Ted Kennedy
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Dr. Whiskers
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Making Kennedy's disease it's own section.
{{Otherpersons|Ted Kennedy}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| name = Edward M. Kennedy
| image = Ted Kennedy, official photo portrait.jpg
| jr/sr = Senior Senator
| state = [[Massachusetts]]
| term_start = [[November 6]], [[1962]]
| alongside = [[John Kerry]]
| predecessor = [[Benjamin A. Smith II]]
| successor =
| order2 = 16<sup>th</sup> [[United States Senate Majority Whip]]
| term_start2 = [[January 3]], [[1969]]
| term_end2 = [[January 3]], [[1971]]
| leader2 = [[Mike Mansfield]]
| predecessor2 = [[Russell B. Long]]
| successor2 = [[Robert Byrd]]
| order3 = Chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Committee on the Judiciary]]
| term_start3 = [[January 3]], [[1979]]
| term_end3 = [[January 3]], [[1981]]
| predecessor3 = [[James Eastland]]
| successor3 = [[Strom Thurmond]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1932|2|22}}
| birth_place = [[Boston, Massachusetts]]
| death_date =
| constituency =
| party = [[Democrat Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = 1. [[Joan Bennett Kennedy]] (1958–1982, div.)<br>2. Victoria Reggie Kennedy (from 1992)
| profession = [[politician]], [[lawyer]]
| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]] (1956)<br>[[University of Virginia]] School of Law (1959)|
| law school = [[University of Virginia]] School of Law (1959) |
| net worth = $43–162 million ([[United States dollar|USD]]) <ref name=OS.org>{{cite web
| title = Ted Kennedy's Personal Finances
| publisher = opensecrets.org
| date = 2006
| url = http://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00000308&year=2006 }}</ref>
| religion = [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]
| website = [http://kennedy.senate.gov/ Senator Edward M. Kennedy]
| signature =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy''' (born [[February 22]], [[1932]]) is the [[Senior Senator|senior]] [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from [[Massachusetts]] and a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. In office since November 1962, Kennedy is the [[list of current United States Senators by seniority|second most senior]] member of the Senate, after [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|President ''pro tempore'' of the United States Senate]] [[Robert Byrd]] of [[West Virginia]].<ref name="KennedyPage">{{cite web|title=Senator Kennedy's Bio|url=http://kennedy.senate.gov/senator/index.cfm |publisher=United States Senate|accessdate=2008-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/chronlist.pdf|title=SENATORS OF THE UNITED STATES|accessdate=2008-05-20|publisher=Senate Historical Office}}</ref> The most prominent living member of the [[Kennedy family]], he is the youngest brother of the late [[President of the United States|President]] [[John F. Kennedy]] and the late Senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]], and the father of Congressman [[Patrick J. Kennedy]]. Kennedy is also the sole surviving son of [[Joseph Kennedy]] and [[Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy]], and one of three of their surviving children (along with [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver]] and [[Jean Kennedy Smith]]).
Ted Kennedy is a staunch advocate of [[Liberalism in the United States|liberal]] principles, and is one of the most influential and enduring icons of his party.
