Swallowtail butterfly
501176
219598261
2008-06-16T00:46:39Z
67.167.116.8
/* External links */
{{dablink|This article is about the insect. For the [[1996]] film by [[Shunji Iwai]], please see [[Swallowtail Butterfly (film)]].}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Swallowtail butterfly
| image = Swallowtail_butterfly_2.JPG
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = [[Western Tiger Swallowtail]], ''Papilio rutulus''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| subordo = [[Ditrysia]]
| superfamilia = [[Papilionoidea]]
| familia = '''Papilionidae'''
| familia_authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1802
| type_species = ''Papilio machaon''
| type_species_authority = ([[Old World Swallowtail]])
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subfamily|Subfamilies]] and [[genus|genera]]
| subdivision =
There are 26 genera and about 605 species:
*Subfamily [[Baroniinae]]
**''[[Baronia]]''
*Subfamily [[Parnassiinae]]
**''[[Allancastria]]''
**''[[Archon (lepidoptera)|Archon]]''
**''[[Bhutanitis]]''
**''[[Hypermnestra (butterfly)|Hypermnestra]]''
**''[[Luehdorfia]]''
**''[[Parnassius]]''
**''[[Sericinus]]''
*Subfamily [[Papilioninae]]
**''[[Atrophaneura]]''
**''[[Battus (butterfly)|Battus]]''
**''[[Byasa]]''
**''[[Chilasa]]''
**''[[Cressida (butterfly)|Cressida]]''
**''[[Euryades]]''
**''[[Eurytides]]''
**''[[Graphium]]''
**''[[Iphiclides]]''
**''[[Lamproptera]]''
**''[[Losaria]]''
**''[[Meandrusa]]''
**''[[Mimoides]]''
**''[[Ornithoptera]]''
**''[[Pachliopta]]''
**''[[Papilio]]''
**''[[Parides]]''
**''[[Pharmacophagus]]''
**''[[Protesilaus (butterfly)|Protesilaus]]''
**''[[Protographium]]''
**''[[Teinopalpus]]''
**''[[Trogonoptera]]''
**''[[Troides]]''
}}
'''Swallowtail butterflies''' are large, colorful [[butterflies]] which form the family '''Papilionidae'''. There are at least 550 [[species]], and though the majority are [[tropical]], members of the family are found on all [[continent]]s except [[Antarctica]]. The family includes the largest butterflies in the world, the [[birdwing|birdwing butterflies]] of [[Australia]] (genus '' Ornithoptera'').<ref name="reed"> Reed, Robert D. and Sperling, Felix A. H. 2006. Papilionidae. The Swallowtail Butterflies. Version [[7 July]] [[2006]]. [http://tolweb.org/Papilionidae/12177/2006.07.07] in The Tree of Life Web Project, [http://tolweb.org/]</ref>
Swallowtails differ from all other butterflies in a number of anatomical traits. Most notably, their [[caterpillar]]s possess a unique organ behind their heads, called the [[osmeterium]]. Normally hidden, this forked structure can be everted when the caterpillar is threatened, and emits smelly secretions containing [[terpene]]s. The adults are often ''tailed'', giving the insect its name.
