Submarine sandwich
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[[Image:QuiznosSub.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Quizno's]] submarine sandwich]]
A '''submarine sandwich''' or '''sub''' is any of various [[North America]]n [[sandwich]]es made on a long roll (usually up to 12" long by 3 " wide) or [[baguette]] (called "French bread" or a "submarine roll" in the U.S.), so called because of its shape. The contents typically include [[meat]], [[cheese]], [[lettuce]], [[tomato]], and various [[condiment]]s, [[sauce]]s or [[dressings]].
The term is believed by some to have originated in a restaurant in [[Scollay Square]] in [[Boston, Massachusetts]] at the beginning of [[World War II]] <ref>[http://subbuzz.com/ subbuzz.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. The sandwich was created to entice the large numbers of navy servicemen stationed at the [[Charlestown Navy Yard]]. The bread was a smaller specially baked [[baguette]] intended to resemble the hull of the submarines it was named after.<ref>Kelley, Walt. ''What They Never Told You About Boston (or What They Did That Were Lies)''. Camden, Maine: Down East Books, 1993.</ref>
One legend credits Paul D'Amico of [[Wakefield, Massachusetts]] of coining the term in 1928 while working in the Canto family's grocery store. The Canto's grocery store, with D'Amico as a partner, switched over completely to a "sub shop" named "Toody's" in 1945 and is the oldest and longest continually operating submarine sandwich shop in the United States. The "submarine sandwich" as coined by D'Amico originated from the way the sandwich was opened at the top, like a submarine. Paul D'Amico still lives around the corner from Toody's today (Toody's closed but has now reopened down the street from its original location).
Another legend suggests the submarine sandwich was brought to the US by Dominic Conti (1874-1954), an [[Italian people|Italian]] immigrant who came to New York in the early 1900s.<ref>[http://www.grapevine.is/undirflokkar.aspx?id=1065 Quiznos - The Reykjavík Grapevine Online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In 1910 Mr. Conti started Dominic Conti's Grocery Store in Paterson, NJ. His granddaughter has stated the following: "My grandfather came to this country circa 1895 from Montella, Italy. Around 1910, he started his grocery store, called Dominic Conti's Grocery Store, on Mill Street in Paterson, New Jersey where he was selling the traditional Italian sandwiches. His sandwiches were made from a recipe he brought with him from Italy which consisted of a long crust roll, filled with cold cuts, topped with lettuce, tomatoes, peppers, onions, oil, vinegar, Italian herbs and spices, salt, and pepper. The sandwich started with a layer of cheese and ended with a layer of cheese (this was so the bread wouldn’t get soggy).
During [[World War II]], the sandwiches were served by the thousands to soldiers at the [[submarine base]] in [[Groton, Connecticut]] which cemented the legend that the sandwiches originated in Groton.{{fact|date=February 2008}}
==Regional names and variations==
In Canada, the sandwich is almost universally referred to as "a sub", or "submarine sandwich" (sometimes "sous-marin" in Quebec and francophone regions of the country). Witness the names of the popular chains: [[Mr. Sub]], (known as Mr. Submarine from its inception in 1968, changing its name in 1990), [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]], and [[Quizno's Subs]]. Occasionally other terms of reference appear on restaurant menus, but these generally describe a specific sandwich (e.g., Philly cheesesteak).
In the [[United States]], the terms "submarine" and "sub" are widespread<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/61/50/S0845000.html Definition in ''American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language'': Fourth Edition. 2000.]</ref>, but there are also many regional names for the sandwich, especially in the northeast part of the country:
*Cosmo — North Central Pennsylvania in and around [[Williamsport, Pennsylvania|Williamsport]] — an oven-toasted sub.
*Grinder — [[Midwest]], [[New England]], [[Fairfield County, Connecticut]]. [[Inland Empire]] of Southern California. Also, a hot hoagie may be referred to as a Grinder in Western Pennsylvania. In Massachusetts, a grinder is generally considered to be a sandwich which includes sliced vegetables and shredded lettuce (if desired) and is heated in the oven after preparation, while a true submarine or sub is never toasted and generally includes chopped vegetables.
It is believed that the term "Grinder" was unknown in Southern California until the 1950s, when large numbers of east coast workers migrated to Southern California to work in the burgeoning aerospace and defense industries. Many roadside stands in the Riverside/San Bernardino Inland Empire advertise "Grinders" on their signage and menus.
*[[Hero sandwich|Hero]] — [[Downstate New York]], [[North Jersey]] and the [[Eastern United States]]
*[[Hoagie]] — [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], [[South Jersey]], [[Pittsburgh]].
