Sultan 64647 224040607 2008-07-07T01:28:48Z Smith Jones 1806787 /* Compound ruler titles */ capitalisming this {{otheruses}} '''Sultan''' ({{lang-ar|سلطان}}) is an [[Islam]]ic title, with several historical meanings. Originally it was an Arabic language abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", or "rulership", derived from the Arabic ''[[verbal noun|masdar]]'' سلطة ''sulṭah'', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be used as the title of certain Muslim rulers who claimed almost full sovereignty in practical terms (i.e., the lack of dependence on any higher ruler), without claiming the overall [[Caliphate]], or it was used to refer to a powerful governor of a province within the caliphate. It then developed some further meanings in certain contexts. [[Image:hatemibeyazit.jpg|thumb|250px|Sultan Bayezid: Ottoman Empire - Oil on Canvas by [[Haydar Hatemi]]-1999]] The dynasty and lands ruled by a Sultan are called a '''Sultanate''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: سلطنة). ==Muslim ruler under the terms of ''shariah''== [[Image:HusseinKamelSultan.jpg|thumb|Hussein Kamel, Sultan of [[Egypt]], 1914-1917.]] The title carries moral weight and religious authority, as the ruler's role was defined in the [[Qur'an]]. The Sultan however is not a religious teacher himself. Of course in constitutional monarchies, the sultanship can be reduced to a more limited role. The first to carry the title of 'Sultan' was the Turkmen chief [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] (ruled [[998]] - [[1030]]). Later, 'Sultan' became the usual title of rulers of [[Seljuk Turks|Seljuk]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turks and [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] and [[Mamelukes|Mamluk]] rulers in [[Egypt]]. In the later stages Sultan was used mostly for the wives of the emperor. The religious validation of the title was illustrated by the fact that the shadow [[Caliph]] in [[Cairo]] bestowed the title "Sultan" on [[Murad I]], the third ruler of the emerging Ottoman Empire in [[1383]]; its earlier sovereigns had been (protocollary 'mere') [[Bey]]s or [[Emir]]s. At later stages, lesser rulers assumed the style "sultan", as was the case for the earlier leaders of today's royal family of [[Morocco]]. Today, only the [[Sultan of Oman]], the [[Sultan of Brunei]] (both sovereign nations), the Sultans of [[Johor]], [[Kedah]], [[Kelantan]], [[Pahang]], [[Perak]], [[Selangor]] and [[Terengganu]] (of constitutive states of the federation) in [[Malaysia]], and some titular sultans in Insulinde, a few on the [[Mindanao|southern Philippines]] and [[Java island|Java (Indonesia)]] still use the title. The sultan's domain is properly called a '''sultanate'''. A feminine form, used by Westerners, is [[Sultana (title)|sultana]] or sultanah; the very styling misconstrues the roles of wives of sultans. In a similar usage, the wife of a German Field-Marshal might be styled ''Feldmarschallin'' (in French, similar constructions of the type ''madame la maréchalle'' are quite common). Among those modern hereditary rulers who wish to emphasize their secular authority under the [[rule of law]], the term is gradually being replaced by 'king' (e.g. [[Malik]] in Arabic). ==Compound ruler titles== These are generally secondary titles, either lofty 'poetry' or with a message; e.g.: *'''Mani Sultan = Manney Sultan''', meaning 'the Pearl or rulers', or less poetically Honoured Monarch, was a subsidiary title, part of the full style of the [[Maharaja]] of [[Travancore]] * [[Sultan of Sultans]] is the 'sultanic equivalent' of [[King of Kings]] * Certain secondary titles have a devout Islamic connotation, e.g. [[Sultan ul-Mujahidin]] as champion of [[jihad bis saif]] (holy war to establish Islamic