Tartrazine
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225174723
2008-07-12T08:07:44Z
Nunquam Dormio
1122047
rv to prevandalised version
{{redirect|Yellow 5|the rock band|Yellow No. 5|Yellow #5}}
[[Image:Tartrazine-2D-skeletal.png|thumb|right|300px|Chemical structure of '''tartrazine''', C<sub>16</sub>H<sub>9</sub>N<sub>4</sub>Na<sub>3</sub>O<sub>9</sub>S<sub>2</sub>]]
[[Image:Tartrazine-3D-vdW.png|thumb|right|300px|Space-filling model of tartrazine - the sodium ions are shown in purple.]] [[Image:Bottle and glass of inca kola.jpg|thumb|right|[[Inca Kola]] would be colorless without tartrazine.]]
'''Tartrazine''' (otherwise known as '''E102''' or '''FD&C Yellow 5''' or '''C.I. 19140''') is a synthetic [[lemon (color)|lemon yellow]] [[Azo compound|azo]] [[dye]] used as a [[food coloring]]. It is derived from [[coal tar]]. It is water soluble<ref>http://www.sciencelab.com/xMSDS-Tartrazine-9927619</ref> and has a max absorbance in an aqueous solution at 427±2<ref>[http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/article.cgi/iecred/2003/42/i02/html/ie020228q.html Log In (ACS Publications)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[nanometer|nm]].
Tartrazine is a very commonly used color all over the world - mainly because it is one of the cheapest synthetic colors{{Fact|date=April 2008}} - obviously used for yellow, but can also be used with E133 [[Brilliant Blue FCF]] (FD&C Blue 1) or E142 [[Green S]] to produce various green shades.
== Products containing tartrazine ==
===Foods===
Many foods contain Tartrazine in varying proportions, depending on the manufacturer or the cook in charge. Nowadays, however, the trend is to avoid its addition or substitute a non-synthetic dyeing substance such as [[annatto]], [[malt]] color, or [[betacarotene]] (see [[Tartrazine#Sensitivities_.26_Intolerance|''Sensitivities & Intolerance'']], below).
Products including Tartrazine commonly include [[confectionery]], [[cotton candy]], [[soft drinks]], instant [[pudding]]s, flavored [[chips]] ([[Doritos]], [[Nachos]], etc), [[cereals]] ([[corn flakes]], [[muesli]], etc.), [[cake]] mixes, [[Pastry|pastries]], [[custard]] powder, [[soup]]s (particularly [[Bouillon cube|instant or "cube" soups]]), sauces, some [[rice]]s (like [[paella]], [[risotto]], etc.), [[Kool-Aid]], [[Gatorade]], [[ice cream]], ice lollies, [[candy]], [[chewing gum]], [[marzipan]], [[jam]], [[fruit preserves|jelly]], [[Gelatin#Edible_gelatins|gelatins]], [[marmalade]], [[Mustard (condiment)|mustard]], [[horseradish]], [[yogurt]], [[noodle]]s, [[pickles]] and other pickled products, certain brands of fruit squash, fruit [[squash (drink)|cordial]], [[chips]], [[Tim Tam|tim tams]], and many [[convenience food]]s together with [[glycerin]], [[lemon]] and [[honey]] products.
===Non-food products===
[[Soap]]s, [[cosmetics]], [[shampoo]]s and other hair products, [[moisturizer]]s, [[crayons]] and stamp dyes.
===Medications===
[[Vitamins]], [[antacids]], medicinal [[capsule]]s and certain prescription drugs.
==Sensitivities and intolerance==
{{Refimprove|date=July 2007}}
Tartrazine appears to cause the most allergic and intolerance reactions of all the azo dyes, particularly among asthmatics and those with an aspirin intolerance.<ref name="allergy asthma">{{cite web
| title = E102 Tartrazine, FD&C yellow No.5
| work =
| publisher = UK Food Guide
| date =
| url = http://www.ukfoodguide.net/e102.htm
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-11-30 }}</ref>
Symptoms from tartrazine sensitivity can occur by either ingestion or cutaneous exposure to a substance containing tartrazine.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}
A variety of immunologic responses have been attributed to Tartrazine ingestion, including anxiety, migraines, clinical depression, blurred vision, itching, general weakness, heatwaves, feeling of suffocation, purple skin patches, and sleep disturbance.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} Some claim to experience symptoms of tartrazine sensitivity even at extremely small doses, and up to 72 hours after exposure.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} In children, [[asthma]] attacks and hives have been claimed, including supposed links to [[thyroid]] [[tumor]]s, chromosomal damage, hives, and hyperactivity. <ref> [http://www.foodreactions.org/allergy/additives/100.html#Tests Food Reactions website]</ref>
The mechanism of sensitivity is obscure and has been called [[Multiple chemical sensitivity|pseudoallergic]]. The prevalence of tartrazine intolerance is estimated at roughly 360,000 Americans affected, about 0.12% of the general population.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} According to the [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]], tartrazine causes [[urticaria|hives]] in fewer than 1 in 10,000 people, or 0.01%.<ref name="FDA">{{cite web
| title = Does FD&C Yellow No. 5 cause any allergic reactions?
| work =
| publisher = United States [[Food and Drug Administration]]
| date =
| url = http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/qa-adf5.html
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-10-20 }}</ref>
Some researchers have linked tartrazine to childhood Obsessive-compulsive disorder and hyperactivity.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=7965420&cmd=showdetailview&indexed=google Synthetic food coloring and behavior: a dose respo...[J Pediatr. 1994] - PubMed Result<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
It is not clear to what extent these problems can be specifically linked to tartrazine in affected individuals. The existence of a sensitivity reaction is well-known, but the existence of more extreme effects remain controversial. The incidence of tartrazine intolerance is fairly low as indicated above, and there is much controversy about whether tartrazine has ill effects on individuals who are not clearly intolerant.