On [[May 20]], [[2008]], doctors announced that Kennedy has a [[malignant]] [[brain tumor]], diagnosed after he experienced a seizure at the [[Kennedy Compound|Kennedy compound]] in [[Hyannis, Massachusetts|Hyannisport, Massachusetts]] the previous weekend.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/05/20/kennedy.tumor/index.html|title=Doctors: Ted Kennedy has brain tumor|date=2008-05-20|accessdate=2008-05-20|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> On [[June 2]] [[2008]], Kennedy underwent brain surgery at [[Duke University Medical Center#Duke University Hospital|Duke University Hospital]].<ref name=DailyNewsSurgery>{{cite web |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/us_world/2008/06/02/2008-06-02_sen_edward_kennedy_undergoes_surgery_for.html |publisher=[[New York Daily News]] |title=Sen. Edward Kennedy undergoes surgery for brain tumor |accessdate=2008-06-04 |date=2008-06-03}}</ref>
==Childhood and youth==
Kennedy is the youngest of nine children of [[Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.]] and [[Rose Fitzgerald]], a prominent Irish-American family. He attended the [[Fessenden School]], and later [[Milton Academy]] and entered [[Harvard College]] in 1950, where he resided in [[Winthrop House]]. Kennedy was also a member of the Owl Club. He was expelled from Harvard in May 1951 after he was caught cheating during a Spanish examination.<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/kennedys/timeline/timeline2.html] PBS Kennedy Family Chronology</ref> Kennedy enlisted in in the [[United States Army]] for two years and was assigned to the [[SHAPE]] headquarters in [[Paris]]. He eventually re-entered Harvard, graduating in 1956.<ref name="KennedyPage"/> In the 1955 [[Harvard-Yale football games (The Game)|Harvard-Yale football game]], which [[Yale University|Yale]] won 21–7, Kennedy caught Harvard's only touchdown pass.<ref name="KennedyPage"/> In 1958, he attended the [[Hague Academy of International Law]]. He earned his law degree from the [[University of Virginia]], where he was the winner of the [[William Minor Lile Moot Court Competition]],<ref>[http://www.lawweekly.org/?module=displaystory&story_id=1252&edition_id=38&format=html Features: UVA Law's 7 Senators: Virginia Law Weekly<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1959.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2006_spr/pubservice.htm |title=Sen. Ted Kennedy to Keynote Public Service Conference |date=2006-03-01 |accessdate=2008-05-20 |publisher=[[University of Virginia]]}}</ref> While he was in law school, he managed his brother [[John F. Kennedy|John]]'s [[United States Senate election, 1958|1958]] Senate re-election campaign.
==Marriages and family==
Kennedy's home is in [[Hyannis, Massachusetts]], where he lives with his second wife, Victoria Reggie Kennedy, a [[Washington]] lawyer and the daughter of [[Louisiana]] judge [[Edmund Reggie]], and her children from a previous marriage, Curran and Caroline. Victoria is president and co-founder of Common Sense about Kids and Guns,<ref>[http://www.kidsandguns.org/familyroom/bios.asp Common Sense About Kids and Guns: Kennedy Bio<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> an advocacy group that seeks to reduce gun deaths and injuries to children in the United States. His first marriage was to [[Virginia Joan Bennett]], whom he met while delivering a speech at [[Manhattanville College]] and married on [[November 29]], [[1958]], in [[Bronxville, New York]]). They divorced in 1982. Their children together are Kara Anne (born [[February 27]], [[1960]]), [[Edward Kennedy, Jr.|Edward Jr.]] (born [[September 26]], [[1961]]), and [[Patrick J. Kennedy|Patrick]] (born [[July 14]], [[1967]]). Kara married Michael Allen on [[September 9]], [[1990]], in [[Centerville, Massachusetts]]. They have two children: Grace Kennedy Allen (born [[September 19]], [[1994]], in [[Washington, D.C.]]), and Max Greathouse Allen (born [[December 20]], [[1996]], in [[Rockville, Maryland]]). Kennedy has five grandchildren. After his brothers John and Robert were assassinated in 1963 and 1968 respectively, he took on the role of surrogate father for his brothers' 13 children.<ref>Chris Black et al., [http://www.cnn.com/US/9907/24/kennedy.plane.01/ "Final memorial set for victims of Kennedy crash"], [[CNN News]], [[July 24]], [[1999]]. Accessed online [[December 26]], [[2006]].</ref>
==Senate career==
[[Image:TedKennedy 1962.jpg|thumb|First Senate campaign.]]
[[Image:Kennedy bros.jpg|thumb|[[John F. Kennedy|John]], [[Robert Kennedy|Robert]] and Ted Kennedy circa 1960.]]
