Tartu 31627 225081440 2008-07-11T20:01:41Z SoWhy 54890 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/194.150.65.1|194.150.65.1]] to last version by DeadEyeArrow (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]]) {{Infobox Settlement |official_name = Tartu |native_name = |image_flag = Tartu_flag.png |image_shield = Tartu_coatofarms.png |subdivision_name1 = Tartu County |leader_name = [[Urmas Kruuse]] |image_dot_map = Blank map of Europe cropped.svg |dot_x = 187 |dot_y = 101 |dot_map_caption = Location of Tartu in [[Europe]] |dot_mapsize = 280px |area_total_km2 = 38.8 |population_total = 102414 |population_footnotes = <ref>[http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=Rv022&ti=RAHVASTIK+SOO%2C+VANUSER%DCHMA+JA+MAAKONNA+J%C4RGI%2C+1%2E+JAANUAR&path=../Database/Rahvastik_regionaalne/01Rahvastikunaitajad_ja_koosseis/04Rahvaarv_ja_rahvastiku_koosseis/&lang=2 Statistics Estonia: Population by Gender, Age and Type of Municipality]</ref> |population_as_of = 2008 |population_density_km2 = 2640 |latd = 58|latm=23|latNS=N|longd=26|longm=43|longEW=E |image_skyline = Tartu, radnice.jpg |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = Tartu town hall |subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]] |subdivision_name = {{EST}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Counties of Estonia|County]] |timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] |utc_offset = +2 |timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +3 |}} '''Tartu''' (historical names: {{lang-de|Dorpat}}, from original name ''Tarbatu'', {{lang-ru|Юрьев, ''Yuryev''}}) is the second largest [[city]] of [[Estonia]]. In contrast to Estonia's political and financial capital [[Tallinn]], Tartu is often considered the intellectual and cultural hub, especially since it is home to Estonia's oldest and most renowned [[University of Tartu|university]]. Situated 186 km southeast of Tallinn, the city is the centre of southern Estonia. The [[Emajõgi]] River, which connects the two largest lakes of Estonia, crosses Tartu. The city is served by [[Tartu Airport]]. ==Historical names== As Tartu has been under the control of various rulers throughout its history, there are various names for the city in different languages. Most of them derive from the earliest attested form, the Estonian "Tarbatu". In [[German language|German]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]] and [[Polish language|Polish]] the town is known as {{Audio|Dorpat.ogg|'''Dorpat'''}}, a variant of "Tarbatu". In [[Russian language|Russian]], the city has been known as Юрьев (''Yuryev'') after [[Yaroslav I the Wise]] and as Дерпт (''Derpt''), a variant of ''Dorpat'' (however, since 1917 the Estonian name ''Tartu'' is used). Similarly, the city has been known as ''Tērbata'' in [[Latvian language|Latvian]], again a variant of "Tarbatu". ==History== [[Image:Tartu university christmas.jpg|thumb|left|Main building of Tartu University.]] ===Beginnings=== Archaeological evidence of the first permanent settlement on the site of modern Tartu dates to as early as the 5th century AD. By the 7th century, local inhabitants had built a wooden fortification on the east side of Toome Hill (''Toomemägi''). The first documented record of the place was made in 1030 by chroniclers of [[Kievan Rus]]. Yaroslav I the Wise, Prince of [[Kiev]], raided Tartu that year, built his own fort there, and named it ''Yuryev'' (literally "Yury's" - Yury being Yaroslav's Christian name). Kievan rulers then collected tribute from the surrounding ancient Estonian county of [[Ugaunia]], possibly until 1061, when, according to chronicles, Yuryev was burned down by another tribe of [[Chud]]es (''Sosols''). ===Germans in Dorpat (Tartu)=== [[Image:Rüütli-tn.JPG|thumb|170px|Rüütli street in historical midtown Tartu]] During the period of [[Northern