Sumerian king list
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2008-07-15T13:20:59Z
Twofistedcoffeedrinker
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{{Ancient Mesopotamia}}
The '''Sumerian king list''' is an ancient text in the [[Sumerian language]] that lists [[monarch|kings]] of [[Sumer]] from Sumerian and foreign dynasties. It records the location of the "official" kingship, along with the rulers and the lengths of their rule. Kingship was believed to have been handed down by the [[Mesopotamian mythology|gods]], and could be passed from one city to another by military conquest - the loss being interpreted as abandonment by the city's [[tutelary deity]].
The list blends earlier, possibly [[Mythology|mythical]] kings with exceptionally long reigns, with later, more plausibly historical dynasties. It cannot be ruled out that the earlier names in the list correspond to historic rulers who later became legendary figures. The list mentions only one female ruler: [[Kug-Bau]] "the tavern-keeper", who alone accounts for the Third Dynasty of [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]].
The earliest name on the list whose existence has been authenticated through recent archaeological discoveries is that of [[Enmebaragesi|En-me-barage-si]] of [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]] (ca. [[2600 BC]]). The fact that his name is also mentioned in the [[Epic of Gilgamesh]] has led to speculation that [[Gilgamesh]] himself was historical.
Three dynasties are notably not included in this list: the [[Larsa#Kings of Larsa|Larsa dynasty]] and the [[Isin#Kings of Isin|Isin dynasty]], which together defined the [[History of Mesopotamia#Isin-Larsa period|Isin-Larsa period]], when they vied for power; and the [[Lagash#Lagash Dynasties|two dynasties]] of [[Lagash]], from before and after the [[Akkadian Empire]], when Lagash exerted considerable influence in the region. Lagash in particular is known directly from archeological artifacts beginning ca. 2500 BC.
For lack of a more accurate source, the list is central to the [[Chronology of the ancient Near East|chronology]] of the [[3rd millennium BC]]. However, the fact that a number of the dynasties in the list probably reigned simultaneously in different cities makes it difficult to produce a strict chronology.
Some of the earliest known inscriptions containing the list date from the late 3rd millennium BC; for example, the Weld-Blundell Prism<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etana.org/coretexts/20340.pdf |title=Historical inscriptions; containing principally the chronological prism, WB-444 |last=Langdon |first=Stephen |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1923}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/dl/photo/P384786.jpg |title=WB-444 High Resolution Image from CDLI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/dl/lineart/P384786_l.jpg |title=WB-444 Line Art from CDLI}}</ref> is dated to 2170 BC. The later [[List of Kings of Babylon|Babylonian]] and [[Kings of Assyria|Assyrian]] king lists that were based on it still preserved the earliest portions of the list well into the 3rd century BC, when [[Berossus]] popularised the list in the [[Ancient Greece|Hellenic world]].
{{TOClimit|limit=4}}
==The list==
:The spelling follows the [http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.2.1.1# Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature]<ref>Black, J.A., Cunningham, G., Fluckiger-Hawker, E, Robson, E., and Zólyomi, G. (1998) Oxford.</ref>
===Early Bronze Age I===
Absolute dates for the [[History of Sumer|Pre-dynastic]] rulers are unavailable. They may or may not correspond to the [[Jemdet Nasr]] period (in the [[Bronze Age|Early Bronze Age]]), which ended by 2900 BC, immediately preceding the dynasts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/Civ/papers/Jemdt_Nasr_04D.pdf |title=The Earliest Bronze Age in Southwest Asia (3100-2700 BC) |accessdate=2008-07-04 |last=Wright |first=Henry}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-geology.ucdavis.edu/~cowen/~GEL115/115CH4.html |title=Chapter 4: The Bronze Age |accessdate=2008-07-04 |last=Cowen |first=Richard}}</ref> These reigns were measured in ''sars'' — periods of 3600 years, the next unit up after 60 in Sumerian counting (3600 = 60x60) — and in ''ner''s — periods of 600 years.
