Targe
1243558
197546463
2008-03-11T19:50:52Z
Gene Nygaard
146986
dab
{{Unreferenced|date=May 2007}}
[[Image:Targe-shield.jpg|220px|right|thumb|An actor with a simple wooden targe as might have been used by a Scottish Highlander.]]
'''Targe''' (from [[Old Franconian]] ''*targa'' "shield", [[Proto-Germanic]] ''*targo'' "border") was a general word for [[shield]] in late [[Old English language|Old English]]. Its diminutive, ''target'', came to mean an object to be aimed at in the 18th century.
The term refers to various types of shields used by infantry troops from the 13th to 16th centuries. More specifically, a targe was a concave shield fitted with [[enarmes]] on the inside, one adjustable by a buckle, to be attached to the forearm, and the other fixed as a grip for the left hand. These shields were mostly made of iron or iron-plated wood. From the 15th century, the term could also refer to special shields used for [[jousting]].
From the early 17th century, until the [[Battle of Culloden]] in 1746, the [[Scottish Highlands|Scottish Highlander]]'s main means of defence in battle was his targe. After the disastrous defeat of the [[Jacobitism|Jacobites]] at Culloden, the carrying of the targe would have been banned, and many would have been destroyed, or put to other uses. Those which do remain appear to be of quite intricate patterns, and are well decorated, indicating that they would have originally belonged to important people.
== Structure of the Scottish targe ==
Targes are [[round shield]]s between 18 [[Inch|in]] and 21 in (45–55 [[centimeter|cm]]) in diameter. The inside of the targe was formed from two very thin layers of flat wooden boards, with the [[Wood grain|grain]] of each layer at right angles to the other. They were fixed together with small wooden pegs, forming [[plywood]]. The front was covered with a tough cowhide which was often decorated with embossed [[Celtic art|celtic style]] patterns. This was fixed to the wood with many brass, or in some cases, silver, nails, and occasionally brass plates were also fixed to the face for strength and decoration. Some targes had center [[shield boss|bosses]] of brass, and a few of these could accept a long steel spike which screwed into a small "puddle" of lead which was fixed to the wood, under the boss. When not in use, the spike could be unscrewed and placed in a sheath on the back of the targe.
The back of the targe was commonly covered in deerskin, and a very few had some packing of straw etc. behind this. Some targes, usually those actually used in battle, had their backs covered in a piece of red cloth taken from the uniform of a government soldier (a "Redcoat") that the owner had killed in battle. Although all the old targes show signs of handles and arm straps, of various designs, there is very little evidence to indicate that there was any [[guige]] strap for carrying the targe over the shoulder.
The face of a targe typically used two general patterns - concentric circles, or a centre boss with subsidiary bosses around this. There are a few notable exceptions, such as a targe in [[Perth Museum and Art Gallery|Perth Museum]] in Scotland which is of a star design. Although some targe designs appear to have been more popular than others, there is very little to indicate that there ever were "clan" designs. The nearest that one might come to finding a "clan" design is possibly the four identical targes which came from the family armoury at [[Clan Grant|Castle Grant]]. It appears more likely that targe designs were individual to their owner. During the [[Jacobite rising#The "Young Pretender"|1745/46 Jacobite uprising]], a William Lindsay, a shieldwright in Perth made hundreds of targes for [[Charles Edward Stuart]]'s army. He made a distinction in price between an "officer's targe" and an ordinary targe. {{Fact|date=February 2007}}
== See also ==
* [[Buckler]]
[[Category:Medieval shields]]
[[fr:Targe]]