Total avoidance is the most common way to deal with tartrazine sensitivity,<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2239641&dopt=Abstract Tartrazine sensitivity. [Am Fam Physician. 1990] - PubMed Result<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> but progress has been made in reducing people’s tartrazine sensitivity in a study of people who are simultaneously sensitive to both aspirin and tartrazine.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?itool=abstractplus&db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=abstractplus&list_uids=6721262 PubMed 6721262]</ref>
== Possible health effects ==
On [[6 September]] 2007, the British [[Food Standards Agency]] revised advice on certain artificial food additives, including E102.
Professor Jim Stevenson from Southampton University, and author of the report, said: "This has been a major study investigating an important area of research. The results suggest that consumption of certain mixtures of artificial food colours and sodium benzoate preservative are associated with increases in hyperactive behaviour in children.
"However, parents should not think that simply taking these additives out of food will prevent hyperactive disorders. We know that many other influences are at work but this at least is one a child can avoid."
The following additives were tested in the research:
* Sunset yellow ([[Sunset Yellow FCF|E110]]) - Coloring found in squashes
* Carmoisine ([[E122]]) - Red coloring in jellies
* Tartrazine (E102) - New coloring in lollies, fizzy drinks
* Ponceau 4R ([[E124]]) - Red coloring
* Sodium benzoate ([[E211]]) - Preservative
* Quinoline yellow ([[E104]]) - Food coloring
* Allura red AC ([[E129]]) - Orange / red food dye<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6979976.stm Parents warned of additives link]</ref>
On [[10 April]] 2008, the Food Standards Agency called for a voluntary removal of the colors (but not sodium benzoate) by 2009.<ref>BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7340426.stm Europe-wide food colour ban call] [[10 April]] 2008</ref> In addition, it recommended that there should be action to phase them out in food and drink in the European Union (EU) over a specified period.<ref>FSA [http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2008/apr/coloursadvice Board discusses colours advice] [[10 April]] 2008</ref>
The EFSA (European Food Standards Agency) has reviewed the Southampton Study and found the tests inconclusive and recommended no action in the EU pending further studies on colorants.{{Fact|date=April 2008}}
Dr. Ben Feingold implicated this colorant in a 1973 hypothesis on hyperactivity, but was cleared of this effect after extensive testing by the colorant manufacturing industry.
==Regulation==
Because of the problem of tartrazine intolerance, the United States requires the presence of tartrazine to be declared on food and drug products (21 [[Code of Federal Regulations|CFR]] 74.1705, 21 [[Code of Federal Regulations|CFR]] 201.20) and also the color batch used to be pre-approved by the FDA.<ref name="FDA" /> The FDA regularly seizes products found to be containing undeclared tartrazine or if declared but not tested by them or even if labelled other than FD&C yellow 5, these have often included Chinese "egg noodles."[http://www.fda.gov/ora/fiars/ora_import_ia4502.html]
The use of tartrazine is banned in [[Norway]], and was also banned in [[Austria]] and [[Germany]] until the ban was overturned by a [[European Union]] directive{{Fact|date=March 2008}}.
The [[United Kingdom]]'s [[Food Standards Agency]] called in April 2008 for a voluntary phase-out of Tartrazine along with five other colorings, due to a reported link with [[hyperactivity]] in children.<ref>{{cite news | title = Europe-wide food colour ban call | work = BBC News | date = [[April 10]], [[2008]] | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7340426.stm}}</ref>
Organic foods typically use betacarotene as an additive when yellow color is desired and more use has been made of [[Annatto]] (E160b) for non-organic foods.
== Myths ==
Rumors began circulating about Yellow 5 in the 1990s regarding a link to its consumption and adverse affects on male potency, testicle and penis size and sperm count. These rumors most likely were spun from confirmed cases of allergic reactions and sensitivities to Tartrazine in Mountain Dew. There are no documented cases supporting the claim that Yellow 5 will shrink a man's penis or cause it to stop growing.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.snopes.com/medical/potables/mountaindew.asp
|title=Urban Legends Reference Pages: Mountain Dew Shrinks Testicles
|publisher=www.snopes.com
|accessdate=2008-04-25
|date=2005-12-31
}}
</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links ==
* [http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/col-toc.html Color Additives Information] ([[Food and Drug Administration]])
* [http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/01/Aug01/081301/cp00001.pdf FDA Docket to delist Yellow #5] ([[Food and Drug Administration]])
* [http://www.sciencelab.com/xMSDS-Tartrazine-9927619 MSDS for Tartrazine] ([[MSDS]])
* [http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/article.cgi/iecred/2003/42/i02/html/ie020228q.html Electrochemical Studies on a Pharmaceutical Azo Dye: Tartrazine] ([[American Chemical Society]])
*[http://www.standardcon.com/tartrazine.htm Some more details, other common names]
* [http://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSL2292714420080422 Reuters report on EU discussion of Food Additives ban]
[[Category:Azo dyes]]
[[Category:Food colorings]]
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