{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse"
|- bgcolor="#F6E6AE"
! Ruler !! Epithet !! Length of reign !! Approx. dates !! Comments
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Pre-dynastic kings''' || 30th cen. BC, or earlier ||
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in [[Eridug]] (Eridu). In Eridug, Alulim became king; he ruled for 28800 years."''
|-
| [[Alulim]] || || 8 sars (28800 years) || ||
|-
| [[Alalngar]] || || 10 sars (36000 years) || ||
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Then [[Eridu]]g fell and the kingship was taken to [[Bad-tibira]]."''
|-
| [[En-men-lu-ana]] || || 12 sars (43200 years) || ||
|-
| [[En-men-gal-ana]] || || 8 sars (28800 years) || ||
|-
| [[Dumuzid, the Shepherd]] (Dumuzi) || ''"the shepherd"'' || 10 sars (36000 years) || ||
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Then Bad-tibira fell and the kingship was taken to [[Larag]] (Larsa)."''
|-
| [[En-sipad-zid-ana]] || || 8 sars (28800 years) || ||
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Then Larag fell and the kingship was taken to [[Zimbir]] (Sippar)."''
|-
| [[En-men-dur-ana]] || || 5 sars and 5 ners (21000 years) || ||
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Then Zimbir fell and the kingship was taken to [[Shuruppag]] (Shuruppak)."''
|-
| [[Ubara-Tutu]] || || 5 sars and 1 ner (18600 years) || ||
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Then the flood swept over."''
::Excavations in Iraq have shown evidence of a flood at [[Shuruppak]] and other Sumerian cities: a layer of riverine sediment interrupting the continuity of settlement, which was radiocarbon dated to about 2900 BC,<ref>{{cite book |last=Crawford |first=Harriet |title=Sumer and the Sumerians |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=1991 |pages=p. 19}}</ref> and which extended as far north as the city of [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]]. Polychrome pottery from the [[Jemdet Nasr]] Period (3000-2900 BCE) was found immediately below the Shuruppak flood layer.
|}
===[[Early Bronze Age II]]===
====[[History of Sumer|Early Dynastic I and II periods]]====
=====First Dynasty of [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]]=====
{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse"
|- bgcolor="#F6E6AE"
! Ruler !! Epithet !! Length of reign !! Approx. dates !! Comments
|-
| colspan="3" | '''First Dynasty of [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]]''' || after ca. 2900 BC ||
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"After the flood had swept over, and the kingship had descended from heaven, the kingship was in [[Kish]]."''
|-
| [[Ngushur]] || || 1200 years || ||
|-
| [[Kullassina-bel]] || || 960 years || ||
|-
| [[Nangishlishma]] || || 670 years || ||
|-
| [[En-tarah-ana]] || || 420 years || ||
|-
| [[Babum]] || || 300 years || ||
|-
| [[Puannum]] || || 840 years || ||
|-
| [[Kalibum]] || || 960 years || ||
|-
| [[Kalumum]] || || 840 years || ||
|-
| [[Zuqaqip]] || || 900 years || ||
|-
| [[Atab]] (or [[A-ba]]) || || 600 years || ||
|-
| [[Mashda]] || ''"the son of Atab"'' || 840 years || ||
|-
| [[Arwium]] || ''"the son of Mashda"'' || 720 years || ||
|-
| [[Etana]] || ''"the shepherd, who ascended to heaven and consolidated all the foreign countries"'' ||1500 years|| ||
|-
| [[Balih]] || ''"the son of Etana"'' || 400 years || ||
|-
| [[En-me-nuna]] || || 660 years || ||
|-
| [[Melem-Kish]] || ''"the son of En-me-nuna"'' || 900 years || ||
|-
| [[Barsal-nuna]] || (''"the son of En-me-nuna"'')* || 1200 years || ||
|-
| [[Zamug]] || ''"the son of Barsal-nuna"'' || 140 years || ||
|-
| [[Tizqar]] || ''"the son of Zamug"'' || 305 years || ||
|-
| [[Ilku]] || || 900 years || ||
|-
| [[Iltasadum]] || || 1200 years || ||
|-
| [[En-me-barage-si]] || ''"who made the land of [[Elam]] submit"'' || 900 years || ca. 2600 BC ||
This is the earliest ruler on the list who is confirmed independently from epigraphical evidence.
|-
| [[Aga of Kish]] || ''"the son of En-me-barage-si"'' || 625 years || ca. 2600 BC || Contemporary with [[Gilgamesh]] of [[Uruk]] according to legend.