In 1960, John Kennedy was elected President of the United States and vacated his Massachusetts Senate seat. Ted would not be eligible to fill his brother's vacant Senate seat until [[February 22]], [[1962]], when he would turn thirty. Therefore the President-elect asked Massachusetts Governor [[Foster Furcolo]] to name a Kennedy family friend [[Benjamin A. Smith II]] to fill out John's term (under the authority of the [[Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|17th Amendment]] to the Constitution, and state law). This kept the seat open for Ted.<ref name="kennedyism">{{cite news|title=eddy & Kennedyism |url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,940066,00.html |date=1962-09-28 |accessdate=2008-05-23}}</ref> In 1962, Kennedy was elected to the Senate from Massachusetts in a [[special election]]. He was elected to a full six-year term in [[United States Senate election, 1964|1964]] and was reelected in [[United States Senate election, 1970|1970]], [[United States Senate election, 1976|1976]], [[United States Senate election, 1982|1982]], [[United States Senate election, 1988|1988]], [[United States Senate election, 1994|1994]], [[United States Senate election, 2000|2000]] and [[United States Senate election, 2006|2006]].<ref name="KennedyPage"/>
Kennedy is the Chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions|Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee]]. He also serves on the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Judiciary Committee]], and the [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|Armed Services Committee]]. He is also a member of the [[Congressional Joint Economic Committee]], a founder of the [[Congressional Friends of Ireland]] and a trustee of the [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="KennedyPage"/>
His brother, President John F. Kennedy, [[John F. Kennedy assassination|was assassinated]] in 1963, the year after Ted was first elected to the Senate. The next year, 1964, Kennedy was in a plane crash in which the pilot and Edward Moss, one of Kennedy's aides, were killed.<ref name="misfortunes">{{cite web|title=John F. Kennedy Jr. - Timeline: Misfortunes of a Family |url=http://www.cnn.com/interactive/specials/9907/kennedy.tragedy.glance/frameset.exclude.html |publisher=CNN |date=July 1999|accessdate=2008-05-23}}</ref> He was pulled from the wreckage by fellow senator [[Birch Bayh|Birch E. Bayh II]] (D-[[Indiana|Ind.]]) and spent weeks in a hospital recovering from a severe back injury, a [[pneumothorax|punctured lung]], broken ribs and internal bleeding. He has suffered chronic pain since the event.<ref>{{cite news |title=Teddy's Ordeal |url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,898150,00.html |work=Time |date=1964-06-26 |accessdate=2008-05-23}}</ref><ref>[http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/Kennedy-N344S.htm Check-Six.com - The 1964 Crash of Ted Kennedy's Plane]</ref>
In 1968, his last surviving brother, Robert, was assassinated during his bid to be nominated as the Democratic candidate for the presidency; Ted Kennedy delivered a [[eulogy]] at Robert's funeral.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ted Kennedy has malignant brain tumour, tests show |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20080520/kennedy_tumour_080520/20080520?hub=World |publisher=CTV.ca |date=2008-05-20 |accessdate=2008-05-23}}</ref> The 1993 book ''The Last Brother'' by [[Joe McGinniss]] portrayed Kennedy as particularly devastated by the death of Robert, as Ted was closer to Robert than to any other member of the Kennedy family.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ferguson|first=Andrew|title=His brothers' last keeper |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n17_v45/ai_14293039|work=National Review|publisher=FindArticles.com|date=1993-09-06|accessdate=2008-05-23}}</ref> In January 1969, Kennedy defeated [[Louisiana]] Senator [[Russell B. Long]] to become [[assistant party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate Majority Whip]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The Ascent of Ted Kennedy|url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,839703,00.html|work=Time|date=1969-01-10|accessdate=2008-05-23}}</ref> He would serve as Whip until January 1971, when he was defeated by Senator [[Robert Byrd]] of West Virginia.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nolan|first=Martin F.|title=Edward M. Kennedy: A Biography - Review|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_12_31/ai_58170293/print|work=Washington Monthly|publisher=FindArticles.com|date=December 1999|accessdate=2008-05-23}}</ref>
===Committee Assignments===
*'''[[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|Committee on Armed Services]]'''
**[[United States Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities|Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities]]
**[[United States Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Personnel|Subcommittee on Personnel]]
**[[United States Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on SeaPower|Subcommittee on SeaPower]] (Chairman)
*'''[[United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions|Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions]]''' (Chairman)
