The system was not employed again until 1940 when the German Navy tested a system employing the same principles, the [[Hellmuth Walter|Walter]] [[turbine]], on the experimental [[V-80]] submarine and later on the naval [[U-791]] submarine. Until the advent of [[nuclear marine propulsion]], most 20th century submarines used batteries for running underwater and [[gasoline]] (petrol) or [[diesel]] engines on the surface, and for battery recharging. Early submarines used gasoline, but this quickly gave way to [[paraffin]], then diesel, because of reduced flammability. Diesel-electric became the standard means of propulsion. The diesel or gasoline engine and the electric motor, separated by clutches, were initially on the same shaft driving the propeller. This allowed the engine to drive the electric motor as a generator to recharge the batteries and also propel the submarine. The clutch between the motor and the engine would be disengaged when the submarine dove, so that the motor could drive the propeller. The motor could have multiple armatures on the shaft, which could be electrically coupled in series for slow speed and in parallel for high speed. (These connections were called "group down" and "group up", respectively.) The principle was modified in some designs in the 1930s, particularly those of the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] and the [[British U class submarine]]s. The engine was not connected to the motor/propeller drive shaft, but drove a separate generator to drive the motors on the surface while recharging the batteries. This [[diesel-electric]] propulsion allowed greater flexibility. For example, the submarine could travel slowly with the engines at full power to recharge the batteries quickly, reducing time on the surface, or use its [[Submarine snorkel|snorkel]]. It was then possible to [[soundproofing|insulate]] the noisy diesel engines from the pressure hull, making the submarine quieter. Other power sources were tested. Oil-fired steam turbines powered the British [[British K class submarine|"K" class submarines]], built during the [[World War I|first World War]] (and later), to give them the surface speed to keep up with battle fleet. The "K" class subs were not very successful, however. [[German Type XXI submarine]]s attempted to use [[hydrogen peroxide]] for long-term, fast air-independent propulsion, but were ultimately built with very large batteries instead. At the end of the [[Second World War]], the [[United Kingdom|British]] and Russians experimented with [[hydrogen peroxide]]/[[kerosene]] (paraffin) engines which could be used surfaced and submerged. The results were not encouraging, although the Russians deployed a class of submarines with this engine type (codenamed [[Quebec class submarine|Quebec]] by NATO), they were considered unsuccessful. Today several navies use [[air-independent propulsion]]. Notably [[Sweden]] uses [[Stirling engine|Stirling technology]] on the [[Gotland class submarine|Gotland class]] and [[Södermanland class submarine|Södermanland class]] submarines. The Stirling engine is heated by burning diesel fuel with [[liquid oxygen]] from [[cryogenic]] tanks. A newer development in air-independent propulsion is [[hydrogen]] [[fuel cells]], first used on the [[Germany|German]] [[Type 212 submarine]], with nine 34 kW or two 120-kilowatt cells. Steam power was resurrected in the 1950s with a nuclear-powered steam turbine driving a generator. By eliminating the need for atmospheric oxygen, these boats can remain submerged indefinitely. (Air is recycled and fresh water is [[Distillation|distilled]] from seawater.) These vessels have a small battery and diesel engine/generator installation for emergency use if the reactors must be shut down. Nuclear power is now used in all large submarines, but due to the high cost and large size of nuclear reactors, smaller submarines still use diesel-electric propulsion. The ratio of larger to smaller submarines depends on strategic needs. The US Navy and the [[Royal Navy]] operate only nuclear submarines,<ref name="Submarine Warfare">{{Cite web|url=http://www.odu.edu/ao/hrnrotc/students/ns_courses/101odu/sumbmarine%20presentation%202005.ppt|title=Submarine Warfare|accessdate = 2006-10-07}}</ref> which is explained by the need for distant operations. Other major operators rely on a mix of nuclear submarines for strategic purposes and diesel-electric submarines for defense. Most fleets have no nuclear submarines, due to the limited availability of nuclear power and submarine technology. Diesel-electric submarines have a stealth advantage over their nuclear counterparts. Nuclear submarines generate noise from coolant pumps and turbo-machinery needed to operate the reactor, even at low power levels. A conventional submarine operating on batteries is almost completely silent, the only noise coming from the shaft bearings and flow noise around the hull, all of which stops when the sub hovers in mid water to listen. Commercial submarines usually rely only on batteries, since they never operate independently of a mother ship. Toward the end of the 20th century, some submarines, such as the British Vanguard class, began to be fitted with [[pump-jet]] propulsors instead of propellers. Although these are heavier, more expensive, and less efficient than a propeller, they are significantly quieter, giving an important tactical advantage. The [[magnetohydrodynamic drive]], or "caterpillar drive", which has no moving parts, was portrayed as a submarine propulsion system in the movie ''[[The Hunt for Red October]]'', which portrayed it as a virtually silent system. Although experimental surface ships have used this system, speeds have been below expectations. In addition, the drive system can induce bubble formation, compromising stealth, and the low efficiency requires high powered reactors. These factors make it unlikely for military usage. ===Armament=== [[Image:Mark 48 Torpedo testing.jpg|thumb|A sequence of photos showing the decommissioned Australian warship [[HMAS Torrens (DE-53)|HMAS ''Torrens'']] sinking after being used as a target for a submarine-launched torpedo.]] [[Image:Ocelot-TorpedoTubes.JPG|thumb|The forward torpedo tubes on HMS Ocelot]] The success of the submarine is inextricably linked to the development of the [[torpedo]], invented by [[Robert Whitehead]] in 1866. His invention is essentially the same as it was 100 years ago. Only with self propelled torpedoes could the submarine make the leap from novelty to a weapon of war. Until the perfection of the [[Acoustic torpedo|guided torpedo]], multiple "straight running" torpedoes were required to attack a target. With at most 20 to 25 torpedoes stored onboard, the number of attacks was limited. To increase combat endurance most WWI submarines functioned as submersible gunboats, using their [[deck guns]] against unarmed targets, and diving to escape and engage enemy warships. The importance of guns encouraged the development of the unsuccessful ''Submarine Cruiser'' such as the French [[Surcouf (N N 3)|Surcouf]] and the [[Royal navy]]'s [[HM Submarine X1|X1]] and [[British M class submarine|M class]] submarines. With the arrival of [[Anti-submarine warfare|ASW]] aircraft, guns became more for defence than attack. A more practical method of increasing combat endurance was the external torpedo tube, loaded only in port. The ability of submarines to approach enemy harbors covertly led to their use as [[minelayers]]. Minelaying submarines of WWI and WWII were specially built for that purpose. Modern submarine-laid [[Naval mine|mines]], such as the British Mark 6 Sea Urchin, are designed to be deployed by a submarine's torpedo tubes. After WWII, both