Crusades|Northern crusades]] in the beginning of the 13th century the fort of ''Tarbatu'' (or ''Tharbata'', Tartu) was captured by the crusading [[Livonian Knights]] and recaptured by Estonians on several occasions until, in 1224, it was besieged and conquered from troops of the [[East Slavic]] prince [[Vyachko]] for one last time by the German crusaders. Subsequently known as Dorpat (''Tarbatum''), Tartu became a commercial centre of considerable importance during the later [[Middle Ages]] and the capital of the semi-independent [[Bishopric of Dorpat]]. In 1262 the army of Prince [[Dmitri of Pereslavl]], son of [[Alexander Nevsky]] launched an assault on Dorpat, capturing and destroying the town. His troops did not manage to capture the bishop’s fortress on Toome Hill. The event was recorded both in German and [[Old East Slavic]] chronicles, which also provided the first record of a settlement of German merchants and artisans which had arisen alongside the bishop’s fortress. In the 1280s Dorpat joined the [[Hanseatic League]]. In medieval times Tartu was an important trading city. As in all of Estonia and Latvia, the largely [[Baltic Germans|German-speaking]] nobility, but in Tartu/Dorpat (as in Tallinn) even more so, the Baltic German bourgeoisie, the ''literati'', dominated culture, religion, architecture, education, and politics until the late 19th century. For example, the town hall of Dorpat was designed by an architect from [[Mecklenburg]], from the city of [[Rostock]], while the university buildings were designed by another German. Many, if not most, of the students, and more than 90% of the faculty members were of German heritage, and numerous statues of notable scientists with German names can still be found in the city today. Most Germans had to leave during the first half of the 20th century. ===Polish and Swedish rule=== In the 16th century, [[Livonia]] and Tartu both came under [[Poland|Polish]] rule, and a [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] grammar school was established in the city in 1583. In addition, a translators' seminary was organized in Tartu and the city received its red and white flag from the Polish king [[Stephen Bathory, King of Poland|Stephen Bathory]]. The activities of both the grammar school and the seminary were stopped by the [[Polish-Swedish War]] (1601). Tartu then became [[Dominions of Sweden|Swedish]] in 1629, which led to the foundation of the university in 1632 by King [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]]. ===Tartu in Imperial Russia=== [[Image:Rathaus yuryev.jpg|thumb|Tartu town hall, built in 1789.]] With the [[Treaty of Nystad]] in 1721, the city became part of the [[Russian Empire]] and was known as ''Derpt''. Due to fires in the 18th century which destroyed much of the medieval architecture, the city was rebuilt along [[Baroque architecture|Late Baroque]] and [[Neoclassicism|Neoclassical]] lines. During the second half of the 19th century, Tartu was the cultural center for Estonians in the era of [[Romantic nationalism]]. The city hosted Estonia's first song festival in 1869, as well as the ''Vanemuine'', the first national theatre, in 1870. It was also the setting for the foundation of the Society of Estonian Writers in 1872. In 1893, the city was officially retitled to the ancient Russian name ''Yuryev''. The university was subsequently [[Russification|russified]] from 1895 on with the introduction of compulsory [[Russian language|Russian]] in teaching. The Russian imperial university was relocated to [[Voronezh]] in 1918, but the Estonian [[University of Tartu]] opened in 1919. With Estonian independence after [[World War I]], the city officially became known by the [[Estonian language|Estonian]] name ''Tartu''. ===Soviet influence=== At the end of [[Estonian War of Independence]] following World