Swallowtail butterfly 501176 219598261 2008-06-16T00:46:39Z 67.167.116.8 /* External links */ {{dablink|This article is about the insect. For the [[1996]] film by [[Shunji Iwai]], please see [[Swallowtail Butterfly (film)]].}} {{Taxobox | name = Swallowtail butterfly | image = Swallowtail_butterfly_2.JPG | image_width = 250px | image_caption = [[Western Tiger Swallowtail]], ''Papilio rutulus'' | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Arthropod]]a | classis = [[Insect]]a | ordo = [[Lepidoptera]] | subordo = [[Ditrysia]] | superfamilia = [[Papilionoidea]] | familia = '''Papilionidae''' | familia_authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1802 | type_species = ''Papilio machaon'' | type_species_authority = ([[Old World Swallowtail]]) | subdivision_ranks = [[Subfamily|Subfamilies]] and [[genus|genera]] | subdivision = There are 26 genera and about 605 species: *Subfamily [[Baroniinae]] **''[[Baronia]]'' *Subfamily [[Parnassiinae]] **''[[Allancastria]]'' **''[[Archon (lepidoptera)|Archon]]'' **''[[Bhutanitis]]'' **''[[Hypermnestra (butterfly)|Hypermnestra]]'' **''[[Luehdorfia]]'' **''[[Parnassius]]'' **''[[Sericinus]]'' *Subfamily [[Papilioninae]] **''[[Atrophaneura]]'' **''[[Battus (butterfly)|Battus]]'' **''[[Byasa]]'' **''[[Chilasa]]'' **''[[Cressida (butterfly)|Cressida]]'' **''[[Euryades]]'' **''[[Eurytides]]'' **''[[Graphium]]'' **''[[Iphiclides]]'' **''[[Lamproptera]]'' **''[[Losaria]]'' **''[[Meandrusa]]'' **''[[Mimoides]]'' **''[[Ornithoptera]]'' **''[[Pachliopta]]'' **''[[Papilio]]'' **''[[Parides]]'' **''[[Pharmacophagus]]'' **''[[Protesilaus (butterfly)|Protesilaus]]'' **''[[Protographium]]'' **''[[Teinopalpus]]'' **''[[Trogonoptera]]'' **''[[Troides]]'' }} '''Swallowtail butterflies''' are large, colorful [[butterflies]] which form the family '''Papilionidae'''. There are at least 550 [[species]], and though the majority are [[tropical]], members of the family are found on all [[continent]]s except [[Antarctica]]. The family includes the largest butterflies in the world, the [[birdwing|birdwing butterflies]] of [[Australia]] (genus '' Ornithoptera'').<ref name="reed"> Reed, Robert D. and Sperling, Felix A. H. 2006. Papilionidae. The Swallowtail Butterflies. Version [[7 July]] [[2006]]. [http://tolweb.org/Papilionidae/12177/2006.07.07] in The Tree of Life Web Project, [http://tolweb.org/]</ref> Swallowtails differ from all other butterflies in a number of anatomical traits. Most notably, their [[caterpillar]]s possess a unique organ behind their heads, called the [[osmeterium]]. Normally hidden, this forked structure can be everted when the caterpillar is threatened, and emits smelly secretions containing [[terpene]]s. The adults are often ''tailed'', giving the insect its name. ==Classification== [[Image:Butterfly zwin8.jpg|thumb|left|[[Papilio]] thoas]] The genera of extant swallowtails are usually classified into three subfamilies, [[Baroniinae]], [[Parnassiinae]] and [[Papilioninae]], the latter two being further divided into tribes. The tribes recognized are Baroniini, Parnassiini, Zerynthiini, Luehdorfiini, Leptocircinini, Teinopalpini, Troidiini and Papilioniini. An additional subfamily [[Praepapilioninae]], has a single extinct member, and is known only from a single [[fossil]].<ref>Durden, C.J., and H. Rose. 1978. Butterflies from the middle Eocene: the earliest occurrence of fossil Papilionidae (Lepidoptera). Pearce-Sellards Ser. Tex. Mem. Mus. 29: 1-25.