the US and the USSR experimented with submarine launched [[cruise missile]]s such as the [[SSM-N-8 Regulus]] and [[P-5 Pyatyorka]] Such missiles the required the submarine to surface to fire its missiles. Such missiles were the forerunners of modern submarine launched cruise missiles, which can be fired from the torpedo tubes of submerged submarines, for example the US [[BGM-109 Tomahawk]] and Russian [[RPK-2 Viyuga]]. Ballistic missiles can also be fired from a submarine's torpedo tubes, for example missiles such as the anti-submarine [[SUBROC]], and versions of surface to surface [[anti-ship missile]]s such as the [[Exocet]] and [[Boeing Harpoon|Harpoon]], encapsulated for submarine launch. With internal volume as limited as ever and the desire to carry heavier warloads, the idea of the external launch tube was revived, usually for encapsulated missiles, with such tubes being placed between the internal pressure and outer streamlined hulls. The strategic mission of the SSM-N-8 and the P-5 were taken up by [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]] beginning with the US Navy's [[UGM-27 Polaris|Polaris]] missile, and subsequently the Poseidon and Trident missiles. ===Sensors=== A submarine will have a varity of sensors determined by its missions. Modern military submarines rely almost entirely on a suite of passive and active sonars to find their prey. Active sonar relies on an audible "ping" to generate echoes to reveal objects around the submarine. Active systems are rarely used, as doing so reveals the sub's presence. Passive sonar is a set of sensitive hydrophones set into the hull or trailed in a towed array, generally several hundred feet long. The towed array is the mainstay of NATO submarine detection systems, as it reduces the flow noise heard by operators. Hull mounted sonar is employed to back up the towed array, and in confined waters where a towed array could be fouled by obstacles. Submarines also carry radar equipment for detection of surface ships and aircraft. Sub captains are more likely to use radar detection gear rather than active radar to detect targets, as radar can be detected far beyond its own return range, revealing the submarine. Periscopes are rarely used, except for position fixes and to verify a contact's identity. Civilian submarines, such as the [[DSV Alvin]] or the [[MIR (submersible)|Russian Mir submersibles]], rely on small active sonar sets and viewing ports to navigate. Light does not penetrate below about {{convert|300|ft|m}} underwater, so high intensity lights are used to illuminate the viewing area. ===Navigation=== Early submarines had few navigation aids, but modern subs have a variety of navigation systems. Modern military submarines use an [[inertial guidance system]] for navigation while submerged, but drift error unavoidably builds up over time. To counter this, the [[Global Positioning System]] will occasionally be used to obtain an accurate position. The [[periscope]] - a retractable [[tube]] with [[Prism (optics)|prism]]s allowing a view to the surface - is only used occasionally in modern submarines, since the range of visibility is short. The [[Virginia class submarine|''Virginia''-class submarines]] and [[Astute Class submarine]]s have "photonics masts" rather than hull-penetrating optical periscopes. These masts must still be hoisted above the surface, and employ electronic sensors for visible light, infrared, laser range-finding, and electromagnetic surveillance. ===Communication=== {{Main|Communication with submarines}} Military submarines have several systems for communicating with distant command centers or other ships. One is VLF radio, which can reach a submarine either on the surface or submerged up to a fairly shallow depth, usually less than {{convert|250|ft|m}}. ELF frequencies can reach a submarine at much greater depths, but have a very low bandwidth and are generally used to call a submerged sub to a shallower depth where VLF signals can reach. A submarine also has the option of floating a long, buoyant wire to a shallower depth, allowing VLF transmissions to be made by a deeply submerged boat. By extending a radio mast, a submarine can also use a "burst transmission" technique. A burst transmission takes only a fraction of a second, minimizing a submarine's risk of detection. To communicate with other submarines, a system known as Gertrude is used. Gertrude is basically a sonar telephone. Voice communication from one submarine is transmitted by low power speakers into the water, where it is detected by passive sonars on the receiving submarine. The range of this system is probably very short, and using it radiates sound into the water, which can be heard by the enemy. Civilian submarines can use similar, albeit less powerful systems to communicate with support ships or other submersibles in the area. ===Command and control=== All submarines need facilities to control their motion. Military submarines also need facilities to operate their sensors and weapons. == Crew == ===Overview=== With [[Nuclear reactor|nuclear power]], submarines can remain submerged for months at a time. Diesel submarines must periodically resurface or [[Submarine snorkel|snorkel]] to recharge their batteries. Most modern military submarines generate breathing [[oxygen]] by [[electrolysis]] of water. Atmosphere control equipment includes a CO<sub>2</sub> scrubber, which uses an amine absorbent to remove the gas from air and diffuse it into waste pumped overboard. A machine that uses a catalyst to convert carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide (removed by the CO<sub>2</sub> scrubber) and bonds hydrogen produced from the ship's storage battery with oxygen in the atmosphere to produce water, is also used. An atmosphere monitoring system samples the air from different areas of the ship for nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, R12 and R114 refrigerant, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and others. Poisonous gases are removed, and oxygen is replenished by use of an oxygen bank located in a main ballast tank. Some heavier submarines have two oxygen bleed stations (forward and aft). The oxygen in the air is sometimes kept a few percent less than atmospheric concentration to reduce fire danger. Fresh water is produced by either an evaporator or a [[Reverse Osmosis|reverse osmosis]] unit. It is used for showers, sinks, cooking and cleaning. Seawater is used to flush toilets, and the resulting "black water" is stored in a sanitary tank until it is blown overboard using pressurised air or pumped overboard by using a special sanitary pump. The method for blowing sanitaries overboard is difficult to operate, and the German [[Type VII submarine|Type VIIC]] boat [[Unterseeboot 1206|U-1206]] was lost with casualties because of a mistake with the toilet. Water from showers and sinks is stored separately in "gray water" tanks, which are pumped overboard using the drain pump. Trash on modern large submarines is usually disposed of using a tube called a Trash Disposal Unit (TDU), where it is compacted into a galvanised steel can. At the bottom of the TDU is a large ball valve. An ice plug is set on top of the ball valve to protect it, the cans atop the ice plug. The top breech door is shut, and the TDU is flooded and equalised with sea pressure, the ball valve is opened and the cans fall out assisted by scrap iron weights in the cans. A typical nuclear submarine has a crew of over 80. Non-nuclear boats typically have fewer than half as many. The conditions on a submarine can be difficult because crewmembers must work in isolation for long periods of time, without family contact. Submarines normally maintain [[radio silence]] to avoid detection. Operating a submarine is dangerous, even in peacetime, and submarines have been lost in accidents. === Women as part of crew === [[Norway]] opened up every function in the armed forces to women in 1985, making the [[Royal Norwegian Navy]] the first navy to allow female crewmen. The [[Royal Danish Navy]] conducted trials with mixed gender crews in 1985 and 1987, making no alterations to the sub, and allowed for female submariners in 1988.