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to [[E-ana]]."''
|}
=====First Dynasty of [[Uruk]]=====
{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse"
|- bgcolor="#F6E6AE"
! Ruler !! Epithet !! Length of reign !! Approx. dates !! Comments
|-
| colspan="3" | '''First Dynasty of [[Uruk]]''' || ca. 27th – 26th century BC ||
|-
| [[Mesh-ki-ang-gasher]] of [[E-ana]] || ''"the son of Utu"'' || 324 years || ||
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Mesh-ki-ang-gasher entered the sea and disappeared."''
|-
| [[Enmerkar]] || ''"the son of Mesh-ki-ang-gasher, the king of Unug, who built [[Unug]] (Uruk)"'' || 420 years || ||
|-
| [[Lugalbanda]] || ''"the shepherd"'' || 1200 years || ||
|-
| [[Dumuzid, the Fisherman|Dumuzid]] (Dumuzi) || ''"the fisherman whose city was [[Kuara (Sumer)|Kuara]]."''<br>(''"He captured [[En-me-barage-si]] single-handed."'')* || 100 years || ca. 2600 BC ||
|-
| [[Gilgamesh]] || ''"whose father was a phantom (?), the lord of [[Kulaba]]"'' || 126 years || ca. 2600 BC || Contemporary with [[Aga (King of Sumer)|Aga]] of [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]] according to legend.
|-
| [[Ur-Nungal]] || ''"the son of Gilgamesh"'' || 30 years || ||
|-
| [[Udul-kalama]] || ''"the son of Ur-Nungal"'' || 15 years || ||
|-
| [[La-ba'shum]] || || 9 years || ||
|-
| [[En-nun-tarah-ana]] || || 8 years || ||
|-
| [[Mesh-he]] ||''"the smith"'' || 36 years || ||
|-
| [[Melem-ana]] || || 6 years || ||
|-
| [[Lugal-kitun]] || || 36 years || ||
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to [[Ur|Urim]] (Ur)."''
|}
===[[Early Bronze Age III]]===
====[[History of Sumer|Early Dynastic IIIa period]]====
=====First dynasty of [[Ur]]=====
{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse"
|- bgcolor="#F6E6AE"
! Ruler !! Epithet !! Length of reign !! Approx. dates !! Comments
|-
| colspan="3" | '''First Dynasty of [[Ur]]''' || ca. 26th century BC ||
|-
| [[Mesh-Ane-pada]] || || 80 years || ||
|-
| [[Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna]] || ''"the son of Mesh-Ane-pada"'' || 36 years || ||
|-
| [[Elulu]] || || 25 years || ||
|-
| [[Balulu]] || || 36 years || ||
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to [[Awan dynasty|Awan]]."''
|}
=====Dynasty of [[Awan dynasty|Awan]]=====
{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse"
|- bgcolor="#F6E6AE"
! Ruler !! Epithet !! Length of reign !! Approx. dates !! Comments
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Dynasty of [[Awan dynasty|Awan]]''' || ca. 26th century BC ||
|-
| Three kings of Awan || || 356 years || ||
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Then Awan was defeated and the kingship was taken to [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]]."''
|}
=====Second Dynasty of [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]]=====
{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse"
|- bgcolor="#F6E6AE"
! Ruler !! Epithet !! Length of reign !! Approx. dates !! Comments
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Second Dynasty of [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]]''' || ca. 26th century BC ||
|-
| [[Susuda]] || ''"the fuller"'' || 201 years || ||
|-
| [[Dadasig]] || || 81 years || ||
|-
| [[Mamagal]] || ''"the boatman"'' || 360 years || ||
|-
| [[Kalbum]] || ''"the son of Mamagal"'' || 195 years || ||
|-
| [[Tuge]] || || 360 years || ||
|-
| [[Men-nuna]] || ''"the son of Tuge"'' || 180 years || ||
|-
| ([[Enbi-Ishtar]]) || || 290 years || ||
|-
| [[Lugalngu]] || || 360 years || ||
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to [[Hamazi]]."''
