TKS spacecraft
921582
221903859
2008-06-26T16:44:06Z
199.72.41.2
/* TKS VA */
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="310" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
!colspan="3" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" bgcolor="orange"|'''TKS spacecraft'''
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|colspan="3" align="center"|[[Image:TKS spacecraft drawing.png|285px|]]<br><small>Soviet TKS crew delivery/cargo ship</small>
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!colspan="3" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" bgcolor="orange"|Description
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|width="75" colspan="1" |'''Role:'''||width="200" colspan="2"| Manned [[spacecraft]] spacecraft to supply the military [[Almaz]] space station.
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|width="75" colspan="1" |'''Crew: '''||width="250" colspan="2"| three
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!colspan="3" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" bgcolor="orange"|Dimensions
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|'''Height:'''|| width="125"|57.44 ft || width="125"|17.51 m
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|'''Diameter:'''|| 13.61 ft || 4.15 m
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|'''Volume:'''|| || 45.00 m<sup>3</sup>
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!colspan="3" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" bgcolor="orange"|Rocket engines
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|'''Main Engine''' (N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/UDMH) :|| 1763 lbf ea || 7840 N
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!colspan="3" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" bgcolor="orange"|Performance
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|''' Endurance:'''|| 7 days ||
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|''' Apogee:'''|| 266 km ||
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|''' Perigee:'''|| 223 km ||
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|''' Inclination:'''|| 52 degrees ||
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|''' Spacecraft delta v:'''|| 2290 ft/s || 700 m/s
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!colspan="3" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" bgcolor="orange"|''' Cutaway of TKS vehicle'''
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|colspan="3" align="center"|[[Image:TKS cutaway.png|285px|]]<br><small>Cutaway of TKS vehicle. Details are conjectural. The broad black line outlines the vehicle’s pressurized compartments. A tunnel (stippled) connects the FGB and VA capsule</small>
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!colspan="3" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" bgcolor="orange"|TKS spacecraft
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'''TKS spacecraft''' was designed by [[Vladimir Chelomei]] as a manned [[spacecraft]] launched with [[Proton rocket]] alternative to the [[Soyuz]] spacecraft to supply the military [[Almaz]] space station. Development began in 1965, but by the time the first flight articles were ready the ''Almaz programme'' had been abandoned. The VA capsule was flown separately on four test missions with two capsules on one booster to test the design, as well as one "all-up" test mission and three resupply missions. It was never flown manned, although in December of 1978 formation of a special group of six cosmonauts was approved for manned missions on board the '''TKS spacecraft'''.
The project had further evolved with space station ''"Modulny"'' (''"Modular"'') based on the TKS design outline, reworked to dock with '''[[Salyut 7]]''', '''[[Mir]]''' and '''[[ISS]]''' space stations. This development was designated '''FGB''', or '''Functional Cargo Block'''.
==Design==
The TKS spacecraft is composed of:
===TKS SAS===
'''TKS SAS''' for ''"Sistema avariynogo spaseniya"'' or ''"Emergency escape system"''.
===TKS BSO===
'''TKS BSO '''for ''"Blok Skhoda s Orbiti"'' or ''"Deorbit Block"''.
===TKS VA===
[[Image:Kosmos 1443 return capsule.JPG|thumb|right|[[ (spacecraft)|TKS VA Return capsule]] of [[Kosmos 1443]]]]
{{main|Merkur (spacecraft)}}
The pressurized portion of the '''VA'' (Russian "Vozvraschaemyi Apparat", "Reusable Re-entry Capsule") re-entry capsule was similar in configuration to the American ''[[Apollo]]'', but 30% smaller. It was derived from earlier capsule designs for the Chelomei's ballistic ''[[Raketoplan]]'' and [[LOK]] manned circumlunar spacecraft of the 1960s. Although extensively flight tested, it never flew with a crew on board.
===TKS FGB===
'''TKS FGB''' for ''"Functional Cargo Block"'' or ''"Orbital Living and Service Module".''
The '''FGB''' was entered from the '''VA''' capsule via a short tunnel. At the aft end a pilot station was equipped with controls and windows for manual docking with the '''[[Almaz]]''' space station. The docking port was also located here. Operational '''TKS''' would have delivered '''[[KSI]] film return capsules''' to '''Almaz''' stations. These would have been located around the docking port and grappled by a small manipulator arm on the '''Almaz''' for transfer to the film capsule airlock for loading.
==Details==
:Crew Size: 3.
:Design Life: 7 days.
:Orbital Storage: 200 days.
:Typical orbit: 223 km x 266 km at 52 degrees inclination.
:Length: 17.51 m (57.44 ft).
:Maximum Diameter: 4.15 m (13.61 ft).
:Span: 17.00 m (55.00 ft).
:Habitable Volume: 45.00 m3.
:Mass: 17510 kg (38600 lb).
:Payload: 12600 kg (27700 lb).
:Main Engine Thrust: 7.840 kN (1763 lbf).
:Main Engine Propellants: N2O4/UDMH.
:Main Engine Propellants: 3822 kg (8426 lb).
:Main Engine Isp: 291 sec.
:Spacecraft delta v: 700 m/s (2�290 ft/s).
:Electrical System: [[Photovoltaic module|Solar panels]] 17 m span 40 m².
:Electric System: 2.40 average kW.
:Associated Launch Vehicle: [[Proton 8K82K]].
