Syndactyly
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2008-07-09T08:54:27Z
VolkovBot
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robot Adding: [[ru:Синдактилия]]
{{Infobox_Disease
| Name = Syndactyly
| Image = New born boy showing complete complex syndactyly with two fingers right hand.JPG
| Caption = New born baby hand showing complete complex syndactyly of two fingers.
| DiseasesDB = 29330
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|Q|70||q|65}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|755.1}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM = 185900
| OMIM_mult = {{OMIM2|186100}} {{OMIM2|186200}} {{OMIM2|186300}}
| MedlinePlus = 003289
| eMedicineSubj = orthoped
| eMedicineTopic = 563
| MeshID = D013576
}}
'''Syndactyly''' (from Greek συν- = "together" plus δακτυλος = "finger") is a condition where two or more digits are fused together. It occurs normally in some [[mammal]]s, such as the [[siamang]] but is an unusual condition in humans.
==Classification==
Syndactyly can be simple or complex.
* In simple syndactyly, adjacent fingers or toes are joined by soft tissue.
* In complex syndactyly, the bones of adjacent digits are fused. The [[kangaroo]] exhibits complex syndactyly.
Simple syndactyly can be full or partial, and is present at birth (congenital). In early human fetal development, webbing (syndactyly) of the toes and fingers is normal. At about 16 weeks of gestation, [[apoptosis]] takes place and an enzyme dissolves the tissue between the fingers and toes, and the webbing disappears. In some fetuses, this process does not occur completely between all fingers or toes and some residual webbing remains.
==Genetics==
Five types<ref name="PMC1200697">{{cite journal |author=Flatt A |title=webbed fingers |year=2005 |url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1200697 |pmid=16200145 }}</ref> of syndactyly have been identified in humans. The corresponding [[Locus (genetics)|loci]] associated with these types and their common [[Phenotype|phenotypical]] expression are as follows:
* type I - 2q34-q36;<ref name="pmid10877983">{{cite journal |author=Bosse K, Betz RC, Lee YA, ''et al'' |title=Localization of a gene for syndactyly type 1 to chromosome 2q34-q36 |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=492–7 |year=2000 |pmid=10877983 |doi= 10.1086/303028|url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1287194 }}</ref> webbing occurs between middle and ring fingers and/or second and third toes.
* type II - 2q31;<ref name="pmc1051468">{{cite journal |author= Sarfarazi, Akarsu, ''et al'' |title=Localization of the syndactyly type II (synpolydactyly) locus to 2q31 region and identification of tight linkage to HOXD8 intragenic marker |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |year=1995 |url=http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/4/8/1453.pdf |doi=10.1093/hmg/4.8.1453 |volume=4 |pages=1453 |pmid=7581388 }}</ref> also involves long and ring fingers, but has a sixth finger merged inbetween.
* type III - 6q21-q23; small finger is merged into the ring finger.
* type IV - 7q36;<ref name="pmid17476456">{{cite journal |author=Sato D, Liang D, Wu L, ''et al'' |title=A syndactyly type IV locus maps to 7q36 |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=561–4 |year=2007 |pmid=17476456 |doi=10.1007/s10038-007-0150-5|url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/klu/10038/2007/00000052/00000006/00000150}}</ref> involves all fingers and/or toes
* type V - 2q31-q32; similar to type I, but the [[Metacarpus|metacarpals]] and [[Metatarsus|metatarsels]] may also be fused.
==See also==
* [[dactyly]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Congenital malformations and deformations of musculoskeletal system }}
{{disease-stub}}
[[es:Sindactilia]]
[[ru:Синдактилия]]