|}
====[[History of Sumer|Early Dynastic IIIb period]]====
::(ca. 2500 – ca. 2271 BC)
The '''First Dynasty of [[Lagash]]''' (also ca. 2500 – ca. 2271 BC) is not mentioned in the King List, though it is well known from inscriptions
=====Dynasty of [[Hamazi]]=====
{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse"
|- bgcolor="#F6E6AE"
! Ruler !! Epithet !! Length of reign !! Approx. dates !! Comments
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Dynasty of [[Hamazi]]''' || ca. 2500 BC ||
|-
| [[Hadanish]] || || 360 years || ||
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Then Hamazi was defeated and the kingship was taken to [[Unug]] (Uruk)."''
|}
=====Second Dynasty of [[Uruk]]=====
{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse"
|- bgcolor="#F6E6AE"
! Ruler !! Epithet !! Length of reign !! Approx. dates !! Comments
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Second Dynasty of [[Uruk]]''' || ca. 25th century BC ||
|-
| [[En-shag-kush-ana]] || || 60 years || || Conquered parts of Sumer, then [[Eannatum]] of [[Lagash]] took over Sumer, Kish, and all Mesopotamia. [[Kug-Bau]] of [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]] gained independence from Lagash, and his Uruk, after Entemena's death.
|-
| [[Lugal-kinishe-dudu]] or [[Lugal-ure]] || || 120 years || || Contemporary with [[Entemena]] of [[Lagash]]
|-
| [[Argandea]] || || 7 years || ||
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to [[Ur|Urim]] (Ur)."''
|}
=====Second Dynasty of [[Ur]]=====
{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse"
|- bgcolor="#F6E6AE"
! Ruler !! Epithet !! Length of reign !! Approx. dates !! Comments
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Second Dynasty of [[Ur]]''' ||ca. 25th century BC ||
|-
| [[Nanni]] || || 120 years || ||
|-
| [[Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II]] || ''"the son of Nanni"'' || 48 years || ||
|-
| (?) || || 2 years || ||
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to [[Adab]]."''
|}
=====Dynasty of [[Adab]]=====
{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse"
|- bgcolor="#F6E6AE"
! Ruler !! Epithet !! Length of reign !! Approx. dates !! Comments
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Dynasty of [[Adab]]''' || ca. 25th century BC ||
|-
| [[Lugal-Ane-mundu]] || || 90 years || || Said to have conquered all [[Mesopotamia]] from the [[Persian Gulf]] to the [[Zagros Mountains]] and [[Elam]]
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Then Adab was defeated and the kingship was taken to [[Mari, Syria|Mari]]."''
|}
=====Dynasty of [[Mari, Syria|Mari]]=====
{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse"
|- bgcolor="#F6E6AE"
! Ruler !! Epithet !! Length of reign !! Approx. dates !! Comments
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Dynasty of [[Mari, Syria|Mari]]''' || ca. 25th century BC ||
|-
| [[Anbu]] || || 30 years || ||
|-
| [[Anba]] || ''"the son of Anbu"'' || 17 years || ||
|-
| [[Bazi]] || ''"the leatherworker"'' || 30 years || ||
|-
| [[Zizi of Mari]] || ''"the fuller"'' || 20 years || ||
|-
| [[Limer]] || ''"the 'gudug' priest"'' || 30 years || ||
|-
| [[Sharrum-iter]] || || 9 years || ||
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Then Mari was defeated and the kingship was taken to [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]]."''
|}
=====Third Dynasty of [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]]=====
{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse"
|- bgcolor="#F6E6AE"
! Ruler !! Epithet !! Length of reign !! Approx. dates !! Comments
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Third Dynasty of [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]]''' || ca. 25th century BC ||
|-
| [[Kug-Bau]] (Kubaba) || ''"the woman tavern-keeper, who made firm the foundations of Kish"'' || 100 years || || The only woman in the King Lists. Gained independence from [[En-anna-tum I]] of [[Lagash]] and [[En-shag-kush-ana]] of [[Uruk]]. Possibly contemporary with [[Puzur-Nirah]] of [[Akshak]]
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to [[Akshak]]."''