</ref> A proposed phylogeny of the Papilionidae is given below:<ref>Reed, Robert D. and Sperling, Felix A. H. 2006. Papilionidae. The Swallowtail Butterflies. Version [[7 July]] [[2006]]. [http://tolweb.org/Papilionidae/12177/2006.07.07] in The Tree of Life Web Project, [http://tolweb.org/]</ref> {{clade| style=font-size:75%;line-height:75% |1={{clade |1=[[Baroniinae]] |2=[[Parnassiinae]] |label3=Papilioninae |3={{clade |1=Leptocircini |2={{clade |1=Teinopalipini |2={{clade |1=Troidini |2={{clade |1=Papilionini |2=?&nbsp;Praepapilio }} }} }} }} }} }} [[Image:Parnassius pheobus.jpg|thumb|left|Small Apollo ''[[Parnassius phoebus]]'']] The Swallowtail butterflies in the tribe Papilionini number about 225 species and studied have been made on their host-plant [[coevolution]] and [[phylogeny]]. A study found that the Papilios are [[monophyletic]] and old morphological classifications where also found to be valid in that they formed clusters. Species belonging to the groups that use [[Rutaceae]] as host plants formed two groups corresponding to Old World and American taxa. Those that fed on [[Lauraceae]] and [[Magnoliaceae]] were found to form another cluster which includes both Asian and American taxa.<ref>Aubert J, Legal L, Descimon H, Michel F. 1999 Molecular phylogeny of swallowtail butterflies of the tribe Papilionini (Papilionidae, Lepidoptera). Mol Phylogenet Evol.12(2):156-67</ref> [[Image:Papilio homerus ulster.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Papilio homerus]]'', the largest Swallowtail in the Western Hemisphere]] Swallowtail tribes Zerynthiini (Parnassiinae), Luehdorfiini (Parnassiinae) and Troidini (Papilioninae) almost exclusively use the [[Aristolochiaceae]] family as their host plants. Many species sequester aristolochic acids making them unpalatable, causing both the larval and adult stages to be unpalatable to predators.<ref>von Euw, J., T. Reichstein, and M. Rothschild. 1968. Aristolochic acid in the swallowtail butterfly Pachlioptera aristolochiae. Isr. J. Chem. 6: 659-670.</ref> The subfamily [[Baroniinae]] is represented by the sole representative species ''[[Baronia brevicornis]]''. They are unique in the family to use the [[Fabaceae]] as their larval host plants. The Apollos, [[Parnassiinae]], are a distinctive group and all species are alpine and capable of living at high altitudes. Most species have two small reddish spots on their hindwings. The genera ''[[Parnassius]]'' and ''[[Hypermnestra helios|Hypermnestra]]'' were found to be extremely close based on molecular studies.<ref>Katoh T, Chichvarkhin A, Yagi T, Omoto K. 2005 Phylogeny and evolution of butterflies of the genus Parnassius: inferences from mitochondrial 16S and ND1 sequences. Zoolog Sci.22(3):343-51</ref> After mating, the male Parnassines produce a glue like substance that is used to seal the female genital opening and prevent other males from mating. The pupae are typically attached to the substrate attached by the [[cremaster]] but with head up held by a silk girdle. The apollos however pupate in debris on the ground and also build a loose cocoon. In the temperate regions the winters are passed in a pupal [[diapause]] stage. ==Swallowtails and Humans== [[Image:Swallowtail butterfly.JPG|thumb|300px|right|A Swallowtail butterfly in [[Italy]].]] Swallowtail butterflies, being large, colourful, and attractive, have been the target of butterfly collectors in earlier times. The largest of these, the [[Birdwing]] butterflies are particularly sought after and are cultured in butterfly farms for the purpose of collectors. Many members of the family