==Classification==
[[Image:Butterfly zwin8.jpg|thumb|left|[[Papilio]] thoas]]
The genera of extant swallowtails are usually classified into three subfamilies, [[Baroniinae]], [[Parnassiinae]] and [[Papilioninae]], the latter two being further divided into tribes. The tribes recognized are Baroniini, Parnassiini, Zerynthiini, Luehdorfiini, Leptocircinini, Teinopalpini, Troidiini and Papilioniini. An additional subfamily [[Praepapilioninae]], has a single extinct member, and is known only from a single [[fossil]].<ref>Durden, C.J., and H. Rose. 1978. Butterflies from the middle Eocene: the earliest occurrence of fossil Papilionidae (Lepidoptera). Pearce-Sellards Ser. Tex. Mem. Mus. 29: 1-25.</ref>
A proposed phylogeny of the Papilionidae is given below:<ref>Reed, Robert D. and Sperling, Felix A. H. 2006. Papilionidae. The Swallowtail Butterflies. Version [[7 July]] [[2006]]. [http://tolweb.org/Papilionidae/12177/2006.07.07] in The Tree of Life Web Project, [http://tolweb.org/]</ref>
{{clade| style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
|1={{clade
|1=[[Baroniinae]]
|2=[[Parnassiinae]]
|label3=Papilioninae
|3={{clade
|1=Leptocircini
|2={{clade
|1=Teinopalipini
|2={{clade
|1=Troidini
|2={{clade
|1=Papilionini
|2=? Praepapilio
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
[[Image:Parnassius pheobus.jpg|thumb|left|Small Apollo ''[[Parnassius phoebus]]'']]
The Swallowtail butterflies in the tribe Papilionini number about 225 species and studied have been made on their host-plant [[coevolution]] and [[phylogeny]]. A study found that the Papilios are [[monophyletic]] and old morphological classifications where also found to be valid in that they formed clusters. Species belonging to the groups that use [[Rutaceae]] as host plants formed two groups corresponding to Old World and American taxa. Those that fed on [[Lauraceae]] and [[Magnoliaceae]] were found to form another cluster which includes both Asian and American taxa.<ref>Aubert J, Legal L, Descimon H, Michel F. 1999 Molecular phylogeny of swallowtail butterflies of the tribe Papilionini (Papilionidae, Lepidoptera). Mol Phylogenet Evol.12(2):156-67</ref>
[[Image:Papilio homerus ulster.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Papilio homerus]]'', the largest Swallowtail in the Western Hemisphere]]
Swallowtail tribes Zerynthiini (Parnassiinae), Luehdorfiini (Parnassiinae) and Troidini (Papilioninae) almost exclusively use the [[Aristolochiaceae]] family as their host plants. Many species sequester aristolochic acids making them unpalatable, causing both the larval and adult stages to be unpalatable to predators.<ref>von Euw, J., T. Reichstein, and M. Rothschild. 1968. Aristolochic acid in the swallowtail butterfly Pachlioptera aristolochiae. Isr. J. Chem. 6: 659-670.</ref>
The subfamily [[Baroniinae]] is represented by the sole representative species ''[[Baronia brevicornis]]''. They are unique in the family to use the [[Fabaceae]] as their larval host plants.
The Apollos, [[Parnassiinae]], are a distinctive group and all species are alpine and capable of living at high altitudes. Most species have two small reddish spots on their hindwings. The genera ''[[Parnassius]]'' and ''[[Hypermnestra helios|Hypermnestra]]'' were found to be extremely close based on molecular studies.<ref>Katoh T, Chichvarkhin A, Yagi T, Omoto K. 2005 Phylogeny and evolution of butterflies of the genus Parnassius: inferences from mitochondrial 16S and ND1 sequences. Zoolog Sci.22(3):343-51</ref> After mating, the male Parnassines produce a glue like substance that is used to seal the female genital opening and prevent other males from mating.
The pupae are typically attached to the substrate attached by the [[cremaster]] but with head up held by a silk girdle. The apollos however pupate in debris on the ground and also build a loose cocoon. In the temperate regions the winters are passed in a pupal [[diapause]] stage.
==Swallowtails and Humans==
[[Image:Swallowtail butterfly.JPG|thumb|300px|right|A Swallowtail butterfly in [[Italy]].]]
Swallowtail butterflies, being large, colourful, and attractive, have been the target of butterfly collectors in earlier times. The largest of these, the [[Birdwing]] butterflies are particularly sought after and are cultured in butterfly farms for the purpose of collectors.
Many members of the family feed as larvae on plants of the Citrus family [[Rutaceae]]. Some of these attractive butterflies are therefore considered [[Pest (organism)|pests]] in Citrus orchards.