|}
=====Dynasty of [[Akshak]]=====
{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse"
|- bgcolor="#F6E6AE"
! Ruler !! Epithet !! Length of reign !! Approx. dates !! Comments
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Dynasty of [[Akshak]]''' || ca. 25th – 24th century BC ||
|-
| [[Unzi]] || || 30 years || ||
|-
| [[Undalulu]] || || 6 years || ||
|-
| [[Urur]] || || 6 years || ||
|-
| [[Puzur-Nirah]] || || 20 years || || Possibly contemporary with [[Kug-Bau]] of [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]]
|-
| [[Ishu-Il]] || || 24 years || ||
|-
| [[Shu-Suen of Akshak]] || ''"the son of Ishu-Il"'' || 7 years || ||
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Then Akshak was defeated and the kingship was taken to [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]]."''
|}
=====Fourth Dynasty of [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]]=====
{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse"
|- bgcolor="#F6E6AE"
! Ruler !! Epithet !! Length of reign !! Approx. dates !! Comments
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Fourth Dynasty of [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]]''' || ca. 24th – 23rd century BC ||
|-
| [[Puzur-Suen]] || ''"the son of [[Kug-Bau]]"'' || 25 years || ||
|-
| [[Ur-Zababa]] || ''"the son of Puzur-Suen"'' || 400 (6?) years || ca. 2300 BC || [[Sargon of Akkad]] was said to have been his cup-bearer.
|-
| [[Zimudar]] || || 30 years || ||
|-
| [[Usi-watar]] || ''"the son of Zimudar"'' || 7 years || ||
|-
| [[Eshtar-muti]] || || 11 years || ||
|-
| [[Ishme-Shamash]] || || 11 years || ||
|-
| ([[Shu-ilishu]])* || || (15 years)* || ||
|-
| [[Nanniya]] || ''"the jeweller"'' || 7 years || ||
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to [[Unug]] (Uruk)."''
|}
=====Third Dynasty of [[Uruk]]=====
{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse"
|- bgcolor="#F6E6AE"
! Ruler !! Epithet !! Length of reign !! Approx. dates !! Comments
|-
| [[Lugal-zage-si]] || || 25 years || ca. 2296 – 2271 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) || Defeated [[Urukagina]] of [[Lagash]], as well as [[Kish]] and other Sumerian cities, creating a unified kingdom. He was in turn overthrown by [[Sargon of Akkad]].
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to [[Agade]] (Akkad)"''
|}
====[[Akkadian Empire]]====
[[Image:AkkadianHead.jpg|right|thumb|[[Akkad]]ian ruler ([[National Museum of Iraq]])]]
[[Image:Victory_stele_of_Naram_Sin_9066.jpg|right|thumb|Victory stele of [[Naram-Suen of Akkad|Naram-Suen]] ([[Louvre]])]]
=====Dynasty of [[Akkad]]=====
{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse"
|- bgcolor="#F6E6AE"
! Ruler !! Epithet !! Length of reign !! Approx. dates !! Comments
|-
| [[Sargon of Akkad]] || ''"whose father was a gardener, the cupbearer of [[Ur-Zababa]], became king, the king of Agade, who built Agade"'' || 40 years || ca. 2270 – 2215 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) || He defeated [[Lugal-zage-si]] of [[Uruk]], took over Sumer and created the Akkadian Empire.
|-
| [[Rimush of Akkad]] || ''"the son of Sargon"'' || 9 years || ca. 2214 – 2206 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) ||
|-
| [[Man-ishtishu]] || ''"the older brother of Rimush, the son of Sargon"'' || 15 years || ca. 2205 – 2191 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) ||
|-
| [[Naram-Suen of Akkad]] || ''"the son of Man-ishtishu"'' || 56 years || ca. 2190 – 2154 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) ||
|-
| [[Shar-kali-sharri]] || ''"the son of Naram-Suen"'' || 25 years || ca. 2153 – 2129 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) ||
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Then who was king? Who was the king?"''
|-
|
*[[Irgigi]]
*[[Imi]]
*[[Nanum]]
*[[Ilulu]]
|''"and the 4 of them ruled for only 3 years"'' || || ca. 2128 – 2125 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) ||
|-
| [[Dudu of Akkad]] || || 21 years || ca. 2125 – 2104 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) ||
|-
| [[Shu-Durul]] || ''"the son of Dudu"'' || 15 years || ca. 2104 – 2083 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) || City of Akkad falls to the [[Gutian dynasty of Sumer|Gutians]]
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Then Agade was defeated and the kingship was taken to [[Unug]] (Uruk)."''