<ref name="fesub">[http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2001/0102-09.htm NATO Review - Vol.49 - No 2 - Summer 2001: Women in uniform]</ref> [[Swedish Navy|Sweden]] followed after in 1989.<ref>http://www.rekryc.mil.se/article.php?id=11756 in Swedish, Retrieved 04-23-2007</ref><!-- might be earlier, but not before norway; this figure is for the armed forces as a whole --> The [[Royal Australian Navy]] (RAN) began to allow female personnel in 1998 and thereafter [[Royal Canadian Navy]] in 2002. [[German Navy|Germany]], [[Spanish Navy|Spain]] and [[Portuguese Navy|Portugal]] also allows for females on all military functions, including submarines.<ref name="fesub" /><!-- dated and bad source, might be more... --> In 1995, [[Solveig Krey]] of the [[Royal Norwegian Navy]] became the first female officer to assume command on a submarine, the [[Kobben class submarine|HNoMS Kobben]].<ref>;[http://www.mil.no/felles/fms/utdanning/start/jenter/historikk/]</ref> The usual reasons for barring women is primness, given the lack of privacy and "hot bunking" or "hot racking", a common practice on submarines where three sailors share two bunks on a rotating basis to save space. The US Navy argues it would cost $300,000 per bunk to permit women to serve on submarines versus $4,000 per bunk to allow women to serve on aircraft carriers. However, this calculation is based on the assumption of semi segregation of the female crew, possibly to the extent of structural redesign of the vessel.<ref>[http://armedforcescareers.com/articles/article18.html Armed Forces Careers offering you information about military careers - Air Force Careers<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The US Navy, which permits women to serve on almost every other ship in the fleet, only allows three exceptions for women being on board military submarines: (1) Female civilian technicians for a few days at most; (2) Women [[midshipman|midshipmen]] on an overnight during summer training for both Navy [[ROTC]] and [[United States Naval Academy|Naval Academy]]; (3) Family members for one-day dependent cruises.<ref> [http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/ships/submarines/centennial/faqs.html question #10] </ref> == History of submarines == {{main|History of submarines}} === Early history of submarines and the first submersibles === The first submersible with reliable information on its construction was built in 1620 by [[Cornelius Jacobszoon Drebbel]], a Dutchman in the service of [[James I of England]]. It was created to the standards of the design outlined by English mathematician [[William Bourne (mathematician)|William Bourne]]. It was propelled by means of oars. The precise nature of the submarine type is a matter of some controversy; some claim that it was merely a bell towed by a boat. Two improved types were tested in the [[Thames]] between 1620 and 1624. In 2002 a two-man version of Bourne's design was built for the [[BBC]] TV programme ''Building the Impossible'' by [[Mark Edwards (boatbuilder)|Mark Edwards]], and successfully rowed under water at [[Dorney Lake]], [[Eton, Berkshire| Eton]]. Though the first submersible vehicles were tools for exploring under water, it did not take long for inventors to recognize their military potential. The strategic advantages of submarines were set out by Bishop [[John Wilkins]] of [[Chester]], England, in ''Mathematicall Magick'' in 1648. # ''Tis private: a man may thus go to any coast in the world invisibly, without discovery or prevented in his journey.'' # ''Tis safe, from the uncertainty of Tides, and the violence of Tempests, which do never move the sea above five or six paces deep. From Pirates and Robbers which do so infest other voyages; from ice and great frost, which do so much endanger the passages towards the Poles.'' # ''It may be of great advantages against a Navy of enemies, who by this may be undermined in the water and blown up.'' # ''It may be of special use for the relief of any place besieged by water, to convey unto them invisible supplies; and so likewise for the surprisal of any place that is accessible by water.'' # ''It may be of unspeakable benefit for submarine experiments.'' === The first military submarines === The first military submarine was [[Turtle (submarine)|''Turtle'']] (1775), a hand-powered egg-shaped device designed by the American [[David Bushnell]] to accommodate a single man. It was the first verified submarine capable of independent underwater operation and movement, and the first to use [[Propeller#Ship.2FSubmarine propellers .28screws.29|screws]] for propulsion. During the [[American Revolutionary War]], ''Turtle'' (operated by Sgt. Ezra Lee, Continental Army) tried and failed to sink the British warship [[HMS Eagle (1774)|HMS ''Eagle'']], flagship of the blockaders in [[New York City|New York]] harbor on [[September 7]], [[1776]]. [[Image:FultonNautilus.jpg|thumb|right|The ''[[Nautilus (1800)|Nautilus]]'' (1800)]] In 1800, France built a human-powered submarine designed by American [[Robert Fulton]], the [[Nautilus (1800)|''Nautilus'']]. The French eventually gave up on the experiment in 1804, as did the British when they later considered Fulton's submarine design. During the [[War of 1812]], in 1814, Silas Halsey lost his life while using a submarine in an unsuccessful attack on a British warship stationed in [[New London, Connecticut|New London harbor]]. In 1851, a Bavarian artillery corporal, [[Wilhelm Bauer]], took a submarine designed by him called the ''[[Wilhelm Bauer#The Brandtaucher (incendiary diver) submarine|Brandtaucher]]'' (incendiary-diver) to sea in [[Kiel]] Harbour. This submarine was built by [[August Howaldt]] and powered by a [[treadwheel]]. It sank but the three crewmen managed to escape. The submarine was raised in 1887 and is on display in a museum in Dresden. === Submarines in the American Civil War ===<!-- This section is linked from [[John Philip Holland]] --> [[Image:USS Alligator 0844401.jpg|thumb|The 1862 ''[[USS Alligator (1862)|Alligator]]'', first submarine of the [[US Navy]], was developed in conjunction with the French]] During the [[American Civil War]], the Union was the first to field a submarine. The French-designed [[USS Alligator (1862)|''Alligator'']] was the first [[U.S. Navy]] sub and the first to feature compressed air (for air supply) and an air filtration system. Initially hand-powered by oars, it was converted after 6 months to a screw propeller powered by a hand crank. With a crew of 20, it was larger than Confederate submarines. ''Alligator'' was 47 feet (14.3 m) long and about 4 feet (1.2 m) in diameter. It was lost in a storm off [[Cape Hatteras]] on [[April 1]], [[1863]] with no crew and under tow to its first combat deployment at Charleston. The [[Confederate States of America]] fielded several man-powered submarines. The first Confederate submarine was the {{convert|30|ft|m|0|sing=on}} long ''Pioneer'' which sank a target [[schooner]] using a towed mine during tests on [[Lake Pontchartrain]], but was not used in combat. It was scuttled after New Orleans was captured and in 1868 was sold for scrap. The Confederate submarine [[H. L. Hunley (submarine)|''H. L. Hunley'']] (named