Sumatriptan 600236 223334556 2008-07-03T16:53:44Z Jnivekk 7407668 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/4.224.252.69|4.224.252.69]] to last version by ClueBot (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]]) {{drugbox | IUPAC_name = 1-[3-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]- N-methyl-methanesulfonamide | image = Sumatriptan.png | CAS_number = 103628-46-2 | ATC_prefix = N02 | ATC_suffix = CC01 | ATC_supplemental = | PubChem = 5358 | DrugBank = APRD00379 | C = 14 |H = 21 |N = 3 |O = 2 |S = 1 | molecular_weight = 295.402 g/mol | smiles = CNS(=O)(=O)Cc1ccc2[nH]cc(CCN(C)C)c2c1 | bioavailability = 15% (oral)/ 96% (s.c) | protein_bound = 14%-21% | metabolism = [[MAO]] | elimination_half-life = 2.5 hours | pregnancy_category = C | legal_status = | routes_of_administration = tablet, subcutaneous injection, nasal spray | excretion = 60% [[urine]]; 40% [[feces]] | licence_EU = | licence_US = Sumatriptan }} '''Sumatriptan''' ('''Imitrex''', '''Imigran''', '''Imigran Recovery''') is a [[triptan]] [[medication|drug]] including a [[sulfonamide]] group which was originally developed by [[GlaxoSmithKline|GlaxoSmithKline]] for the treatment of [[migraine]] [[headache]]s. ==Approval and availability== Several dosage forms for sumatriptan have been approved, including [[tablet]]s, solution for [[injection]], and nasal [[inhaler]]s. Sumatriptan was the first triptan available (in [[1991]]), and, in the United States and most developed countries, is available only by medical prescription. In the United Kingdom, sumatriptan is available [[Over-the-counter drug|over the counter]], under the name Imigran Recovery. It is sold in packs of two 50mg tablets for approximately £7.99 (about $15 US). Larger pack sizes, the nasal spray, and the liquid preparation for injection are still only available by prescription. Originally covered by UK Patent [http://gb.espacenet.com/search97cgi/s97_cgi.exe?action=View&VdkVgwKey=GB2162522A&DocOffset=1&DocsFound=1&QueryZip=%28gb2162522%29+%3CIN%3E+pn&Collection=dips&SearchUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fgb%2Eespacenet%2Ecom%2Fsearch97cgi%2Fs97%5Fcgi%2Eexe%3Faction%3DFilterSearch%26QueryZip%3D%2528gb2162522%2529%2B%253CIN%253E%2Bpn%26Filter%3Dgb%252Fen%252Fespacefilt%252Ehts%26ResultTemplate%3Dgb%252Fen%252Fresults%252Ehts%26Collection%3Ddips%26ResultStart%3D1%26ResultCount%3D20&ViewTemplate=gb/en/textdoc.hts&ViewErrorTemplate=gb/en/incerror.hts&DocsFound1=1&BeginHighlight=%3Cspan%3E&EndHighlight=%3C/span%3E&HLNavigate= GB2162522], extended by supplementary protection certificate SPC/GB93/071, protection in the UK (as well as the rest of Europe), expired on 16 May 2006. Through patent litigation, Glaxo was able to extend their US patent considerably beyond this date. However, as the result of a lawsuit by the maker of a generic version of the injectable version of Imitrex, a settlement should allow this generic to come to the market in the US in August of 2008. On April 15, 2008, the US FDA approved a combination of sumatriptan and [[naproxen]], an NSAID, which will be marketed under the brand name Treximet.<ref>[http://www.gsk.com/media/pressreleases/2008/2008_us_pressrelease_10034.htm GSK press release - Treximet (sumatriptan and naproxen sodium) tablets approved by FDA for acute treatment of migraine]</ref> ==Mode of action== Often, [[serotonin]] levels in the brain become extremely low before the onset of a migraine. Sumatriptan is administered to aid in leveling the serotonin levels in the brain. Sumatriptan is structurally similar to serotonin, and is a [[5-HT]] (types [[5-HT1D|5-HT<sub>1D</sub>]] and [[5-HT1B|5-HT<sub>1B</sub>]]<ref> {{cite journal |author=Razzaque Z, Heald MA, Pickard JD, ''et al'' |title=Vasoconstriction in human isolated middle meningeal arteries: determining the contribution of 5-HT1B- and 5-HT1F-receptor activation |journal=Br J Clin Pharmacol |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=75–82 |year=1999 |pmid=10073743|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2125.1999.00851.x}} </ref>) [[agonist]], which is one of the receptors to which serotonin binds. The specific [[Receptor (biochemistry)|receptor]] subtype it activates is present in the cranial and basilar [[artery|arteries]]. Activation of these receptors causes [[vasoconstriction]] of those dilated arteries. Sumatriptan is also shown to decrease the activity of the [[trigeminal nerve]], which probably accounts for sumatriptan's efficacy in treating [[Cluster Headache|cluster headaches]]. The injectable form of the drug has been shown to abort a cluster headache within fifteen minutes in 96% of cases.<ref>[http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/325/5/316 Treatment of acute cluster headache with sumatriptan. The Sumatriptan Cluster Headache Study Group. N Engl J Med 1991;325:322-6.]</ref> This type of headache is extremely painful and debilitating. ==Pharmacokinetics== Sumatriptan is administered in several forms; tablets, [[subcutaneous injection]], and nasal spray. Oral administration (as [[succinate]]) suffers from poor [[bioavailability]], partly due to presystemic [[metabolism]] &mdash; some of it gets broken down in the stomach and bloodstream before it reaches the target arteries. A new rapid-release tablet formulation has the same bioavailability, but the maximum concentration is achieved on average 10&ndash;15 minutes earlier. When injected, sumatriptan is faster acting (usually within 10 minutes), but the effect lasts for a shorter time. Sumatriptan is metabolised primarily by [[MAO|monoamine oxidase A]] into an [[indole acetic acid]] analogue, part of which is further conjugated with [[glucuronic acid]]. These metabolites are excreted in the urine and bile. ==Side Effects== Large doses of sumatriptan (200 mg/day) can cause [[sulfhemoglobinemia]], a rare condition in which the blood changes from red to greenish-black, due to the integration of [[sulfur]] into the [[hemoglobin]] molecule<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6733203.stm BBC NEWS | Health | Patient bleeds dark green blood<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. If sumatripan is discontinued, the condition reverses within a few weeks. ==Generics== [[Mylan|Mylan Laboratories Inc.]] has received FDA approval for its generic version of Imitrex tablets in 25, 50, and 100 milligram doses. The drug will soon be available, or is already available, in European markets since Glaxo's patent protections have expired in those jurisdictions. However, sales of the generic drug are still restricted in the U.S. since Glaxo won an extension on their patent until 2009.1 ==References== <references/> *Carpay J, Schoenen J, Ahmad F. Efficacy and tolerability of sumatriptan tablets in fast-disintegrating, rapid-release formulation for the acute treatment of migraine. Clin Ther 2004; 26(2) :214&ndash;223 {{triptans}} {{Tryptamines}} [[Category:Triptans]] [[Category:Indoles]] [[de:Sumatriptan]] [[nl:Sumatriptan]] [[pl:Sumatryptan]]