|}
=====Fourth Dynasty of [[Uruk]]=====
::(Possibly rulers of lower Mesopotamia contemporary with the Dynasty of Akkad)
{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse"
|- bgcolor="#F6E6AE"
! Ruler !! Epithet !! Length of reign !! Approx. dates !! Comments
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Fourth Dynasty of [[Uruk]]''' || ca. 2091? – 2061? BC ([[short chronology|short]]) ||
|-
| [[Ur-ningin]] || || 7 years || ||
|-
| [[Ur-gigir]] || ''"the son of Ur-ningin"'' || 6 years || ||
|-
| [[Kuda]] || || 6 years || ||
|-
| [[Puzur-ili]] || || 5 years || ||
|-
| [[Ur-Utu]] (or [[Lugal-melem]]) || (''"the son of Ur-gigir"'')* || 25 years || ||
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to the army of [[Guti (Mesopotamia)|Gutium]]."''
|}
===[[Early Bronze Age IV]]===
====[[Gutian dynasty of Sumer|Gutian period]]====
The '''2nd Dynasty of [[Lagash]]''' (before ca. 2093 – 2046 BC ([[short chronology|short]])) is not mentioned in the King List, though it is well known from inscriptions.
=====[[Guti (Mesopotamia)|Gutian]] Rule=====
{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse"
|- bgcolor="#F6E6AE"
! Ruler !! Epithet !! Length of reign !! Approx. dates !! Comments
|-
| colspan="3" | '''[[Guti (Mesopotamia)|Gutian]] Rule''' || ca. 2147 – 2050 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) ||
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"In the army of Gutium, at first no king was famous; they were their own kings and ruled thus for 3 years."''
|-
| [[Inkishush]] || || 6 years || ||
|-
| [[Zarlagab]] || || 6 years || ||
|-
| [[Shulme]] (or [[Yarlagash]]) || || 6 years || ||
|-
| [[Silulumesh]] (or [[Silulu]]) || || 6 years || ||
|-
| [[Inimabakesh]] (or [[Duga]]) || || 5 years || ||
|-
| [[Igeshaush]] (or [[Ilu-An]]) || || 6 years || ||
|-
| [[Yarlagab]] || || 3 years || ||
|-
| [[Ibate of Gutium]] || || 3 years || ||
|-
| [[Yarla]] (or [[Yarlangab]]) || || 3 years || ||
|-
| [[Kurum]] || || 1 year || ||
|-
| [[Apilkin]] || || 3 years || ||
|-
| [[La-erabum]] || || 2 years || || Mace head inscription
|-
| [[Irarum]] || || 2 years || ||
|-
| [[Ibranum]] || || 1 year || ||
|-
| [[Hablum]] || || 2 years || ||
|-
| [[Puzur-Suen]] || ''"the son of Hablum"'' || 7 years || ||
|-
| [[Yarlaganda]] || || 7 years || || Foundation inscription at [[Umma]]
|-
| (?) || || 7 years || ||Si-um or Si-u? — Foundation inscription at [[Umma]]
|-
| [[Tirigan]] || || 40 days || || Defeated by [[Utu-hengal]] of [[Uruk]]
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Then the army of Gutium was defeated and the kingship taken to [[Unug]] (Uruk)."''
|}
=====Fifth Dynasty of [[Uruk]]=====
{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse"
|- bgcolor="#F6E6AE"
! Ruler !! Epithet !! Length of reign !! Approx. dates !! Comments
|-
| [[Utu-hengal]] || || conflicting dates (427 years / 26 years / 7 years) || ca. 2055 – 2048 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) || Defeats [[Tirigan]] and the [[Gutian]]s, appoints [[Ur-Namma]] governer of [[Ur]]
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to [[Ur|Urim]] (Ur)."''