rule) * '''Sultanic Highness''' was a rare, hybrid western-Islamic honorific style, exclusively used by the son, daughter-in-law and daughters of Sultan [[Husain Kamil]] of [[Egypt]] (a British [[protectorate]] since 1914), who bore it with their primary titles of Prince (Arabic [[Amir]], Turkish [[Prens]]) or Princess, after 11 October 1917. They enjoyed these for life, even after the Royal Rescript regulating the styles and titles of the Royal House after the Egyptian Independence in 1922, when the sons and daughters of the newly styled King (Arabic Misr al-[[Malik]], considered a promotion) were granted the style ''Sahib(at) us-Sumuw al-Malik'', or [[Royal Highness]]). ==Former Sultans and Sultanates== ===Middle East and Central Asia=== *[[Ghaznavid Empire|Ghaznavid Sultanate]] *[[Seljuk Empire|Sultans of Great Seljuk]] *[[Sultanate of Rüm|Seljuk Sultanate of Rum]] *[[Ottoman Dynasty|Sultans]] (becoming [[Padishah]]s) of the [[Ottoman Empire]], the [[House of Osman|Osmanli]] *[[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid Sultans of Damascus]] (in Syria) *in present-day [[Yemen]], various small sultanates of the former British [[Aden Protectorate]] and [[Federation of South Arabia|South Arabia]]: ::[[Audhali]], [[Fadhli Sultanate|Fadhli]], [[Haushabi]], [[Kathiri]], [[Sultanate of Lahej|Lahej]], [[Lower Aulaqi]], [[Lower Yafa]], [[Mahra Sultanate|Mahra]], [[Qu'aiti]], [[Subeihi]], [[Upper Aulaqi Sultanate|Upper Aulaqi]], [[Upper Yafa]] and the [[Wahidi]] sultanates *in present-day [[Saudi Arabia]] : **[[Nejd|Sultans of Nejd]] **[[Hejaz|Sultans of the Hejaz]] ===Hami=== This was the authentic style, commonly rendered as sultan, of the Islamic monarchs of the ruling house of Oman, in both its realms: *[[Oman]] — [[Sultan of Oman]], on the southern coast of the Arabian peninsula, still an independent sultanate, since 1784, two years before the imamate lost temporal power in 1786 (assumed the formal style of Sultan in 1861) *[[Sultan of Zanzibar|Sultanate of Zanzibar]] two incumbents (from the Omani dynasty) since the de facto separation from Oman in 1806, the last assumed the style Sultan in 1861 at the formal separation under British auspices; since 1964 union with Tanganyika part of [[Tanzania]]) ===North Africa=== *in [[Algeria]]: sultanate of [[Tuggurt]] *in (greater) [[Egypt]]: **[[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid Sultans]] **[[Mameluks|Mamluk Sultans]] *in [[Morocco]], till [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Mohammed V]] changed the style to [[Malik]] (king) on 14 August 1957, maintaining the subsidiary style [[Amir al-Mu´minin]] (Commander of the Faithful) *in [[Sudan]]: **[[Darfur]] **[[Dar al-Masalit]] **[[Dar Qimr]] **[[Funj Sultanate]] of [[Sinnar]] (Sennar) **[[Kordofan]] *in [[Chad]]: **[[Baguirmi Kingdom|Bag(u)irmi]] (main native title: [[Mbang]]) **[[Ouaddai Kingdom|Wada'i]] (main native title: [[Kolak]]), successor state to [[Birgu Kingdom|Birgu]] **[[Dar Sila]] (actually a wandering group of tribes), ===Horn of Africa=== *[[Adal Sultanate]], in northwestern [[Somalia]], southern [[Djibouti]], and the [[Somali Region|Somali]], [[Oromia Region|Oromia]], and [[Afar Region|Afar]] regions of [[Ethiopia]] *the Afar -, Awsa - or [[Aussa Sultanate]], in northeastern Ethiopia *[[Harar#History|Harar Sultanate]], in eastern Ethiopia *[[Ifat|Ifat Sultanate]], in eastern Ethiopia *[[Majeerteen#The_Majeerteen_Sultanates|Majeerteen Sultanates]], in northern Somalia *[[Marehan#Marehan_Sultanate|Marehan Sultanate]], in northern Somalia *[[Shewa#History|Shewa Sultanate]] in central Ethiopia *[[Sultanate_of_Mohamoud_Ali_Shire#Northern_Somali_sultanates|Warsangali Sultanates]], in northern Somalia ===East Africa and Indian Ocean=== ====Sultan==== *[[Angoche Sultanate]], on the [[Mozambique|Mozambiquan]] coast (also several neighbouring sheikdoms) *various [[Sultans on the Comoros]]; however on the [[Comoros]], the normally used styles were alternative native titles, including [[Mfalme]], [[Phany]] or ''Jambé'' and the 'hegemonic' title [[Sultani tibe]] *the Maore (or Mawuti) sultanate on [[Mayotte]](separated from the Comoros) ====Maliki==== This was the alternative native style (apparently derived from [[Malik]], the [[Arabic]] word for King) of the Sultans of the [[Kilwa Sultanate]], in [[Tanganyika]] (presently the continental part of Tanzania) ====Swahili sultan==== '''Mfalume''' is the (Ki)[[Swahili]] title of various native Muslim rulers, generally rendered in Arabic and in western languages as Sultan: *in [[Kenya]]: **[[Rulers of Pate|Pate]] on part of [[Pate island]] (capital also named Pate), in the [[Lamu Archipelago]] **[[Witu]], came under German, then British [[protectorate]] *in [[Tanganyika]] (presently part of [[Tanzania]]): of [[Hadimu]], on the island of that name; also styled '''Jembe''' ====Sultani==== This was the native ruler's title in the Tanzanian state of [[Uhehe]] ===West and Central Africa=== *in [[Cameroon]]: **[[Bamoun]] (Bamun, 17th cent. founded uniting 17 chieftancies) 1918 becomes a Sultanate, but in 1923 re-divided into the 17 original chieftancies. **[[Bibemi]] 1770 founded- Rulers first style [[Lamido]] to ...., then Sultan **[[Mandar]]a Sultanate since 1715 (replacing [[Wandala]] kingdom); 1902 Part of Cameroon **[[Rey Bouba]] Sultanate founded 1804 *in the [[Central African Republic]]: **[[Bangassou]] created ca.1878; 14 June 1890 under [[Congo Free State]] [[protectorate]], 1894 under French protectorate; 1917 Sultanate suppressed by the French. **[[Dar al-Kuti]] - French protectorate since December 12, 1897 **[[Rafai]] ca.1875 Sultanate, 8 April 8, 1892 under Congo Free State protectorate, March 31 1909 under French protectorate; 1939 Sultanate suppressed **[[Zemio]] ca.1872 established; December 11 1894 under Congo Free State protectorate, April 12 1909 under French protectorate; 1923 Sultanate suppressed *in [[Niger]]: [[Arabic]] alternative title of the following autochthonous rulers: ** the [[Amenokal]] of the [[Aïr]] confederation of [[Tuareg]] ** the [[Sarkin]] Damagaram since the 1731 founding of the [[Damagaram]] state (later capital Zinder) *in [[Nigeria]] most monarchies has a native title; when most in the north converted to Islam, Muslim titles were generally adopted, such as [[Emir]]- Sultan has been used in ** [[Sayfawa dynasty|Borno]] (alongside the native title Mai) ** since 1817 in [[Sokoto]], the suzerain (also styled [[Amir al-Mu´minin]] and [[Sarkin Musulmi]]) of all [[Fulbe jihad state]]s and premier traditiobal Muslim leader in the Sahel (according to some once a Caliph) ===Southern Asia=== In [[India]]: *[[Bahmani Sultanate]] *[[Mysore|Sultanate of Mysore]] *[[Bengal|Sultanate of Bengal]] *the [[Deccan sultanates]]: [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]], [[Bidar Sultanate|Bidar]], [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]], [[Golconda Sultanate|Golconda]] and [[Ahmednagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]] *[[Delhi Sultanate|Sultanate of Delhi]] several dynasties, the last (Mughal) became imperial Padshah-i Hind *[[Gujarat|Sultanate of Gujarat]] *[[Jaunpur|Sultanate of Jaunpur]] *[[Kandesh|Sultanate of Kandesh]] *[[Malwa|Sultanate of Malwa]] In the [[Maldives]]: *[[Maldives|Maldives Sultanate]] ===Southeast and East Asia=== In [[Brunei]]: * [[Sultan of Brunei]], Brunei (on Borneo island) In [[China]]: * [[Dali, Yunnan]], capital of the short-lived [[Panthay Rebellion]] Furthermore, the [[Qa´id Jami al-Muslimin]] (Leader of the Community of Muslims) of [[Pingnan Guo]] ("Pacified South State", a major Islamic