for one of its financiers, [[Horace Lawson Hunley]]) was intended for attacking the North's ships, which were blockading the South's seaports. The submarine had a long pole with an explosive charge in the bow, called a [[spar torpedo]]. The sub had to approach an enemy vessel, attach an explosive, move away, and then detonate it. The sub was extremely hazardous to operate, and had no air supply other than what was contained inside the main compartment. On two occasions, the sub sank; on the first occasion half the crew died and on the second, the entire eight-man crew (including Hunley himself) drowned. On [[February 18]], [[1864]] ''Hunley'' sank [[USS Housatonic|USS ''Housatonic'']] off Charleston Harbor, the first time a submarine successfully sank another ship, though it sank in the same engagement shortly after signaling its success. Another Confederate submarine was lost on its maiden voyage in Lake Pontchartrain; it was found washed ashore in the 1870s and is now on display at the [[Louisiana State Museum]]. Submarines did not have a major impact on the outcome of the war, but did portend their coming importance to naval warfare and increased interest in their use in naval warfare. === South America === The first submarine in South America was the ''Hipopotamo'', tested in [[Ecuador]] on [[September 18]] [[1837]]. It was built by Jose Rodriguez Lavandera, who successfully crossed the [[Guayas River]] in [[Guayaquil]] accompanied by Jose Quevedo. Rodriguez Lavandera enrolled in the Navy in 1823, becoming a Lieutenant by 1830. The ''Hipopotamo'' crossed the Guayas on two more occasions, but it was then abandoned because of lack of funding and interest from the government. The submarine [[Flach (submarine)|''Flach'']] was commissioned in 1865 by the Chilean government during the war between [[Chile]] and [[Peru]] against [[Spain]] (1864-1866). It was built by the German engineer Karl Flach. The submarine sank during tests in [[Valparaiso]] bay on [[May 3]], [[1866]], with the entire eleven-man crew. === Mechanically-powered submarines (late 19th century) === [[Image:Plongeur.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Plongeur]]'', the first submarine to rely on mechanical power for propulsion]] The first submarine not relying on human power for propulsion was the French ''[[Plongeur]]'', launched in 1863, and using compressed air at 180&nbsp;[[Pound-force per square inch|psi]] (1241 [[Pascal (unit)|kPa]]).<ref name="globalsecurity">[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/sub-history4.htm Globalsecurity]</ref> The first combustion-powered submarine was [[Ictineo|''Ictineo II'']], designed in Spain by [[Narcis Monturiol i Estarriol|Narcís Monturiol]]. Originally launched in 1864 as human-powered, propelled by 16&nbsp;men,<ref name="globalsecurity" /> it was converted to peroxide propulsion and steam in 1867. The 14&nbsp;meter (46&nbsp;ft) craft was designed for a crew of two, could dive to 30&nbsp;metres (96&nbsp;ft), and demonstrated dives of two hours. On the surface it ran on a steam engine, but underwater such an engine would quickly consume the submarine's oxygen, so Monturiol invented an [[anaerobic]] engine. The beauty of this method was that while the engine drove the screw, it also released oxygen which was used in the hull for the crew and fed an auxiliary steam engine. [[Image:Ictineo II.jpg|thumb|right|A replica of [[Narcis Monturiol i Estarriol|Monturiol]]'s wooden ''Ictineo II'' stands near [[Barcelona]] harbor.]] In 1870, the French writer [[Jules Verne]] published the [[science fiction]] classic ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea|20,000 Leagues under the Sea]]'', which concerns the adventures of a maverick inventor in [[Nautilus (Verne)|''Nautilus'']], a submarine more advanced than any at the time. The story inspired inventors to build more advanced submarines. In 1879, the Peruvian government, during the [[War of the Pacific]], commissioned and built the fully operational submarine ''[[Toro Submarino]]''. It never saw military action before being scuttled after the defeat of that country in the war to prevent its capture by the enemy. The first submarine to be mass-produced was human-powered. It was the submarine of the Polish inventor [[Stefan Drzewiecki]]—50&nbsp;units were built in 1881 for the Russian government. In 1884 the same inventor built an electric-powered submarine. [[Image:Ottoman submarine Abdulhamid 1886.jpg|thumb|The [[Thorsten Nordenfelt|Nordenfelt]]-designed [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] submarine ''Abdülhamid'' (1886) was the first submarine in the world to fire a torpedo while submerged.<ref>[http://www.submarineheritage.com/history.html Submarine Heritage Centre - submarine history of Barrow-in-Furness<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> It and its sister ship, ''Abdülmecid'' (1887), were built in pieces by Des Vignes (Chertsey) and [[Vickers]] (Sheffield) in [[England]], and were assembled at the Taşkızak Naval Shipyard in [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]].]] Discussions between the English clergyman and inventor [[George Garrett]] and the industrially and commercially adept Swede [[Thorsten Nordenfelt]] led to a series of steam-powered submarines. The first was the ''Nordenfelt I'', a 56&nbsp;tonne, 19.5&nbsp;metre (64&nbsp;ft) vessel similar to Garret's ill-fated ''[[Resurgam]]'' (1879), with a range of 240&nbsp;kilometres (150&nbsp;mi, 130&nbsp;nm), armed with a single [[torpedo]], in 1885. Like ''Resurgam'', ''Nordenfelt I'' operated on the surface by steam, then shut down its engine to dive. While submerged the submarine released pressure generated when the engine was running on the surface to provide propulsion for some distance underwater. [[Greece]], fearful of the return of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], purchased it. Nordenfelt then built ''Nordenfelt II'' (''Abdülhamid'') in 1886 and ''Nordenfelt III'' (''Abdülmecid'') in 1887, a pair of 30&nbsp;metre (100&nbsp;ft) submarines with twin [[torpedo tube]]s, for the Ottoman navy. ''Abdülhamid'' became the first submarine in history to fire a torpedo submerged.<ref>[http://www.submarineheritage.com/history.html Submarine Heritage Centre - submarine history of Barrow-in-Furness<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Nordenfelt's efforts culminated in 1887 with ''Nordenfelt IV'' which had twin motors and twin torpedoes. It was sold to the Russians, but proved unstable, ran aground, and was scrapped. [[Image:Peral Submarine Cartagena,ES 2007.jpg|thumb|left|Hull of Peral submarine at [[Cartagena, Spain]]]] On [[8 September]] [[1888]], an electrically powered vessel built by the Spanish engineer and sailor [[Isaac Peral]] for the [[Spanish Navy]] was launched. It had two torpedoes, new air systems, and a hull shape, propeller, and cruciform external controls anticipating much later designs. Its underwater speed was ten&nbsp;knots (19&nbsp;km/h). In June 1890 Peral's submarine launched a torpedo while submerged. Its ability to fire torpedoes under water while maintaining full propulsive power and control has led some to call it the first [[U-boat]]. After many successful dives the project was scrapped because of the difficulties of recharging at sea and the short range of battery-powered vessels. Shortly after, the French ''[[Gymnote]]'' was launched on [[24 September]] [[1888]]. The electrically-powered ''Gymnote'' was a fully functional military submarine and completed 2,000&nbsp;dives successfully. Many more designs were built at this time by various inventors, but submarines were not to become effective weapons until the 20th century. === Late 19th