The [[Oregon Swallowtail]] Butterfly is the state [[insect]] of [[Oregon]]; the [[eastern tiger swallowtail]] is the state insect of [[Virginia]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Alabama]], [[South Carolina]] and [[Delaware]]. (See [[List of U.S. state butterflies]])
==Notable species==
[[Image:Osmeterium.JPG|thumb|Second or third instar ''[[Papilio glaucus]]'' caterpillar showing osmeterium]]
* [[Anise Swallowtail|Anise swallowtail]], ''Papilio zelicaon''
* [[Black swallowtail]], ''Papilio polyxenes''
* [[Clouded apollo]], ''Parnassius mnemosyne''
* [[Eastern tiger swallowtail]], ''Papilio glaucus''
* [[Pipevine swallowtail]], ''Battus philenor''
* [[Scarce swallowtail]], ''Iphiclides podalirius''
* [[Spicebush swallowtail]], ''Papilio troilus''
* [[Western Tiger Swallowtail|Western Tiger swallowtail]], ''Papilio rutulus''
* [[Old World Swallowtail]], ''Papilio machaon''
* [[Papilio demodocus|Citrus swallowtail]], ''Papilio demodocus''
* [[Apollo (butterfly)|Apollo butterfly]], ''Parnasius apollo''
==Notable species in Japan==
[[Image:Papilio xuthus 070707.jpg|230px|thumb|Asian swallowtail]]
* Asian Swallowtail, ''[[Papilio xuthus]]'' [[Linnaeus]], 1767. The most Japanese recognize this species as common swallowtail.
* [[Old World Swallowtail]], ''Papilio machaon'' Linnaeus, 1758.
* [[Red Helen]], ''[[Papilio helenus]]'' Linnaeus, 1758.
* Spangle, ''[[Papilio protenor]]'' Cramer, 1775.
* Chinese Peacock, ''[[Papilio bianor]]'' Cramer, 1777.
* ''[[Papilio maackii]]'' Ménétries, 1859.
* Great Mormon, ''[[Papilio memnon]], Linnaeus, 1758.
* ''[[Atrophaneura alcinous]]/[[Byasa alcinous]]'' Klug, 1836.
* [[Common bluebottle]],''[[Graphium sarpedon]]'' Linnaeus, 1758.
==In Fiction==
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Ladyborg's Swallowtailcoin.PNG|200px|thumb|Ageha's/Ladyborg's SwallowTail Coin]] -->
In the 1996 Season of the popular Japanese Metal Heroes series "[[B-Fighter Kabuto]]" and the 1997 American show "[[Beetleborgs]] Metallix", one of the B-fighters/Astral Borgs motifs was a Swallowtail Butterfly hence her Japanese designated name "B-Fighter Ageha". Though her insect designation was never announced in Beetleborgs Metallix (her name being Ladyborg), the astral coin that was used to summon her has the illustration of a Swallowtail Butterfly.
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://tolweb.org/Papilionidae Tree of Life Papilionidae]
*[http://www.insects-online.de/frames/papilio.htm revised GloBIS/GART species checklist]
*[http://home.att.net/~bret69/ Swallowtail photos]
*[http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/afrotropical-kite/index.html Afrotropical Kite Swallowtails]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/rss/-/1/hi/sci/tech/4443854.stm BBC News: "LEDs work like butterflies' wings"]
{{Lepidoptera}}
[[Category:Papilionidae| ]]
[[Category:Insect families]]
[[cs:Otakárkovití]]
[[da:Svalehaler]]
[[de:Ritterfalter]]
[[es:Papilionidae]]
[[fr:Papilionidae]]
[[fy:Paazjes]]
[[ko:호랑나비과]]
[[it:Papilionidae]]
[[ka:აფროსნისებრნი]]
[[lt:Sklandūnai]]
[[hu:Pillangófélék]]
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[[nl:Papilionidae]]
[[ja:アゲハチョウ]]
[[no:Svalestjerter]]
[[pl:Paziowate]]
[[pt:Papilionidae]]
[[ro:Papilionidae]]
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[[sk:Vidlochvostovité]]
[[fi:Ritariperhoset]]
[[sv:Riddarfjärilar]]
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