Substance P
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2008-06-28T23:30:15Z
Thijs!bot
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robot Adding: [[ja:P物質]]
{{protein
| Name = tachykinin, precursor 1
| caption = Spacefilling [[Molecular model|model]] of substance P
| image = Substance_P.png
| width = 180
| HGNCid = 11517
| Symbol = TAC1
| AltSymbols = TAC2, NKNA
| EntrezGene = 6863
| OMIM = 162320
| RefSeq = NM_003182
| UniProt = P20366
| PDB =
| ECnumber =
| Chromosome = 7
| Arm = q
| Band = 21
| LocusSupplementaryData = -q22
}}
{{Chembox new
|ImageFile=Substance P.svg
|ImageSize=275px
|IUPACName=
|OtherNames=
|Section1= {{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo=33507-63-0
| PubChem=36511
| SMILES=
| MeSHName=Substance+P
}}
|Section2= {{Chembox Properties
| Formula=C<sub>63</sub>H<sub>98</sub>N<sub>18</sub>O<sub>13</sub>S
| MolarMass=1347.63 g/mol
| Appearance=
| Density=
| MeltingPt=
| BoilingPt=
| Solubility=
}}
|Section3= {{Chembox Hazards
| MainHazards=
| FlashPt=
| Autoignition=
}}
}}
In [[neuroscience]], '''Substance P''' is a [[neuropeptide]]: a short-chain [[polypeptide]] that functions as a [[neurotransmitter]] and as a [[neuromodulator]]. It belongs to the [[tachykinin]] neuropeptide family.
It is an 11-[[amino acid]] polypeptide with the sequence: Arg Pro Lys Pro Gln Gln Phe Phe Gly Leu Met
==History==
It was discovered by [[Ulf von Euler]] and [[John H. Gaddum]] in [[1931]].
==Receptor==
The [[endogenous]] [[receptor (biochemistry)|receptor]] for Substance P is [[neurokinin 1]] receptor (NK1-receptor, NK1R). It belongs to the [[tachykinin]] receptor sub-family of [[G protein coupled receptor|GPCR]]s.
==Functions==
In the [[central nervous system]], substance P has been associated in the regulation of [[mood disorders]], [[anxiety]], [[stress (medicine)|stress]], [[reinforcement]], [[neurogenesis]], [[respiratory rhythm]], [[neurotoxicity]], [[nausea]]/[[emesis]], [[pain]] and [[nociception]].
===Vomiting===
The [[vomiting]] center in the [[brainstem]] contains high concentrations of substance P and its receptor, in addition to other neurotransmitters such as [[choline]], [[histamine]], [[dopamine]], [[serotonin]], and [[opioid]]s. Their activation stimulates the vomiting reflex. Different emetic pathways exist, and substance P/NK1R appears to be within the final common pathway to regulate vomiting. <ref> Hornby PJ. Central neurocircuitry associated with emesis. Am J Med 2001;111:106S-12S</ref>
Substance P antagonist (SPA) [[aprepitant]] is available in the market in the treatment of [[chemotherapy]]-induced nausea / emesis.
===Pain===
Substance P is involved in [[nociception]], transmitting information about tissue damage from peripheral receptors to the [[central nervous system]] to be converted to the sensation of [[pain]]. It has been theorized that it plays a part in [[fibromyalgia]]. [[Capsaicin]] has been shown to reduce the levels of Substance P probably by reducing the number of [[C-fibre]] nerves or causing these nerves to be more tolerant. Thus Capsaicin is clinically used as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent to relieve pain associated with arthritis and many types of neuralgia.
===Stimulating cellular growth===
Substance P has been shown to stimulate cellular growth in cell culture <ref> Reid TW, Murphy C, Iwahashi C, Foster B, and Mannis M. Stimulation of [[epithelial cell]] growth by the neuropeptide substance P. J Cell Biochem 1993; 52:476-485</ref>, and it was shown that Substance P could promote wound healing of non-healing [[ulcer]]s in humans. <ref> Brown S, Lamberts D, Reid TW, Nishida T, Murphy C. Neurophilic and Anhidrotric Keratopathy Treated with Substance P and Insulinlike Growth Factor 1. Arch Ophthalmol 1997; 115:926-927</ref> It has also been shown to reverse diabetes in mice. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10812-breakthrough-sheds-light-on-cause-of-diabetes.html |title=Breakthrough sheds light on cause of diabetes - health - 15 December 2006 - New Scientist |accessdate=2007-05-08 |format= |work=}}</ref>
===Vasodilation===
It also has effects as a potent [[vasodilator]]. This is caused by the release of [[nitric oxide]] from the [[endothelium]]. Its release can cause [[hypotension]].
===Eczema===
High levels of [[BDNF]] and Substance P have been found associated with increased itching in [[eczema]]<ref>'Blood chemicals link' to eczema [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6962450.stm]</ref>.
==Substance P in gastrointestinal infection==
''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]'' is a single-celled parasitic [[protozoan]] that infects the lower gastrointestinal tract of humans, producing symptoms of [[diarrhea]], [[constipation]], and [[abdominal pain]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Steinitz H |title=[Chronic recurrent intestinal amebiasis in Israel (author's transl)] |language=German |journal=Leber, Magen, Darm |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=175–9 |year=1979 |pmid=491812 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17070814">{{cite journal |author=Stark D, van Hal S, Marriott D, Ellis J, Harkness J |title=Irritable bowel syndrome: a review on the role of intestinal protozoa and the importance of their detection and diagnosis |journal=Int. J. Parasitol. |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=11–20 |year=2007 |pmid=17070814 |doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.09.009}}</ref> This protozoan was found to secrete [[serotonin]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=McGowan K, Kane A, Asarkof N, ''et al'' |title=Entamoeba histolytica causes intestinal secretion: role of serotonin |journal=Science |volume=221 |issue=4612 |pages=762–4 |year=1983 |pmid=6308760|doi=10.1126/science.6308760}}</ref>, as well as substance P and [[neurotensin]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=McGowan K, Guerina V, Wicks J, Donowitz M |title=Secretory hormones of Entamoeba histolytica |journal=Ciba Found. Symp. |volume=112 |issue= |pages=139–54 |year=1985 |pmid=2861068 |doi=}}</ref>
==Animals without Substance P==
[[Naked mole rat]]s lack Substance P and do not feel [[pain]] when painful stimuli are administered to the skin.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Park TJ, Comer C, Carol A, Lu Y, Hong HS, Rice FL |title=Somatosensory organization and behavior in naked mole-rats: II. Peripheral structures, innervation, and selective lack of neuropeptides associated with thermoregulation and pain |journal=J Comp Neurol |volume=465 |issue=1 |pages=104–20 |year=2003 |pmid=12926019 |doi=10.1002/cne.10824}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://pubs.acs.org/cen/critter/8202molerats.html | title =
Ugly Ducklings | date = [[January 7]] [[2004]] | accessdate = 2007-08-14 | last = Pepling | first = Rachel Sheremeta | publisher = ''[[Chemical & Engineering News]]''}}</ref>
== References ==
<references/>
==External links==
*http://www.fibromyalgiasupport.com/library/showarticle.cfm/id/3097 Dr. Jon Russell, M.D., Ph.D., Substance P is Key to Understanding Pain Process
{{pain}}
{{Tachykinins}}
[[Category:Neuropeptides|Substance P]]
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