feed as larvae on plants of the Citrus family [[Rutaceae]]. Some of these attractive butterflies are therefore considered [[Pest (organism)|pests]] in Citrus orchards. The [[Oregon Swallowtail]] Butterfly is the state [[insect]] of [[Oregon]]; the [[eastern tiger swallowtail]] is the state insect of [[Virginia]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Alabama]], [[South Carolina]] and [[Delaware]]. (See [[List of U.S. state butterflies]]) ==Notable species== [[Image:Osmeterium.JPG|thumb|Second or third instar ''[[Papilio glaucus]]'' caterpillar showing osmeterium]] * [[Anise Swallowtail|Anise swallowtail]], ''Papilio zelicaon'' * [[Black swallowtail]], ''Papilio polyxenes'' * [[Clouded apollo]], ''Parnassius mnemosyne'' * [[Eastern tiger swallowtail]], ''Papilio glaucus'' * [[Pipevine swallowtail]], ''Battus philenor'' * [[Scarce swallowtail]], ''Iphiclides podalirius'' * [[Spicebush swallowtail]], ''Papilio troilus'' * [[Western Tiger Swallowtail|Western Tiger swallowtail]], ''Papilio rutulus'' * [[Old World Swallowtail]], ''Papilio machaon'' * [[Papilio demodocus|Citrus swallowtail]], ''Papilio demodocus'' * [[Apollo (butterfly)|Apollo butterfly]], ''Parnasius apollo'' ==Notable species in Japan== [[Image:Papilio xuthus 070707.jpg|230px|thumb|Asian swallowtail]] * Asian Swallowtail, ''[[Papilio xuthus]]'' [[Linnaeus]], 1767. The most Japanese recognize this species as common swallowtail. * [[Old World Swallowtail]], ''Papilio machaon'' Linnaeus, 1758. * [[Red Helen]], ''[[Papilio helenus]]'' Linnaeus, 1758. * Spangle, ''[[Papilio protenor]]'' Cramer, 1775. * Chinese Peacock, ''[[Papilio bianor]]'' Cramer, 1777. * ''[[Papilio maackii]]'' Ménétries, 1859. * Great Mormon, ''[[Papilio memnon]], Linnaeus, 1758. * ''[[Atrophaneura alcinous]]/[[Byasa alcinous]]'' Klug, 1836. * [[Common bluebottle]],''[[Graphium sarpedon]]'' Linnaeus, 1758. ==In Fiction== <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Ladyborg's Swallowtailcoin.PNG|200px|thumb|Ageha's/Ladyborg's SwallowTail Coin]] --> In the 1996 Season of the popular Japanese Metal Heroes series "[[B-Fighter Kabuto]]" and the 1997 American show "[[Beetleborgs]] Metallix", one of the B-fighters/Astral Borgs motifs was a Swallowtail Butterfly hence her Japanese designated name "B-Fighter Ageha". Though her insect designation was never announced in Beetleborgs Metallix (her name being Ladyborg), the astral coin that was used to summon her has the illustration of a Swallowtail Butterfly. ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== *[http://tolweb.org/Papilionidae Tree of Life Papilionidae] *[http://www.insects-online.de/frames/papilio.htm revised GloBIS/GART species checklist] *[http://home.att.net/~bret69/ Swallowtail photos] *[http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/afrotropical-kite/index.html Afrotropical Kite Swallowtails] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/rss/-/1/hi/sci/tech/4443854.stm BBC News: "LEDs work like butterflies' wings"] {{Lepidoptera}} [[Category:Papilionidae| ]] [[Category:Insect families]] [[cs:Otakárkovití]] [[da:Svalehaler]] [[de:Ritterfalter]] [[es:Papilionidae]] [[fr:Papilionidae]] [[fy:Paazjes]] [[ko:호랑나비과]] [[it:Papilionidae]] [[ka:აფროსნისებრნი]] [[lt:Sklandūnai]] [[hu:Pillangófélék]] [[ml:കടുവാവരയന്‍ ഇരട്ടവാലന്‍ ചിത്രശലഭം]] [[nl:Papilionidae]] [[ja:アゲハチョウ]] [[no:Svalestjerter]] [[pl:Paziowate]] [[pt:Papilionidae]] [[ro:Papilionidae]] [[ru:Парусники (бабочки)]] [[sk:Vidlochvostovité]] [[fi:Ritariperhoset]] [[sv:Riddarfjärilar]] [[zh:凤蝶科]]