century to World War I === [[Image:USS Plunger;0800206.jpg|right|thumb|USS ''Plunger'', launched in 1902]] The turn of the 19th century marked a pivotal time in the development of submarines, with a number of important technologies making their debut, as well as the widespread adoption and fielding of submarines by a number of nations. [[Diesel electric]] propulsion would become the dominant power system and equipment such as the periscope would become standardized. Large numbers of experiments were done by countries on effective tactics and weapons for submarines, all of which would culminate in them making a large impact on the coming World War I. In 1896, the [[Ireland|Irish]] inventor [[John Philip Holland]] designed submarines that, for the first time, made use of [[internal combustion engine]] power on the surface and [[electric battery]] power for submerged operations. The Holland VI was launched on 17 May 1897 at Navy Lt. Lewis Nixon's Crescent Shipyard of Elizabeth, New Jersey. On [[11 April]] [[1900]] the United States Navy purchased the revolutionary ''Holland VI'' and renamed it the {{USS|Holland|SS-1}}, America's first commissioned submarine. In 1902, Holland received a patent. <ref>{{US patent|708553}}</ref> Some of his vessels were purchased by the United States, the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Imperial Russian Navy]], and [[Japan]], and commissioned into their navies around 1900 (1905 for Japan, too late to serve in the [[Russo-Japanese War]]). [[Image:NarvalSubmarine.jpg|thumb|The 1900 French submarine ''Narval'']] Commissioned in June 1900, the French steam and electric submarine ''Narval'' introduced the classic double-hull design, with a pressure hull inside the outer light hull. These 200-ton ships had a range of over {{convert|100|mi|km}} on the surface, and over {{convert|10|mi|km}} underwater. The French submarine ''Aigrette'' in 1904 further improved the concept by using a diesel rather than a gasoline engine for surface power. Large numbers of these submarines were built, with seventy-six completed before 1914. === Submarines during World War I === [[Image:U9Submarine.jpg|thumb|left|The German submarine [[Unterseeboot 9 (1910)|U-9]], which sank three British [[cruiser]]s in a few minutes in September 1914]] Military submarines first made a significant impact in [[World War I]]. Forces such as the [[U-boat]]s of Germany saw action in the [[First Battle of the Atlantic]], and were responsible for the sinking of [[RMS Lusitania|''Lusitania'']], which was sunk as a result of [[unrestricted submarine warfare]] and among the reasons for the entry of the [[United States]] into the war. The U-boats' ability to function as practical war machines relied on new tactics, their numbers, and submarine technologies such as combination diesel-electric power system developed in the preceding years. More submersibles than true submarines, U-boats operated primarily on the surface using regular engines, submerging occasionally to attack under battery power. They were roughly triangular in cross-section, with a distinct [[keel]] to control rolling while surfaced, and a distinct bow. In 1916, two [[Serbia]]n pilots, [[Dimitrije Konjović]] and Walter Zelezny of the [[Austro-Hungarian]] air service, bombed and sank the French submarine ''Foucault'' in the [[Adriatic]], becoming the first to sink a submarine from the air. Spotting survivors in the water, they landed their [[flying boat]]s and rescued all of them, an act for which the French government awarded Konjovic special recognition in 1968. === Interwar developments === Various new submarine designs were developed during the interwar years. Among the most notorious ones were [[submarine aircraft carrier]]s, equipped with a waterproof hangar and steam catapult to launch and recover one or more small seaplanes. The submarine and its plane could then act as a reconnaissance unit ahead of the fleet, an essential role at a time when [[radar]] still did not exist. The first example was the British [[HMS M2|HMS ''M2'']], followed by the French [[French submarine Surcouf|''Surcouf'']], and numerous aircraft-carrying submarines in the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]]. <!--commenting out incomplete sentence The 1929 ''Surcouf'' was also designed as an "underwater cruiser",!--> === Submarines during World War II === ====Germany==== {{main|U-boat}} Germany had the largest submarine fleet during [[World War II]]. Due to the [[Treaty of Versailles]] limiting the surface navy, the rebuilding of the German surface forces had only begun in earnest a year before the outbreak of World War II. Expecting to be able to defeat the [[Royal Navy]] through underwater warfare, the German High Command pursued ''guerre de course'' [[commerce raiding]] and immediately stopped all construction on capital surface ships save the nearly completed [[Bismarck class battleship|''Bismarck'' class battleship]]s and two cruisers, switching its resources to submarines, which could be built more quickly. Though it took most of 1940 to expand the production facilities and get the mass production started, more than a thousand submarines were built by the end of the war. [[Image:U-47s.jpg|thumb|''[[U-47]]'' returns to port after sinking [[HMS Royal Oak (08)|HMS ''Royal Oak'']] in October 1939. The battlecruiser ''[[German battlecruiser Scharnhorst|Scharnhorst]]'' is seen in the background.]] Germany put submarines to devastating effect in the [[Second Battle of the Atlantic]] in World War II, attempting but ultimately failing to cut off Britain's supply routes by sinking more [[merchant ship]]s than Britain could replace. The supply lines were vital to Britain for food and industry, as well as armaments from the US. Although the U-boats had been updated in the intervening years, the major innovation was improved communications, encrypted using the famous [[Enigma machine|Enigma cipher machine]]. This allowed for mass-attack [[military tactics|tactics]] or "[[wolf pack]]s" (Rudeltaktik), but was also ultimately the U-boats' downfall. After putting to sea, U-boats operated mostly on their own, trying to find convoys in areas assigned to them by the High Command. If a convoy was found, the submarine did not attack immediately, but shadowed the convoy to allow other submarines in the area to find the convoy. These were then grouped into a larger striking force to attack the convoy simultaneously, preferably at night while surfaced. From September 1939 to the beginning of 1943, the ''Ubootwaffe'' ("U-boat force") scored unprecedented success with these tactics, but were too few to have any decisive success. By the spring of 1943, German U-boat construction was at full capacity, but this was more than nullified by increased numbers of convoy escorts, aircraft, as well as technical advances like [[radar]] and [[sonar]]. [[Huff-Duff]] and [[Ultra]] allowed the Allies to route convoys around wolf packs when they detected them from their radio transmissions. The results were devastating: from March to July of that year, over 130&nbsp;U-boats were lost, 41 in May alone. Concurrent Allied losses dropped dramatically, from 750,000&nbsp;tons in March to only 188,000 in July. Although the [[Second battle of the Atlantic]] would continue to the last day of the war, the U-boat arm was unable to stem the tide of men and material, paving the way for [[Operation Torch]], [[Operation Husky]], and ultimately, [[D-Day]]. [[Winston Churchill]] wrote that the U-boat "peril" was the only thing that ever gave him cause to doubt the Allies' eventual victory. ==== Japan ==== {{Main|Imperial Japanese Navy submarines}} [[Image:I400 2.