|}
====[[Ur III period]]====
::"Sumerian Renaissance"
::(ca. 2047 – 1940 BC ([[short chronology|short]]))
=====Third Dynasty of [[Ur]]=====
[[Image:Ur-Nassiriyah.jpg|right|thumb|[[Great Ziggurat of Ur|Great Ziggurat]] of [[Ur]]]]
{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse"
|- bgcolor="#F6E6AE"
! Ruler !! Epithet !! Length of reign !! Approx. dates !! Comments
|-
| [[Ur-Namma]] (Ur-Nammu) || || 18 years || ca. 2047 – 2030 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) || Defeats [[Nammahani]] of [[Lagash]], contemporary of [[Utu-hengal]] of [[Uruk]]
|-
| [[Shulgi]] || ''"the son of Ur-Namma"'' || 46 years || ca. 2029 – 1982 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) || Possible lunar/solar eclipse 2005 BC
|-
| [[Amar-Suena]] || ''"the son of Shulgi"'' || 9 years || ca. 1981 – 1973 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) ||
|-
| [[Shu-Suen]] || ''"the son of Amar-Suena"'' || 9 years || ca. 1972 – 1964 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) ||
|-
| [[Ibbi-Suen]] || ''"the son of Shu-Suen"'' || 24 years || ca. 1963 – 1940 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) ||
|-
| colspan="5" |
:''"Then Urim was defeated. The very foundation of Sumer was torn out. The kingship was taken to [[Isin]]."''
|}
===[[Middle Bronze Age I]]===
====[[Isin]]-[[Larsa]] period====
::Independent [[Amorite]] states in lower Mesopotamia.
The '''Dynasty of [[Larsa]]''' (ca. 1961 – 1674 BC ([[short chronology|short]])) from this period is not mentioned in the King List.
=====Dynasty of [[Isin]]=====
{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse"
|- bgcolor="#F6E6AE"
! Ruler !! Epithet !! Length of reign !! Approx. dates !! Comments
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Dynasty of [[Isin]]''' || ca. 1953 – 1730 BC ([[short chronology|short]]) ||
|-
| [[Ishbi-Erra]] || || 33 years || || Contemporary of [[Ibbi-Suen]] of [[Ur]]
|-
| [[Shu-ilishu]] || ''"the son of Ishbi-Erra"'' || 20 years || ||
|-
| [[Iddin-Dagan]] || ''"the son of Shu-ilishu"'' || 20 years || ||
|-
| [[Ishme-Dagan (King of Sumer)|Ishme-Dagan]] || ''"the son of Iddin-Dagan"'' || 20 years || ||
|-
| [[Lipit-Eshtar]] || ''"the son of Ishme-Dagan (or Iddin-Dagan)"'' || 11 years || || Contemporary of [[Gungunum]] of [[Larsa]]
|-
| [[Ur-Ninurta]] || (''"the son of [[Ishkur]], may he have years of abundance, a good reign, and a sweet life"'')* || 28 years || || Contemporary of [[Abisare]] of [[Larsa]]
|-
| [[Bur-Suen]] || ''"the son of Ur-Ninurta"'' || 5 years || ||
|-
| [[Lipit-Enlil]] || ''"the son of Bur-Suen"'' || 5 years || ||
|-
| [[Erra-imitti]] || || 8 years || ||
|-
| [[Enlil-bani]] || || 24 years || || Contemporary of [[Sumu-la-El]] of [[Babylon]]. During his reign, the king's gardener, to celebrate the New Year was named 'king for a day' then sacrificed, the "king" died during the celebration; Enlil-Bani remained on the throne.
|-
| [[Zambiya]] || || 3 years || || Contemporary of [[Sin-Iqisham]] of [[Larsa]]
|-
| [[Iter-pisha]] || || 4 years || ||
|-
| [[Ur-du-kuga]] || || 4 years || ||
|-
| [[Suen-magir]] || || 11 years || ||
|-
| ([[Damiq-ilishu]])* || (''"the son of Suen-magir"'')* || (23 years)* || ||
|}
<small>* These epithets or names are not included in all versions of the king list.</small>
==See also==
{{ANE portal}}
*[[History of Sumer]]
*[[Kings of Assyria]]
*[[Chronology of the Ancient Near East]]
*[[Palermo stone]]
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==References==
*Black, J.A., Cunningham, G., Fluckiger-Hawker, E, Robson, E., and Zólyomi, G. (1998) [http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.2.1.1# Translation of the Sumerian King List] ([http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr211.htm alternate site]), ''The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature'' ([http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/ http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/]), Oxford.
*Vincente, Claudine-Adrienne, "The Tall Leilan Recension of the Sumerian King List", ''Zeitschrift für Assyriologie'' 50 ([[1995]]), 234–270
{{Ancient Near East}}
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