War I, a peace treaty between the [[Bolsheviks]] and Estonia was signed on [[2 February]] [[1920]] in Tartu. The treaty meant that [[Bolshevist Russia]] renounced territorial claims to Estonia "for all time." However, as a result of the [[Nazi-Soviet Pact]] of 1939, the [[Soviet Union]] occupied Estonia and Tartu in 1940. During [[World War II]], a large part of the city as well as the historical ''Kivisild'' (Stone Bridge) (built by [[Catherine II of Russia]] in 1776-1778) over the ''Emajõgi'' were destroyed by the fighting Red Army, partly in 1941 and almost totally in 1944. After the war, Tartu was declared a "closed town" to foreigners, as an air base for bombers was constructed on [[Raadi Airfield]], in the northeast outskirts of the city. The asphalt runway there now houses a large used cars market, and is sometimes used for automotive racing. During Soviet times the population of Tartu almost doubled from 57,000 to 100,000. ===Independence=== Since Estonia regained its independence in 1991, the old town centre is being renovated. ==Climate== <!--Infobox begins-->{{Infobox Weather |metric_first= Yes |single_line= Yes |location = Tartu |Jan_Hi_°C = -4.2 |Jan_REC_Hi_°C = 7.7 |Feb_Hi_°C = -3.3 |Feb_REC_Hi_°C = 10.9 |Mar_Hi_°C = 1.6 |Mar_REC_Hi_°C = 17.7 |Apr_Hi_°C = 9.2 |Apr_REC_Hi_°C = 24.7 |May_Hi_°C = 16.7 |May_REC_Hi_°C = 29.0 |Jun_Hi_°C = 20.5 |Jun_REC_Hi_°C = 31.2 |Jul_Hi_°C = 21.9 |Jul_REC_Hi_°C = 34.0 |Aug_Hi_°C = 20.5 |Aug_REC_Hi_°C = 33.7 |Sep_Hi_°C = 15.1 |Sep_REC_Hi_°C = 28.6 |Oct_Hi_°C = 9.1 |Oct_REC_Hi_°C = 21.4 |Nov_Hi_°C = 2.6 |Nov_REC_Hi_°C = 13.6 |Dec_Hi_°C = -1.7 |Dec_REC_Hi_°C = 8.4 |Year_Hi_°C = 9.0 |Year_REC_Hi_°C = 34.0 |Jan_Lo_°C = -10.5 |Jan_REC_Lo_°C = -37.5 |Feb_Lo_°C = -10.2 |Feb_REC_Lo_°C = -36.0 |Mar_Lo_°C = -6.2 |Mar_REC_Lo_°C = -29.6 |Apr_Lo_°C = -0.3 |Apr_REC_Lo_°C = -19.8 |May_Lo_°C = 5.2 |May_REC_Lo_°C = -7.2 |Jun_Lo_°C = 9.1 |Jun_REC_Lo_°C = -2.2 |Jul_Lo_°C = 11.1 |Jul_REC_Lo_°C = 2.7 |Aug_Lo_°C = 10.5 |Aug_REC_Lo_°C = 1.7 |Sep_Lo_°C = 6.5 |Sep_REC_Lo_°C = -6.6 |Oct_Lo_°C = 2.5 |Oct_REC_Lo_°C = -11.1 |Nov_Lo_°C = -2.2 |Nov_REC_Lo_°C = -21.2 |Dec_Lo_°C = -7.3 |Dec_REC_Lo_°C = -38.6 |Year_Lo_°C = 0.6 |Year_REC_Lo_°C = -38.6 <!--**** use mm or cm but not both! ****--> |Jan_Precip_cm = |Jan_Precip_mm = 29 |Feb_Precip_cm = |Feb_Precip_mm = 23 |Mar_Precip_cm = |Mar_Precip_mm = 26 |Apr_Precip_cm = |Apr_Precip_mm = 33 |May_Precip_cm = |May_Precip_mm = 53 |Jun_Precip_cm = |Jun_Precip_mm = 60 |Jul_Precip_cm = |Jul_Precip_mm = 71 |Aug_Precip_cm = |Aug_Precip_mm = 86 |Sep_Precip_cm = |Sep_Precip_mm = 64 |Oct_Precip_cm = |Oct_Precip_mm = 52 |Nov_Precip_cm = |Nov_Precip_mm = 48 |Dec_Precip_cm = |Dec_Precip_mm = 40 |Year_Precip_cm = |Year_Precip_mm = 585 |source = Estonian Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology<ref name="emhi">{{cite web | url = http://www.emhi.ee/index.php?ide=6,299,302 | title = Estonian Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology| accessmonthday = September 11| accessyear = 2007 | publisher = | language = Estonian}}</ref> |accessdate = 11.09.2007 <!--|source2 = <ref name= >{{cite web | url = | title = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = | publisher = | language = }}</ref>--> |accessdate2 = --> }}<!--Infobox ends--> ==Government== [[Image:Tartu pl2sku building.jpg|thumb|right|Emajõe Center commercial building.]] There are 49 members on the town council, elected by residents every four years using a proportional system of representation. [http://www.tartu.ee/?lang_id=1&menu_id=2&page_id=97] The executive branch of the town government consists of a [[mayor]] and five deputy mayors. [http://www.tartu.ee/?lang_id=1&menu_id=2&page_id=164] The current mayor is [[Urmas Kruuse]]. [[Andrus Ansip]], the current [[Prime Minister of Estonia]], was mayor for many years. Both Ansip and Kruuse are members