Tanganyika
193080
225568796
2008-07-14T10:26:38Z
Turzh
6649499
{{dablink|For the lake, see [[Lake Tanganyika]]. For the province in [[Katanga Province|Katanga, DR Congo]] see [[Tanganyika District]]}}
[[Image:Flag of the German Empire.svg|thumb|170px|right|Flag of Deutsch-Ostafrika (1885-1919)]]
[[Image:Flag of Tanganyika (1919-1961).svg|thumb|170px|right|Flag of Tanganyika (1919-1961)]]
[[Image:Flag of Tanganyika.svg|thumb|170px|right|Flag of the Republic of Tanganyika 1962–64]]
'''Tanganyika''' is the name of an [[East Africa]]n territory (and, from December 9, 1961 to April 26, 1964, an independent nation) lying between the largest of the African great lakes: [[Lake Victoria]], [[Lake Malawi]] and [[Lake Tanganyika]], after which it was named. Once part of the colony of [[German East Africa]] ({{lang-de|Deutsch-Ostafrika}}), it comprises the mainland part of today's [[Tanzania]], which includes the islands of [[Zanzibar]]. After [[World War I]] it came under [[British empire|British military]] rule and its transfer to Britain under the 1919 [[Treaty of Versailles]] was confirmed by a [[League of Nations Mandate]] in 1922, later a [[United Nations Trust Territory]]. Britain changed the name to the '''Tanganyika Territory'''.
On [[December 9]], [[1961]] as '''Tanganyika''' it became independent as a [[constitutional monarchy]], and on [[December 9]], [[1962]] it became the '''[[Republic of Tanganyika]]''' within the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. In 1964, it joined with the islands of [[Zanzibar]] to form the '''United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar''', changed later in the year to the '''[[Tanzania|United Republic of Tanzania]]'''.
Although Tanganyika still exists within Tanzania, the name is no longer used formally for the territory and its use can be politically sensitive, not only as throwback to colonial times, but also if it implies opposition to the union with Zanzibar. These days the name '''Tanganyika''' is used almost exclusively to mean the lake.
==History==
[[Image:Tz-map.png|thumb|right|The nation Tanzania consists of the mainland part, formerly called Tanganyika, and the islands of Zanzibar. Note that since 1996, the capital has been at [[Dodoma]].]]
{{Main article|History of Tanzania}}
The name 'Tanganyika' is derived from the Swahili words ''tanga'' meaning 'sail' and ''nyika'' meaning an 'uninhabited plain' or 'wilderness'. At its simplest it might therefore be understood as a description of the lake — 'sail in the wilderness'.<ref>[http://home.frognet.net/~jaknouse/gaz-af.html John Knouse: A Political World Gazetteer: Africa] website accessed 1 May 2007.</ref>
As European explorers and colonialists penetrated the African interior from Zanzibar in the second half of the 19th century, to Europeans Tanganyika came to mean, informally, the country around the lake, chiefly on the eastern side. In 1885 Germany declared it intended to establish a protectorate, named [[German East Africa]] in the area, under the leadership of [[Carl Peters]]. When the [[Sultan of Zanzibar|Sultan]] of [[Zanzibar]] objected, German warships threatened to bombard his palace. Britain and Germany then agreed to divide the mainland into spheres of influence, and the Sultan was forced to acquiesce. After charges of brutality in the repression of the [[Maji Maji Rebellion]] of 1905, and reform under the leadership of Bernhard Dernburg in 1907, the colony became a model of colonial efficiency and commanded extraordinary loyalty among the natives during the [[First World War]]. The German educational program for native Africans, including elementary, secondary and vocational schools, was particularly notable, with standards unmatched elsewhere in tropical Africa<ref>East, John William. "The German Administration in East Africa: A Select Annotated Bibliography of the German Colonial Administration in Tanganyika, Rwanda and Burundi from 1884 to 1918." [London? 1989] 294 leaves. 1 reel of microfilm (negative.) Thesis submitted for the fellowship of the Library Association, London, November 1987."
</ref><ref>Farwell, Byron. ''The Great War in Africa, 1914–1918''. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 1989. ISBN 0393305643</ref>.
After the defeat of Germany in 1918 in [[World War I]], under the [[Treaty of Versailles]] German East Africa was divided among the victorious powers, with the largest segment being transferred to British control (except [[Rwanda]] and [[Burundi]] which went to Belgium, and the small [[Kionga Triangle]] which went to [[Mozambique|Portuguese Mozambique]]). A new name was needed, and Tanganyika was adopted by the British for all of its part of the territory of German East Africa.
In 1927, Tanganyika entered the [[Customs Union]] of [[Kenya]] and [[Uganda]], as well as the East African Postal Union, later the East African Posts and Telecommunications Administration. Cooperation expanded with those countries in a number of ways, leading to the establishment of the East African High Commission (1948–1961) and the East African Common Services Organisation (1961–1967), forerunners of the [[East African Community]].
Tanganyika ceased to exist as a nation in 1964, when it was loosely united with [[Zanzibar]], to form the nation of [[Tanzania]].
==See also==
*[[German East Africa]]
*[[Postage stamps and postal history of Tanganyika]]
*[[Tanganyika Laughter Epidemic]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Refbegin}}
* Gordon-Brown, A., FRGS, (editor), ''The East Africa Year Book and Guide'', London, 1954, 87pps, with maps.
* Hill, J.F.R., and Moffett, J.P., ''Tanganyika - a Review of its Resources and their Development'', published by the Government of Tanganyika, 1955, 924pps, with many maps.
* Mwakikagile, Godfrey, ''Life in Tanganyika in The Fifties'', New Africa Press, 2008, 428pps, with maps and photos.
* Moffett, J.P., ''Handbook of Tanganyika'', published by the Government of Tanganyika, 1958, 703pps, with maps.
{{Refend}}
==External links==
*[http://unimaps.com/tanzania1886/index.html Map of Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1886]
{{Former German colonies}}
{{Territories of the British Empire}}
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