==Missions==
===Orbital test missions===
:[[Cosmos 881]] and [[Cosmos 882]] - pair of two VA capsules that started jointly and reentered separately
:[[Cosmos 929]] - lone flight of full '''TKS-1''' with FGB and VA capsule
:[[Cosmos 997]] and [[Cosmos 998]] - pair of two VA capsules that started jointly and reentered separately
:[[Cosmos 1100]] and [[Cosmos 1101]] - pair of two VA capsules that started jointly and reentered separately
===TKS-2===
On [[April 25]], [[1981]], TKS-2 was launched unmanned as [[Cosmos 1267]]. The VA capsule was recovered on [[24 May]] [[1981]]. The FGB docked with [[Salyut 6]] on [[June 19]] after 57 days of autonomous flight. It remained attached to the station until both deorbited and were destroyed on [[29 July]], [[1982]].
===TKS-3===
On [[2 March]] [[1983]], TKS-3 was launched unmanned as [[Cosmos 1443]]. This time, the VA remained attached and the TKS docked to [[Salyut 7]] two days after launch. TKS-3 separated from the station on [[14 August]]. The VA re-entry capsule separated and deorbited itself on [[19 September]] [[1983]]. The VA capsule continued in space for four more days demonstrating autonomous flight, before successfully re-entering on [[23 August]] [[1983]], landing 100 km south-east of [[Arkalsk]] and returning 350 kg of material from the station.
===TKS-4===
TKS-4 was launched unmanned as [[Cosmos 1686]] on [[27 September]] [[1985]]. In the VA capsule landing systems, the ECS, seats, and manned controls were removed and replaced with a high-resolution photo apparatus and optical sensor experiments ([[infrared telescope]] and [[Ozon]] [[spectrometer]]). The TKS successfully docked with [[Salyut 7]]. After [[21 November]] [[1985]], Salyut 7 was moved to a higher orbit while awaiting the second 'TKS' crew, but control of the station was lost. There were plans to return using the [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]] shuttle for inspection, but the first flight of the [[spaceplane]] was delayed. Salyut 7 and Cosmos 1686 burned up in the atmosphere together in a fiery show over Argentina on [[7 February]], [[1991]].
==Further usage==
The TKS design, which has never been flown manned, has gone on to provide the basic structure for several space future space station components, such as:
*[[Kvant-1]] tug
*[[Kvant-2]] Mir module
*[[Kristall]] Mir module
*[[Spektr]] Mir module
*[[Priroda]] Mir module
*[[Polyus (spacecraft)|Polyus]] (FGB) spacecraft
*[[Zarya]] (FGB-1) ISS module
*[[Russian Research Module]] (FGB-2) ISS module
*[[Multipurpose Laboratory Module]] (FGB-2) ISS module
TKS/Almaz VA capsules are presently being modernized for commercial use, by the [[private spaceflight]] company, [[Excalibur Almaz]].
==Gallery==
TKS based and descendant spacecraft and modules.
<center>
<gallery>
Image:TKS spacecraft drawing.png|Soviet TKS crew delivery/cargo ship
Image:TKS cutaway.png|Cutaway of TKS vehicle. Details are conjectural
Image:Kosmos-1686 drawing.png|[[Cosmos 1686]]. Note the [[Merkur capsule]] (left), heavily modified to house scientific instruments
Image:Salyut 7 and Cosmos 1686 drawing.png|[[Cosmos 1686]] and [[Salyut 7]]
Image:Polyus cutaway.png|Polyus cutaway
Image:Kvant module and FSM drawing.png | Kvant-1 with its orbital tug attached
Image:Kvant-2 - Mir module.png| Cut-way view of Kvant-2
Image:Kristall - Mir module.png|Cut-way view of Kristall
Image:Spektr - Mir module.png|Cut-away view of Spektr
Image:Priroda - Mir module.png|Cut-away view of Priroda
Image:Zarya from STS-88.jpg|Zarya module as seen from STS-88
image:MLM - ISS module.jpg|MLM docked to the ISS
</gallery>
</center>
==See also==
*[[Merkur (spacecraft)|Merkur capsule]]
*[[Almaz]]
*[[Zarya]]
*[[Big Gemini]] - Planned U.S. equivalent to the TKS spacecraft
*[[Manned Orbiting Laboratory]] - U.S. Air Force equivalent to Almaz space station
*[[TKS-Based Spacecraft]]
*[[Mir#Kvant-1|Kvant]]
*[[Mir#Kvant-2|Kvant-2]]
*[[Mir#Kristall|Kristall]]
*[[Mir#Spektr|Spektr]]
*[[Mir#Priroda|Priroda]]
*[[Polyus (spacecraft)|Polyus]]
== External links ==
{{commonscat|TKS spacecraft}}
* http://www.astronautix.com/craft/tks.htm
* http://www.russianspaceweb.com/tks.html
==Sources==
*http://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz_ops4.html
{{TKS spacecraft}}
{{Russian manned space programs}}
{{Salyut Program}}
{{Supply_spacecraft}}
[[Category:Manned spacecraft]]
[[Category:Unmanned resupply spacecraft]]
[[Category:Soviet manned space program]]
[[Category:Space weapons]]
[[Category:Military equipment of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Human spaceflight]]
[[Category:Space stations]]
[[Category:Salyut programme]]
[[Category:Reconnaissance satellites of the Soviet Union]]
[[de:TKS-Raumschiff]]
[[ja:TKS (宇宙船)]]
[[ru:Транспортный корабль снабжения]]