of the [[Estonian Reform Party]], which has dominated in Tartu in recent years. ==Population== According to the European Statistical Office, Tartu's population comprised the following self-reported ethnic groups as of 2006: {| class="wikitable" !Nationality !Percentage |- |[[Estonians]] |align=right|80,2% |- |[[Russians]] |align=right|15,7% |- |[[Ukrainians]] |align=right|1,2% |- |[[Finns]] |align=right|1,1% |- |Others |align=right|1,8% |} Tartu's historic population is presented in the following table, based on data from official censuses since 1881<ref>[http://www.stat.ee/129615 Statistics Estonia: General Data for 1881, 1897, 1922, 1934, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989 Censuses]</ref> and Estonian Statistical Office<ref>[http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=RV022&ti=RAHVASTIK+SOO%2C+VANUSER%DCHMA+JA+MAAKONNA+J%C4RGI%2C+1%2E+JAANUAR&path=../Database/Rahvastik/01Rahvastikunaitajad_ja_koosseis/04Rahvaarv_ja_rahvastiku_koosseis/&lang=2 Statistics Estonia: Population by Gender, Age Group and County]</ref>: {| class="wikitable" !Year !Population |- |1881 |align=right|29,974 |- |1897 |align=right|42,308 |- |1922 |align=right|50,342 |- |1934 |align=right|58,876 |- |1959 |align=right|74,263 |- |1970 |align=right|90,459 |- |1979 |align=right|104,381 |- |1989 |align=right|113,320 |- |1995 |align=right|104,874 |- |2000 |align=right|101,241 |- |2005 |align=right|101,483 |- |2006 |align=right|101,740 |- |2007 |align=right|101,965 |} ==Education and culture== [[Image:Tartu tähetorn 2006.jpg|thumb|170px|Early 19th century observatory building.]] The city is best known for being the home to the [[University of Tartu]], founded by King [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]] in 1632. Mainly for this reason, Tartu is also - tongue-in-cheek - known as "[[Athens]] of the Emajõgi" or as "[[University of Heidelberg|Heidelberg]] of the North". Tartu is also the seat of the [[Estonian University of Life Sciences]], the [[Baltic Defence College]], [[Tartu Aviation College]], and the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research. The [[Estonian Supreme Court]], which was re-established in Tartu in the autumn of 1993, is likewise in the city, as well as the Estonian Historical Archives and Estonian national theatre [[Vanemuine]] ==Main sights== [[Image:St. Jhon.JPG|thumb|170px|St. John's Church]] The architecture and city planning of historical Tartu mainly go back to the pre-independence period, with Germans forming the upper and middle classes of society, and therefore contributing many architects, professors, local politicians, etc. [[Image:Tartu St Johns church interior.jpg|thumb|170px|St. John's Church interior|left]] Most notable are the old [[Lutheran]] [[John the Apostle|St. John's]] Church ([[Estonian language|Estonian]]:''Jaani Kirik'', [[German language|German]]: ''Johanneskirche''), the 18th-century town hall, the university building, the remainders of the 13th-century cathedral, the botanical gardens, the main shopping street, and many buildings around the town hall square. The historical slum area called Supilinn is located on the bank of river Emajõgi, near the town centre and is regarded as one of the few surviving poor neighbourhoods in Europe from the 19th century. At the moment Supilinn is rapidly being renovated. In the suburbs, classic Soviet neighbourhoods - blocks of high-rise flats - were built during the period between the Second World War and restoration of Estonian independence in 1991. Presently, Tartu is also known for several modern, rather sterile-looking buildings of the "steel, concrete and glass" type, but has managed to retain a mix of old buildings and new buildings in the historical centre of town. Being the intellectual and cultural centre of Estonia, the Estonian Prime Minister often takes