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Imperial Japanese Navy]]'s [[I-400 class submarine|''I-400'' class submarine]], the largest submarine type of WWII]] The [[Imperial Navy|Japanese Imperial Navy]] started their submarine service with five ''Holland'' Type VII class submarines purchased from the [[Electric Boat Company]]. Japan had the most varied fleet of submarines of [[World War II]]; including manned torpedoes ([[Kaiten manned torpedo]]s), midget submarines ([[Ko-hyoteki class submarine|''Ko-hyoteki'']] and [[Kairyu class submarine|''Kairyu'']]), medium-range submarines, purpose-built supply submarines and long-range fleet submarines. They also had submarines with the highest submerged speeds during world war II ([[I-200 class submarine|Sen taka ''I-200'' class submarine]]s) and submarines that could carry multiple aircraft the [[I-400 class submarine|Sen toku ''I-400'' class submarine]]). They were also equipped with the most advanced torpedo of the conflict, the oxygen-propelled "Long Lance" [[Long Lance|Type 95]]. Nevertheless, despite their technical prowess, Japanese submarines were relatively unsuccessful. They were often used in offensive roles against warships, which were fast, maneuverable and well-defended compared to merchant ships. In 1942, Japanese submarines sank two aircraft carriers among other warships, but were not able to sustain these results afterwards. By the end of the war, submarines were instead often used to transport supplies to island garrisons. ==== United States ==== [[Image:USS Grayback (SS 208).jpg|thumb|left|[[USS Grayback (SS-208)|USS ''Grayback'']]]] The United States used its submarine force to attack merchant shipping (commerce raiding or ''guerre de course''), its submarines [[Allied submarines in the Pacific War|destroying more Japanese shipping]] than all other weapons combined. This feat was considerably aided by the Imperial Japanese Navy's failure to provide adaquete escort forces for the nation's merchant fleet. Whereas Japan had the finest submarine torpedoes of the war, the [[United States Navy]] had the worst: the [[Mark 14 torpedo]] that ran ten feet too deep, tipped with a Mk VI exploder that was based on an unimproved version of the Mark V contact exploder but with an additional magnetic exploder, neither of which was reliable. The faulty depth control mechanism of the Mark 14 was corrected in August 1942, but field trials for the exploders were not ordered until mid-1943, when tests in Hawaii and Australia confirmed the flaws. Fully operational Mark 14 torpedoes were not put into service until September 1943. The Mark 15 torpedo used by US surface combatants had the same Mk VI exploder and was not fixed until late 1943. One attempt to correct the problems resulted in a wakeless, electric torpedo being placed in submarine service, but [[USS Tang (SS-306)|USS ''Tang'']] and [[USS Tullibee (SS-284)|''Tullibee'']] were lost to self-inflicted hits by these torpedoes. During World War II, 314&nbsp;submarines served in the United States Navy. On [[7 December]] 1941, 111 boats were in commission; 203 submarines from the [[Gato class submarine|''Gato'']], [[Balao class submarine|''Balao'']], and [[Tench class submarine|''Tench'']] classes were commissioned during the war. During hostilities, 48<ref>Blair, Clay, Jr. ''Silent Victory'', pp.991-2. The others were lost to accidents or, in the case of [[USS Seawolf (SS-197)|''Seawolf'']], [[friendly fire]].</ref> boats and 3,294<ref>3,506, less the crews of [[USS S-26 (SS-131)|''S-26'']], [[USS R-12 (SS-89)|''R-12'']], and possibly [[USS Dorado (SS-248)|''Dorado'']] lost to accident, and ''Seawolf'', to friendly fire. [[USS Darter (SS-227)|''Darter'']], lost to grounding, took no casualties. Blair, ''passim''.</ref> men were lost, the highest percentage [[killed in action]] of any US service arm in WWII. US submarines sank 1,392&nbsp;enemy vessels, a total tonnage of 5.3&nbsp;million tons, including 8&nbsp;aircraft carriers and over 200&nbsp;warships. ==== United Kingdom ==== The [[Royal Navy Submarine Service]] was primarily used to enforce the classic British [[blockade]] role. It therefore chiefly operated in inshore waters and tended to only surface by night.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} Its major operating areas were around [[Norway]], the [[Mediterranean]] (against the Axis supply routes to [[North Africa]]), and in the Far East. RN submarines operating out of [[Trincomalee]] and [[Australia]] were a constant threat to Japanese shipping passing through the [[Malacca Straits]].{{Fact|date=April 2007}} In the war British submarines sank 2&nbsp;million tons of enemy shipping and 57&nbsp;major warships, the latter including 35&nbsp;submarines. Amongst these is the only instance ever of a submarine sinking another submarine while both were submerged. This occurred when [[HMS Venturer (P68)|HMS ''Venturer'']] engaged the ''[[U864]]''; the ''Venturer'' crew manually computed a successful firing solution against a three-dimensionally manoeveuring target using techniques which became the basis of modern torpedo computer targeting systems. Seventy-four British submarines were lost, half probably to [[naval mine]]s.<ref>{{citeweb |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.2558 |title=Submarine History |publisher=The Royal Navy |accessmonthday=April 18 |accessyear=2007}}</ref> ==== The snorkel ==== [[Image:Ocelot-DieselMotors.JPG|thumb|The diesel motors on HMS ''Ocelot'' charged the batteries located beneath the decking.]] [[Image:Ocelot-Periscopes.JPG|thumb|The larger search periscope, and the smaller, less detectable attack periscope on HMS ''Ocelot'']] Diesel submarines need air to run their engines, and so carried very large [[Battery (electricity)|batteries]] for submerged travel. These limited the speed and range of the submarines while submerged. The [[submarine snorkel|snorkel]], a prewar Dutch invention, was used to allow German submarines to run just under the surface, attempting to avoid detection visually and by radar. The German navy experimented with engines that would use [[hydrogen peroxide]] to allow diesel fuel to be used while submerged, but technical difficulties were great. The Allies experimented with a variety of detection systems, including chemical sensors to "[[olfaction|smell]]" the exhaust of submarines. Cold war diesel electric submarines, such as the [[Oberon class submarine|''Oberon'']] class, used batteries to power the motors so they ran silently. They recharged the batteries using the diesel engines without ever surfacing. === Modern submarines === In the 1950s, [[nuclear power]] partially replaced diesel-electric propulsion. Equipment was also developed to extract [[oxygen]] from sea water. These two innovations gave submarines the ability to remain submerged for weeks or months, and enabled previously impossible voyages such as [[USS Nautilus (SSN-571)|USS ''Nautilus'']]' crossing of the [[North pole]] beneath the Arctic ice cap in 1958 <ref>[http://www.ussnautilus.org/history.html History of USS Nautilus SSN571<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>and the [[USS Triton (SSRN-586)|USS ''Triton'']]'s submerged circumnavigation of the world in 1960.