rebellious polity in western Yunnan province) is usually referred to in foreign sources as Sultan In [[Indonesia]] (formerly in the [[Dutch East Indies]]): *On [[Borneo]] **[[Banjar people|Sultanate of Banjar]] **[[Berau Regency|Sultanate of Berau]] **[[Bulungan Regency|Sultanate of Bulungan]] **[[Sultanate of Gunung Tabur]] **[[Kubu|Sultanate of Kubu]] **[[Kutai Kartanegara Regency|Sultanate of Kutai Kartanegara]] **[[Sultanate of Mempawah]] **[[Sultanate of Paser]] **[[Pontianak, Indonesia|Sultanate of Pontianak]] **[[Sultanate of Sambaliung]] **[[Sultanate of Sambas]] *On [[Celebes Island]] **[[Buton|Sultanate of Buton]] **[[Bone state|Sultanate of Bone]] **[[Sultanate of Gowa]] **[[Luwu|Sultanate of Luwu]] **[[Sultanate of Soppeng]] **[[Wajo Kingdom|Sultanate of Wajo]] *On [[Java Island]] **[[Sultanate of Banten]] **[[Sultanate of Cirebon]]- the rulers in three of the four palaces (''kraton'') from which fractioned [[Cirebon]] was ruled: [[Kraton Kasepuhan]], [[Kraton Kanoman]] and [[Kraton Kacirebonan]] (only in Kraton Kaprabonan the rulers title was [[Panembahan]]) **[[Sultanate of Demak]] **[[Pajang|Sultanate of Pajang]] **[[Sumedang Larang Kingdom]] **[[Sultanate of Mataram]] **[[Sultanate of Yogyakarta]] **[[Sultanate of Kasunanan]] *On [[Madura island]]: [[Pamekasan]] *In the [[Moluccas|Moluccas Archipelago]] **[[Kerajaan Tanah Hitu]] **[[Bacan|Sultanate of Bacan]] **[[Ternate|Sultanate of Ternate]] **[[Tidore|Sultanate of Tidore]] *In the [[Nusa Tenggara]] **[[Bima|Sultanate of Bima]] on Sumbawa island *In the [[Riau archipelago]]: sultanate of [[Lingga-Riau]] by secession in 1818 under the expelled sultan of [[Johore]] (on Malaya) Sultan Abdul Rahman Muadzam Syah ibni al-Marhum Sultan Mahmud *In [[Sumatra]] **[[Aceh Sultanate|Sultanate of Aceh]] (full style Sultan Berdaulat Zillullah fil-Alam) , which had many vassal states **[[Sultanate of Asahan]] ** [[Awak Sungai]], established 17th century at the split in four of [[Minangkabau]], in 1816 extinguished by Netherlands East Indies colonial government **[[Sultanate of Deli]] since 1814, earlier Aceh's vassal as Aru **[[Sultanate of Indragiri]] **[[Sultanate of Langkat]] since 1817 (previous style Rajah) **[[Palembang|Sultanate of Palembang]] (Darussalam), also holding the higher title of [[Susuhunan]] **[[Pagaruyung Kingdom|Sultanate of Pagaruyung]] **[[Pelalawan|Sultanate of Pelalawan]] **[[Peureulak|Sultanate of Perlak]] **[[Riau Islands|Sultanate of Riau-Lingga]] **[[Pasai|Sultanate of Samudera Pasai]] **[[Serdang|Sultanate of Serdang]] **[[Siak Regency|Sultanate of Siak Sri Inderapura]] *In the [[Malay Peninsula]]: ** In [[Peninsular Malaysia]] (or Malaya), where all nine of [[Malaysia]]'s present sultanates are located: *** [[Sultanate of Malacca]] *** [[Sultanate of Johor]] *** [[Sultanate of Kedah]] *** [[Sultanate of Kelantan]] *** [[Sultanate of Pahang]] *** [[Sultan of Perak|Sultanate of Perak]] *** [[Sultan of Selangor|Sultanate of Selangor]] *** [[Sultan of Terengganu|Sultanate of Terengganu]] *** Furthermore, the ruler of [[Luak Jelebu]], one of the constitutive states of the [[Negeri Sembilan]] confederation, had the style Sultan in addition to his principal title Undang Luak Jelebu. **In [[Thailand]] (Siam): *** [[Pattani Kingdom|Sultanate of Pattani]] *In the [[Philippines]]: ** [[Sultanate of Buayan]] ** [[Sultanate of Maguindanao]] ** [[Sultanate of Sulu]] (Basilan, Palawan and Tawi-Tawi islands and part of -now Malaysian- Sabah on North Borneo) ==Contemporary sultanates== *[[Brunei]] *[[Indonesia]] — Sultan of [[Yogyakarta Special Region]] is governor of that province *[[Malaysia]] **''Note'': Sultan is the title of seven ([[Johor]], [[Kedah]], [[Kelantan]], [[Pahang]], [[Perak]], [[Selangor]] and [[Terengganu]]) of the nine [[Malay Ruler|rulers]] of the [[Malay states]]. The federal head of state for all Malaysia, the [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]], is elected (de facto rotated) for five years by and among the hereditary state rulers, but is usually styled "king" in foreign countries; political power, however, lies with the [[prime minister]]. ''See also'': [[Malay titles]] *[[Oman]], an Arabian nation, formerly sultanate of [[Muscat and Oman]] ==Princely and aristocratic titles== [[Image:The Sultan Valide.jpg|thumb|200px|The Sultan Valide.]] In the Ottoman dynastic system, male descendants of the ruling ''[[Padishah]]'' (in the West also known as [[Great Sultan]]), enjoyed a style including Sultan, so this normally Monarchic title is used equivalent to a western [[prince of the blood]]: ''Daulatlu Najabatlu Shahzada Sultan'' (given name) ''Hazretleri Effendi''; for the Heir Apparent however, the style was ''Daulatlu Najabatlu [[Vali Ahad]]-i-''Sultanat'''' (given name) ''Effendi Hazlatlari'', i.e. Crown Prince of the sultanate. *The sons of Imperial Princesses, excluded from the Ottoman imperial succession, were only styled '''Sultan''zada''''' (given name) ''[[Bey]]-Effendi'', i.e. ''Son'' of a Prince[ss] of the dynasty. In certain Muslim states, Sultan was also an aristocratic title, as in the Tartar [[Astrakhan Khanate]] The ''[[Sultan Valide]]'' was the title reserved for the mother of the ruling sultan. ==Military rank== In a number of post-caliphal states under [[Mongol]] or [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] rule, there was a feudal type of military hierarchy, often decimal (mainly in larger empires), using originally princely titles ([[Khan (title)|Khan]], [[Malik]], [[Amir]]) as mere rank denominations. In the [[Persian empire]], the rank of Sultan was roughly equivalent to a western [[Captain (OF-2)|Captain]], socially in the fifth rank class, styled 'Ali Jah ==Use in Western popular culture== The term Sultan is also used in modern pop vernacular to describe someone who has reached the peak of their profession, the elite of their class. ==See also== Other Islamic titles * [[Emir]] (Amir) * [[Atabeg]] * [[Bey]] * [[Caliph]] * [[Datu]] * [[Khan (title)|Khan]], [[Ilkhan]] and [[Khakhan|Khaqan]] * [[Malik]] * [[Mir (title)|Mir]] * [[Padishah]] * [[Shah]] and [[Shahanshah]] Further * [[HMS Sultan]] (Royal Navy) * ''Sultan'', a [[GWR Iron Duke Class]] steam locomotive * [[Sultanism]] (despotism) * [[Sultans of Swing]] ==Sources and references== {{commonscat|Sultans}} * [http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Persia/persia-glossary.htm RoyalArk - see each modern nation, e.g. here the former Persian Empire] * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/ WorldStatesmen - see each present nation] {{reflist}} {{Autocratic}} [[Category:Arabic words and phrases]] [[Category:Heads of state]] [[Category:Islamic honorifics]] [[Category:Military ranks]] [[Category:Royal titles]] [[Category:Noble titles]] [[Category:Positions of authority]] [[Category:Sultans| ]] [[Category:Titles]] [[Category:Turkish titles]] [[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]] [[Category:Titles in Afghanistan]] [[Category:Titles in Pakistan]] [[Category:Titles in Iran]] [[ar:سلطان]] [[br:Sultan]] [[bg:Султан]] [[ca:Soldà]] [[cs:Sultán]] [[da:Sultan]] [[de:Sultan]] [[et:Sultan]] [[el:Σουλτάνος]] [[es:Sultán]] [[eo:Sultano]] [[fa:سلطان]] [[fr:Sultan]] [[gl:Sultán]] [[ko:술탄]] [[hr:Sultan]] [[id:Sultan]] [[it:Sultano]] [[he:סולטן]] [[hu:Szultán]] [[la:Sultanus]] [[mk:Султан]] [[ms:Sultan]] [[nl:Sultan]] [[ja:スルターン]] [[no:Sultan]] [[pl:Sułtan]] [[pt:Sultão]] [[ru:Султан]] [[sq:Sulltani]] [[simple:Sultan]] [[sk:Sultán]] [[sl:Sultan]] [[sr:Султан]] [[fi:Sulttaani]] [[sv:Sultan]] [[tr:Sultan]] [[uk:Султан]] [[ur:سلطان]] [[zh:苏丹 (称谓)]]