Surface science
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'''Surface science''' is the study of [[physics|physical]] and [[chemistry|chemical]] phenomena that occur at the [[interface (chemistry)|interface]] of two [[phase (matter)|phases]], including [[solid]]-[[liquid]] interfaces, solid-[[gas]] interfaces, solid-[[vacuum]] interfaces, and liquid-gas interfaces. It includes the fields of '''surface chemistry''' and '''surface physics'''.<ref>{{cite book | author=Martin Prutton | title= '''Introduction to Surface Physics'''
== Headline text ==
| publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1994 | id = ISBN 0198-53476-0 }} </ref>. Some related practical applications are classed as [[surface engineering]]. The science encompasses concepts such as [[heterogeneous catalysis]], [[semiconductor device fabrication]], [[fuel cell]]s, [[self-assembled monolayer]]s and [[adhesive]]s.
'''Surface science''' is closely related with [[Interface and Colloid Science]].<ref> Lyklema. J. ''Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science'', Academic Press, vol.1-5 (1995-2005)</ref> Interfacial chemistry and physics are common subjects for both. Methods are different. In addition, [[Interface and Colloid Science]] studies [[macroscopic]] [[phenomena]] that occur in [[heterogeneous]] systems due to peculiarities of [[interfaces]].
==History==
The field of surface chemistry started with [[heterogeneous catalysis]] pioneered by [[Paul Sabatier]] on [[hydrogenation]] and [[Fritz Haber]] on the [[Haber process]].<ref name=Nobel>''Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007 Chemical Processes on Solid Surfaces'' Håkan Wennerström, Sven Lidin http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2007/chemadv07.pdf</ref> [[Irving Langmuir]] was also one of the founders of this field, and the scientific journal, ''[[Langmuir (journal)|Langmuir]]'', on surface science bears his name. The [[Langmuir equation|Langmuir adsorption equation]] is used to model monolayer adsorption where all surface adsorption sites have the same affinity for the adsorbing species. [[Gerhard Ertl]] in 1974 described for the first time the adsorption of [[hydrogen]] on a [[palladium]] surface using a novel technique called [[Low-energy electron diffraction|LEED]].<ref>''Adsorption of hydrogen on palladium single crystal surfaces'' Surface Science, Volume 41, Issue 2, February '''1974''', Pages 435-446 H. Conrad, [[G. Ertl]] and E. E. Latta {{DOI|10.1016/0039-6028(74)90060-0}}</ref> Similar studies with [[platinum]],<ref>''Adsorption of hydrogen on a Pt(111) surface Surface Science'', Volume 54, Issue 2, February '''1976''', Pages 365-392 K. Christmann, [[G. Ertl]] and T. Pignet {{DOI|doi:10.1016/0039-6028(76)90232-6}}</ref> [[nickel]]<ref>''Adsorption of hydrogen on nickel single crystal surfaces'' K. Christmann, O. Schober, G. Ertl, and M. Neumann [[The Journal of Chemical Physics]] -- June 1, '''1974''' -- Volume 60, Issue 11, pp. 4528-4540 {{DOI|10.1063/1.1680935}}</ref><ref>''Chemisorption geometry of hydrogen on Ni(111): Order and disorder'' [[The Journal of Chemical Physics]] -- May 1, '''1979''' -- Volume 70, Issue 9, pp. 4168-4184 {{DOI|10.1063/1.438041}}</ref>, and [[iron]] <ref> ''Phase transitions of a two-dimensional chemisorbed system-H on Fe(110)'' Surface Science, Volume 117, '''1982''', Pages 257-266 R.Imbihl, R.J. Behm, K. Christmann, [[Gerhard Ertl|G.Ertl]], and
T. Matsushima {{DOI|doi:10.1016/0039-6028(82)90506-4}}</ref> followed. Most recent developments in surface sciences include the 2007 Nobel Prize of Chemistry winner Gerhard Ertl's advancements in surface chemistry, specifically
his investigation of the interaction between carbon monoxide molecules and platinum surfaces.
==Surface chemistry==
Surface chemistry can be roughly defined as the study of chemical reactions at interfaces. It is closely related to [[surface functionalization]], which aims at modifying the chemical composition of a surface by incorporation of selected elements or functional groups that produce various desired effects or improvements in the properties of the surface or interface. Surface chemistry also overlaps with [[electrochemistry]]. Surface science is of particular importance to the field of heterogeneous [[catalysis]].
The adhesion of gas or liquid molecules to the surface is known as [[adsorption]]. This can be due to either [[chemisorption]] or by [[physisorption]]. These too are included in surface chemistry.
The behaviour of a solution based interface is affected by the surface charge, dipoles, energies and their distribution within the [[electrical double layer]].
==Surface physics==
Surface physics can be roughly defined as the study of physical changes that occur at interfaces. It overlaps with surface chemistry. Some of the things investigated by surface physics include [[surface diffusion]], [[surface reconstruction]], surface [[phonons]] and [[plasmons]], [[epitaxy]] and [[Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy|Surface enhanced Raman scattering]], the emission and [[Quantum tunneling|tunneling]] of electrons, [[spintronics]], and the self-assembly of [[nanostructure]]s on surfaces.
==Analysis techniques==
The study and analysis of surfaces involves both physical and chemical analysis techniques.
Several modern methods probe the topmost 1-10 nm of the of [[surface]]s exposed to vacuum. These include [[X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy]], [[Auger electron spectroscopy]], [[low-energy electron diffraction]], [[electron energy loss spectroscopy]], [[thermal desorption spectroscopy]], [[ion scattering spectroscopy]], [[secondary ion mass spectrometry]], and other surface analysis methods included in the [[list of materials analysis methods]].
These purely optical techniques can be used to study interfaces under a wide variety of conditions. Reflection-Absorption Infrared, [[Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy|Surface Enhanced Raman]] and [[Sum frequency generation|Sum Frequency Generation]] spectroscopies can be used to probe solid-vacuum as well as solid-gas, solid-liquid, and liquid-gas surfaces.
Modern physical analysis methods include [[scanning tunneling microscope|scanning-tunneling microscopy]] (STM) and a family of methods descended from it. Two of these are [[atomic force microscope|atomic force microscopy]] (AFM) and [[Scanning probe microscopy|SPM]]. These microscopies have considerably increased the ability and desire of surface scientists to measure the physical structure of many surfaces. This increase is related to a more general interest in [[nanotechnology]].
==See also==
*[[Marcus Textor]], a pioneer of bio-interface science.
*[[Surface finishing]]
*[[Tribology]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{commonscat|Surface science}}
*''[http://pubs.acs.org/journals/langd5/ Langmuir]'', a journal of the [[American Chemical Society]]
*[http://www.yki.se The Institute for Surface Science]
*[http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/24 "Ram Rao Materials and Surface Science"], a video from the Vega Science Trust
*[http://www.surfchem.net Surface Chemistry Discoveries]
* [http://www.uni-ulm.de/aok Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis Ulm University]
[[Category:Surface chemistry| ]]
[[Category:Physics]]
[[Category:Colloidal chemistry]]
[[ar:علم السطوح]]
[[de:Oberflächenchemie]]
[[es:Ciencia de superficies]]
[[fr:Science des surfaces]]
[[id:Ilmu permukaan]]
[[it:Scienza delle superfici]]
[[ja:表面科学]]
[[pl:Chemia powierzchni]]
[[sv:Ytkemi]]