<ref>[http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/05/dayintech_0510 May 10, 1960: USS Triton Completes First Submerged Circumnavigation<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Most of the naval submarines built since that time in the United States and the Soviet Union/Russia have been powered by nuclear reactors. The limiting factors in submerged endurance for these vessels are food supply and crew morale in the space-limited submarine. In 1959&ndash;1960, the first [[ballistic missile submarine]]s were put into service by both the United States ([[George Washington class submarine|''George Washington'' class]]) and the Soviet Union ([[Hotel class submarine|''Hotel'' class]]) as part of the [[Cold War]] [[nuclear deterrent]] strategy. While the greater endurance and performance from nuclear reactors makes nuclear submarines better for long-distance missions or the protection of a carrier battle-force they have the technical limitation in stealthiness as the reactor always have to be chilled with the inherent noise it brings from pumps. Conventional diesel-electric submarines have continued to be produced by both nuclear and non-nuclear powers as they lack this limitation, except when required to run the diesel engine to recharge the ship’s battery. Technological advances in sound damping, noise isolation, and cancellation have substantially eroded this advantage.{{what|why does not this advances apply to conventional submarines?}} Though far less capable regarding speed and weapons payload, conventional submarines are also cheaper to build. The introduction of [[air-independent propulsion]] boats, conventional diesel-electric submarines with some kind of auxiliary air-independent electricity generator, have led to increased sales of such types of submarines. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union maintained large submarine fleets that engaged in cat-and-mouse games; this tradition today continues, on a much reduced scale. The Soviet Union suffered the loss of at least four submarines during this period: [[Soviet submarine K-129 (Golf II)|''K-129'']] was lost in 1968 (which the [[CIA]] attempted to retrieve from the ocean floor with the [[Howard Hughes]]-designed ship [[Hughes Glomar Explorer|''Glomar Explorer'']]), [[Soviet submarine K-8|''K-8'']] in 1970, [[Soviet submarine K-219|''K-219'']] in 1986, and [[Soviet submarine Komsomolets|''Komsomolets'']] in 1989 (which held a depth record among military submarines—1000&nbsp;m). Many other Soviet subs, such as [[Soviet submarine K-19|''K-19'']] (the first Soviet nuclear submarine, and the first Soviet sub to reach the North Pole) were badly damaged by fire or radiation leaks. The US lost two nuclear submarines during this time: [[USS Thresher (SSN-593)|USS ''Thresher'']] due to equipment failure during a test dive while at its operational limit, and [[USS Scorpion (SSN-589)|USS ''Scorpion'']] due to unknown causes. During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], the [[Pakistan Navy]]'s [[PNS Hangor|''Hangor'']] sank the [[India]]n frigate [[INS Khukri|INS ''Khukri'']]. This was the first submarine kill since World War II, and the only one until the United Kingdom employed nuclear-powered submarines against [[Argentina]] in 1982 during the [[Falklands War]]. The Argentine cruiser [[ARA General Belgrano|''General Belgrano'']] was sunk by [[HMS Conqueror (S48)|HMS ''Conqueror'']] (the first sinking by a nuclear-powered submarine in war). The [[PNS Ghazi|PNS ''Ghazi'']], a [[Tench class submarine|''Tench'' class submarine]] on loan to Pakistan from the US, was lost in the Indo-Pakistani War. It was the first submarine casualty since World War II during war time. More recently, Russia has had two high profile submarine accidents. The [[Russian submarine Kursk|''Kursk'']] [[Russian submarine Kursk explosion|went down with all hands]] in 2000. The [[Soviet submarine K-159|''K-159'']] sank while being towed to a scrapyard in 2003, with nine lives lost. == Submarines in popular culture == === Fiction books === The most famous fictional submarine is probably ''[[Nautilus (Verne)|Nautilus]]'', which belongs to [[Captain Nemo]] in [[Jules Verne]]'s [[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea]]. Many [[Ships named Nautilus|other ships were named '''Nautilus''']]; however, Verne named the submarine after [[Robert Fulton]]'s real-life submarine ''[[Nautilus (1800)|Nautilus]]'', and the name has been associated with fighting ships of the United States Navy since 1803. Other books: * [[The Dragon in the Sea]] * [[The Hunt for Red October]] by [[Tom Clancy]] * [[Jingo]] * [[The Shark Mutiny]] * [[HMS Unseen|HMS ''Unseen'']] * [[World War Z]] by [[Max Brooks]] * [[USS Seawolf (novel)|USS ''Seawolf'']] * [[Madame Terror]] * [[Ice Station Zebra]] by [[Alistair Maclean]] * [[Hunter Killer]] by [[Geoffrey Jenkins]] * [[Run Silent, Run Deep]] by [[Edward L. Beach, Jr.]] * [[Torpedo Run]] by Douglas Reeman * [[Red Rackham's Treasure]] ([[French language|French]]:''Le Trésor de Rackham le Rouge'') by [[Hergé]] * [[Cryptonomicon]] by [[Neal Stephenson]] * [[Tom Swift]] and his Jetmarine by [[Victor Appleton]] II See also [[:Category:Fictional submarines]]. === Non-Fiction Books === * [[Blind Man's Bluff: The Untold Story of American Submarine Espionage]] By Sherry Sontag, Christopher Drew,(with) Annette Lawrence Drew === Television === * ''[[Stingray (TV series)|Stingray]]'' was a 1960s [[marionette]] TV series by [[Gerry Anderson]], based around the exploits of the crew of the eponymous futuristic submarine. * ''[[Thunderbird 4]]'' was a small utility submarine featured in the TV series ''[[Thunderbirds (TV series)|Thunderbirds]]'' by [[Gerry Anderson]]. * The ''[[Seaview]]'' is a submarine that serves as the setting for [[Irwin Allen]]'s 1960s series ''[[Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (TV series)|Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea]]''. * ''[[SeaQuest DSV]]'' is a science fiction television series featuring a futuristic submarine of the same name. * ''[[Blind Man’s Bluff]]'' The History channel - chronicles the operations of the US Submarine Service during the cold war'' === Film === {{main|Submarine film}} A genre of submarine movies has developed. Submarines are popular subjects for films due to the danger, drama and claustrophobia of being on a submarine, and the suspense of the cat-and-mouse game of submarine or anti-submarine warfare. Some of the first, based on a classic book, was ''[[Run Silent, Run Deep]]'' and ''[[The Enemy Below]]''. More modern movies include ''[[Gray Lady Down]],'' ''[[The Hunt for Red October (film)|The Hunt for Red October]]'', ''[[Das Boot]]'', ''[[U-571 (film)|U-571]]'', and ''[[Crimson Tide (film)|Crimson Tide]]''. ''[[K-19: The Widowmaker]]'' is about the first of many disasters that befell the Soviet submarine K-19. ''[[Operation Petticoat]]'' is a Cary Grant comedy from 1959 about a World War II submarine. Another comedy about a diesel submarine, ''[[Down Periscope]]'', stars [[Kelsey Grammer]]. The [[James Bond]] movie [[The Spy Who Loved Me]] featured a [[Royal Navy]] ballistic missile sub being stolen by a shipping tycoon to be used in his plot for world domination. === Games === Many computer games have been created around submarines. * ''[[Aces of the Deep (video game)|Aces of The Deep]]'' * ''[[AquaNox]]'' * ''[[Dangerous Waters]]'' * ''[[Operation Neptune (game)|Operation Neptune]]'' * ''[[Silent Hunter]]'' ** ''[[Silent Hunter II]] ** ''[[Silent Hunter III]] ** ''[[Silent Hunter 4: Wolves of the Pacific]] * ''[[Silent Service (video game)|Silent Service]]'' ** ''[[Silent Service II]]'' * ''[[Silent Steel]]'' * ''[[Shells of Fury]]'' * ''[[Sub Culture]]'' * ''[[Wolfpack (game)|Wolfpack]]'' * ''[[688 Attack Sub]]'' * ''[[Codename: Iceman]]'' * ''[[Age of Sail II]]'' * ''[[Destroyer Command]]'' * ''[[Pacific Storm]]'' * ''[[Tom Clancy's SSN]]'' * ''[[Fleet Command]]'' * ''[[Danger From The Deep]]'' === Music === * [[The Beatles]] wrote a song entitled [[Yellow Submarine (song)|"Yellow Submarine"]]. * [[Iron Maiden]] included a song entitled "Run Silent Run Deep" on their ''[[No Prayer for the