state guests to Tartu. Famous guests have included [[Charles, Prince of Wales]], the presidents of [[Finland]], [[Latvia]], [[Hungary]], the [[Republic of Ireland]], and [[Lithuania]], as well as religious leaders like the [[Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] and the head of the [[Orthodox Church of Constantinople]], [[Patriarch Bartholomew I]]. Tartu's large student population means that it has a comparatively thriving nightlife, with some bars, restaurants, and nightclubs. Some of the more popular destinations for tourists include the [http://www.wilde.ee Wilde Irish Pub], the [http://www.pyss.ee Gunpowder Cellar], [http://www.clubtallinn.ee Club Tallinn] and the café [http://www.maailm.ee Maailm]. Annually, in the summer, Tartu hosts the Hansa Days Festival (Estonian: ''Hansapäevad'') under the motto "History lives" when the old town is bustling with activty from handicraft markets and historic workshops to a jousting tournament. ==Twin towns== * {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Bærum]], Norway * {{flagicon|NED}} [[Deventer]], the Netherlands * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Ferrara]], Italy * {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Frederiksberg]], Denmark * {{flagicon|ISL}} [[Hafnarfjörður]], Iceland *{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Hämeenlinna]], Finland * {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Kaunas]], Lithuania * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Lüneburg]], Germany *{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Pskov]], Russia *{{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Riga]], Latvia *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Salisbury, Maryland|Salisbury]], [[Maryland]] United States * {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Tampere]], Finland *{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Turku]], Finland *{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Uppsala]], Sweden *{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Veszprem]], Hungary *{{flagicon|NED}} [[Zutphen]], the Netherlands ==Gallery== <gallery> Image:Tartu Ülikool.jpg|Tartu University main building Image:Tartu, botanická zahrada.jpeg|Botanical Gardens Image:Engelsbrücke Dämmerung.JPG|Angel's Bridge at dusk in winter Image:Wifi accesspoint in tartu estonia.jpg|In front of the University Cafe Image:Hanseatic Days of Tartu 2007 Estonia2.JPG|Hanseatic Days celebration Image:Tartu 1866.jpg|Tartu in 1866 </gallery> ==See also== * [[University of Tartu]] * [[Estonia]] ==References== {{reflist}} == External links == {{Commons|Tartu}} * [http://tartu.ee/?lang_id=2 Official website] * [http://www.visittartu.com/?set_lang_id=2 Tourism website] * [http://www.ut.ee/index.aw/set_lang_id=2 Tartu University] * [http://tartu.ee/?lang_id=1&page_id=656 Maps of Tartu] * [http://www.tartu.ee/nyydisarhitektuur Interactive map of Tartu modern architecture since 1960ies (with comprehensive explanations in Estonian)] * [http://tartu.ee/?lang_id=2&page_id=844 Live webcameras overlooking Town Hall Square] * [http://meteo.physic.ut.ee/ Weather in Tartu] {{Hanseatic League}} {{Tartumaa}} [[Category:Tartu| ]] [[Category:Cities and towns in Estonia]] [[Category:Municipalities of Estonia]] [[Category:University towns]] [[ar:تارتو]] [[br:Tartu]] [[bg:Тарту]] [[ca:Tartu]] [[cv:Тарту]] [[cs:Tartu]] [[da:Tartu]] [[de:Tartu]] [[et:Tartu]] [[es:Tartu]] [[eo:Tartu]] [[fr:Tartu]] [[gl:Tartu]] [[ko:타르투]] [[id:Tartu]] [[it:Tartu]] [[he:טרטו]] [[ka:ტარტუ]] [[la:Tarbatum]] [[lv:Tartu]] [[lt:Tartu]] [[hu:Tartu]] [[nl:Tartu]] [[ja:タルトゥ]] [[no:Tartu]] [[nn:Tartu]] [[nds:Derpt]] [[pl:Tartu]] [[pt:Tartu]] [[ro:Tartu]] [[qu:Tartu]] [[ru:Тарту]] [[simple:Tartu]] [[sl:Tartu]] [[sr:Тарту]] [[fi:Tartto]] [[sv:Tartu]] [[tr:Tartu]] [[vo:Tartu]] [[fiu-vro:Tarto]] [[zh:塔尔图]]