*Sub - Delaware, New England, [[New Jersey]], [[Detroit]] and [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]] **The Sub Sandwich was introduced to the Detroit area by Raymond Nemeckay, who owned Ray's Deli on East Warren on Detroit's east side
*[[Poor boy]] or [[Po' boy]] — [[Gulf Coast]], especially around [[New Orleans]]
*[[Spuckie]] — [[Boston, Massachusetts]] (used particularly in [[Italian people|Italian]] [[immigrant]] [[neighborhoods]])
*Wedge — Prevalent in [[Yonkers]], parts of [[The Bronx, New York|the Bronx]], and other sections of [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]], [[Rockland County, New York|Rockland County]], [[Putnam County, New York|Putnam County]] and [[Dutchess County, New York|Dutchess County]] in New York. It was widely believed in Yonkers, that the term “wedge” came from a truncation of the word “sandwich” as pronounced by the wife of Frank Landy, who owned the legendary Landy’s Deli in Yonkers, New York. The deli was well-known throughout Yonkers as well as the north Bronx and neighboring cities and towns in Westchester County. It was not uncommon to see a lunch-time line of people from all different walks of life, stretching down the street, waiting to get a Landy’s wedge. The Landy’s were Italian-American immigrants and Mrs. Landy would pronounce “sandwich” as “san-wedge” with her Italian accent. Eventually the term just became “wedge” (ie. hot [[capicola]] and [[Provolone]] wedge). Rapper [[DMX]], who grew up in Yonkers, mentions Landy’s deli and their renowned wedges in [[E.A.R.L.: The Autobiography of DMX]]:
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* Zep (likely truncation of [[zeppelin]]) — New Jersey; Phoenixville, PA and Norristown, PA.
* Italian — [[Maine]], where "Italian" is used regardless of the filling, which is specified separately, as a "ham Italian", "veggie Italian" or "roast beef Italian". A regular Italian is usually a ham Italian, made up of: ham, cheese, onions, olives, green peppers, pickles, and tomatoes. Italians are made to order at most convenience stores and gas stations. A Maine "Italian" is often served on a larger version of the top-loading "New England style" [[hot dog bun]]. [[Amato's]], a chain of stores in northern [[New England]], claims to be the originator of the Italian sub. The term is also found in New Jersey.
An ''Italian sub'', ''Italian combo'', or ''Italian [[hoagie]]'' consists of Italian [[luncheon meat]]s, typically [[capicola]], [[prosciutto]], and [[Genoa salami]], with [[provolone]], lettuce, tomato, oil, and vinegar. Thinly sliced [[pepperoni]] and [[bologna sausage|bologna]] are sometimes added, and less expensive ham is often substituted for capicola and prosciutto. In some parts of the country, an "Italian Sub" is referred to as an "Assorted Sub" such as in Western New York State.
Other popular sub sandwiches are the [[meatball]] sub with the Italian tomato gravy and provolone cheese, and the sausage and peppers sub with [[Italian sausage]] and sauteed [[onion]]s and [[bell pepper]]s.
A ''[[cheesesteak]]'' or ''steak and cheese'' is grilled sliced steak with melted cheese on a submarine roll. Common local variations include grilled onions, peppers, lettuce, tomato, ketchup or tomato sauce. The cheese is usually processed [[American cheese]], [[Cheddar cheese|cheddar]], [[provolone]], or [[Cheez Whiz]]. Cheesesteaks are strongly associated with the [[Philadelphia]] area, while "steak and cheese" is more often heard elsewhere.
Submarine sandwiches are sold by [[delicatessen]]s and a number of [[fast food]] restaurants and chains, including (listed by date opened);[[D'Elia's Grinders-Riverside, CA]] (1955), [[Casapulla's Subs]] (1956), [[Jersey Mike's Subs]] (1956), [[Blimpie Subs]] (1964), [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]] (1965), [[D'Angelo Sandwich Shops]] (1967), [[Mr. Sub]] (1968), [[Togo's]] (1968), [[Tubby's Submarines]] (1968), [[Port of Subs]] (1972), [[Sub Station II]] (1975), [[Capriotti's|Capriotti's Sandwich Shop]] (1976), [[Potbelly Sandwich Works]] (1977), [[Quiznos Subs]] (1981), [[Jimmy John's]] (1983), [[Charley's Grilled Subs]] (1986), [[Erbert & Gerbert's]] (1988), Mr. Goodcents (1989), and [[Firehouse Subs]] (1994).
*In Eastern New England, a grinder is considered the hot variety of a sub, whilst a cold-cut sub is called just that, a sub. In Western Massachusetts, however, both hot and cold are called grinders.
==Notes==
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==See also==
*[[Banh Mi]]
*[[Cuban sandwich]]
*[[French dip sandwich]]
*[[Hero sandwich]]
*[[Hoagie]]
*[[Italian beef]]
*[[Muffuletta]]
*[[Panini (sandwich)]]
*[[Po' boy]]
[[Category:American sandwiches]]
[[Category:Sandwiches]]
[[fr:Sandwich sous-marin]]
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