Dying]]'' album. * The [[Thomas Dolby]] song "[[One of our Submarines]]" was included on his ''[[The Golden Age of Wireless]]'' album * [[Loscil]] released an album entitled "Submers", on which every track is named after a submarine. * [[Sabaton (band)|Sabaton]] wrote a song called "Wolfpack", which is based on a [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[wolf pack]]’s encounter with [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] convoy ONS-92. The U-boats mentioned in the song are ''[[U-124]]'' (which sank 4 ships that night), ''U-569'', ''U-406'' and ''[[U-94]]''. * [[Phil Ochs]] wrote two songs about nuclear submarines which sank: "The Thresher" and "The Scorpion Departs But Never Returns". == See also == {{commonscat|submarines}} === Submarine articles === * [[Submarine warfare]] * [[Ballistic missile submarine]] * [[Communication with submarines]] * [[Wet sub]] * [[Merchant submarine]] * [[Autonomous Underwater Vehicle]] * [[Deep Submergence Vehicle]] ** [[Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle]] * [[Submarines in the United States Navy]] * [[Submarine simulator]], a computer game genre * [[List of countries with submarines]] * [[List of submarine actions]] * [[List of sunken nuclear submarines]] === Related topics === * [[Timeline of underwater technology]] * [[Modern Naval tactics]] * [[Nuclear navy]] * [[Submarine cable]] * [[Submersible]] * [[Semi-submersible]] * [[Depth charge]] * [[U-boat]] === Articles on specific vessels === {{Groundbreaking submarines}} * [[Ships named Nautilus]] * [[List of submarines of the Royal Navy]] * [[List of submarines of the United States Navy]] * [[List of ships of the Soviet Navy#Submarines|List of Soviet submarines]] * [[Submarines of the Indian Navy|List of submarines of the Indian Navy]] * [[List of U-boats]] === Articles on specific submarine classes === * [[List of submarine classes]] * [[List of submarine classes of the Royal Navy]] * [[List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes]] * [[List of United States submarine classes]] {{Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries}} == Patents == * '''{{US patent|708553}}''' - ''Submarine boat'' == References == {{Reflist}} {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book | last = Gardiner | first = Robert | <!-- authorlink = Robert Gardiner (author) --> | title = Steam, Steel and Shellfire, The steam warship 1815-1905 | year = 1992 | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | isbn = 9781557507747 | oclc = 30038068 }} * {{cite book | last = Blair | first = Clay | authorlink = Clay Blair | title = Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan | year = 1975 | location = Philadelphia | publisher = Lippincott | isbn = 9780397007530 | oclc = 821363 }} * {{cite book | last = Lockwood | first = Charles A. | authorlink = Charles A. Lockwood | title = Sink 'Em All: Submarine Warfare in the Pacific | year = 1951 | location = New York | publisher = Dutton | isbn = | oclc = 1371626 }} * {{cite book | last = O'Kane | first = Richard H. | authorlink = Richard O'Kane | title = Clear the Bridge!: The War Patrols of the USS Tang | year = 1977 | location = Chicago | publisher = Rand McNally | isbn = 9780528810589 | oclc = 2965421 }} * {{cite book | last = O'Kane | first = Richard H. | authorlink = Richard O'Kane | title = Wahoo: The Patrols of America's Most Famous World War II Submarine | year = 1987 | location = Novato, California | publisher = Presidio Press | isbn = 9780891413011 | oclc = 15366413 }} * {{cite book | last = Werner | first = Herbert A. | authorlink = Herbert A. Werner | title = Iron coffins: a personal account of the German U-Boat battles of World War II | year = 1999 | location = London | publisher = Cassell Military | isbn = 9780304353309 | oclc = 41466905 }} {{Refend}} == External links == {{linkfarm}}{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-Submarine.ogg|2006-01-11}} * [http://www.submariners.co.uk/index.php Submariners Association] - UK Submariners site and Boat Database * [http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/people/holland.htm John Holland] - submarine inventor * [http://www.williammaloney.com/Aviation/FenianRam/index.html Submarine #1 and The Fenian Ram] - Photos John Holland's Submarine #1 and his second submarine, The Fenian Ram * [http://www.williammaloney.com/Aviation/SubmarineUSSNautilus/index.htm USS Nautilus] Photos onboard the Nuclear Submarine USS Nautilus SS-571 in Groton, CT * [http://www.uboat.net German Submarines of WWII] and [http://www.uboat.net/fates/losses/1943.htm U-boat losses in 1943] * [http://www.one35th.com/seehund/sh_index.html German Midget Submarines: Seehund] and [http://www.one35th.com/submarine/molch_main.htm Molch] * [http://www.dropbears.com/w/ww1subs/index.htm Submarines of WWI] * [http://www.submarinehistory.com/21stCentury.html Role of the Modern Submarine] <!-- blacklisted; cannot save page * [http://subaccidents.freewebspace.com/index.html Submarine Accidents Since WWII] - A database of submarine accidents that have occurred since 1946 --> * [http://www.oralhistoryproject.com U.S. World War II Submarine Veterans History Project] * [http://www.dataphone.se/~ms/ubootw/boats_walter-system.htm German submarines using peroxide] * [http://www.combinedfleet.com/ss.htm Record breaking Japanese Submarines] * [http://www.u-boot-archiv.de German U-Boats 1935–1945] {{de icon}} * [http://www.navsource.org/archives/subidx.htm U.S. submarine photo archive] * [http://www.oneternalpatrol.com/ On Eternal Patrol] memorial submarine site * [http://www.vectorsite.net/twsub1.html The Invention of the Submarine] * [http://www.deepflight.com/subs/index.htm Submersibles and Technology by Graham Hawkes] * [http://www.maritime.org/fleetsub/index.htm ''The Fleet Type Submarine Online''] US Navy submarine training manuals, 1944-1946. Formerly '''Restricted''' status. * [http://www.solarnavigator.net/royal_navy_submarines.htm Royal Navy submarines] * [http://www.naval-history.net/WW2CampaignsAtlanticDev2.htm For Allied Tonnage Losses in 1943] * [http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.HomeFront The Home Front: Manitowoc County in World War II]: Video footage of submarine launches into Lake Michigan during WWII. * [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-2/harry.html The Sinking of the Ghazi] * [http://www.dutchsubmarines.com DutchSubmarines : Including first ever submarine] * [http://www.williammaloney.com/Aviation/SubmarineLionfish/index.htm USS Lionfish] Photos onboard the WWII Fleet Sub USS Lionfish in Fall River, MA [[Category:Ship types]] [[Category:Signals intelligence]] [[Category:Submarines]] [[Category:Pressure vessels]] {{link FA|zh}} <!-- interwiki --> [[af:Duikboot]] [[ang:Undersǣbāt]] [[ar:غواصة]] [[ast:Somarín]] [[zh-min-nan:Chǹg-chúi-théng]] [[be:Падводная лодка]] [[br:Lestr-spluj]] [[bg:Подводница]] [[ca:Submarí]] [[cv:Шывай кимми]] [[cs:Ponorka]] [[cy:Llong danfor]] [[da:Undervandsbåd]] [[de:U-Boot]] [[et:Allveelaev]] [[el:Υποβρύχιο]] [[es:Submarino]] [[eo:Submarŝipo]] [[fa:زیردریایی]] [[fr:Sous-marin]] [[gd:Bàta-tumaidh]] [[gl:Submarino]] [[ko:잠수함]] [[hi:पनडुब्बी]] [[hr:Podmornica]] [[id:Kapal selam]] [[is:Kafbátur]] [[it:Sottomarino]] [[he:צוללת]] [[sw:Nyambizi]] [[lb:U-Boot]] [[lt:Povandeninis laivas]] [[hu:Tengeralattjáró]] [[ms:Kapal selam]] [[nl:Onderzeeboot]] [[ja:潜水艦]] [[no:Undervannsbåt]] [[nn:Undervassbåt]] [[nrm:Souos-mathîn]] [[pl:Okręt podwodny]] [[pt:Submarino]] [[ro:Submarin]] [[ru:Подводная лодка]] [[sq:Nëndetsja]] [[simple:Submarine]] [[sl:Podmornica]] [[sr:Подморница]] [[sh:Podmornica]] [[fi:Sukellusvene]] [[sv:Ubåt]] [[te:జలాంతర్గామి]] [[vi:Tàu ngầm]] [[tr:Denizaltı]] [[uk:Підводний човен]] [[zh:潛艇]]