**As chairman of the full committee, Sen. Kennedy is an ''ex officio'' member of all subcommittees.
*'''[[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Committee on the Judiciary]]'''
**[[United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Property Rights|Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Property Rights]]
**[[United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Law|Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Law]]
**[[United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime and Drugs|Subcommittee on Crime and Drugs]]
**[[United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security and Citizenship|Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security and Citizenship]] (Chairman)
**[[United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Homeland Security|Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Homeland Security]]
*'''[[United States Congress Joint Economic Committee|Joint Economic Committee]]'''
==Chappaquiddick incident==
{{Main|Chappaquiddick incident}}
The Chappaquiddick incident refers to the circumstances surrounding the 1969 death of [[Mary Jo Kopechne]], a former staff member in Senator Robert F. Kennedy's 1968 presidential campaign. Edward Kennedy was driving a car with Kopechne as his passenger when the Senator drove off Dike Bridge into the channel between [[Chappaquiddick Island]] and [[Martha's Vineyard]]. The Senator swam to safety, but Kopechne died in the car. Kennedy left the scene and did not call authorities until after Kopechne's body was discovered the following day. He pleaded guilty to leaving the scene of an accident and was [[suspended sentence|sentenced]] to two months in jail, suspended.
In January 1970, an inquest into Kopechne's death took place in Edgartown. At the request of Kennedy's lawyers, the [[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court]] ordered the inquest be conducted in secret.<ref>Trotta, p. 184.</ref><ref name="bly_213">Bly, p. 213.</ref> Judge James A. Boyle presided over the inquest. His conclusions were as follows:
* "Kopechne and Kennedy did not intend to return to Edgartown" at the time they left the party.
* "Kennedy did not intend to drive to the ferry slip".
* "[Kennedy]'s turn onto Dike Road was intentional".
Judge Boyle also said that "negligent driving appears to have contributed to the death of Mary Jo Kopechne".<ref name="bly_213"/>
Under Massachusetts law Boyle could have ordered Kennedy's arrest, but he chose not to do so.<ref name="bly_213"/> District Attorney Dinis chose not to pursue Kennedy for [[manslaughter]], despite Judge Boyle's conclusions.
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==Presidential bid==
[[Image:Barack Obama and Ted Kennedy in Hartford, February 4, 2008.jpg|thumb|right|Barack Obama and Ted Kennedy in Hartford, [[February 4]], [[2008]].]]
Kennedy deflected supporters who urged him to run for President in 1972 and 1976 by citing family concerns, in light of his brothers' assassinations. He finally threw his hat into the ring for the Democratic nomination in the [[United States presidential election, 1980|1980 presidential election]] by launching an unusual, insurgent campaign against the incumbent president, [[Jimmy Carter]], a member of his own party. Despite much early support, his bid was ultimately unsuccessful. Carter was highly unpopular at the time of Kennedy's announcement,{{Fact|date=June 2008}} and Kennedy could have expected to do well against him, but the [[Iran hostage crisis]] gave President Carter a large boost in the polls that lasted for several months. The upswing in Carter's popularity knocked the wind out of Kennedy's candidacy, which was predicated on dislodging an unpopular president. In addition, the Chappaquiddick incident still dogged Kennedy, and his opponents often invoked the highly recognizable melody of [[Simon & Garfunkel]]'s 1970 hit song "[[Bridge Over Troubled Water (song)|Bridge Over Troubled Water]]" to remind voters of the tragedy and scandal.
Kennedy's campaign received substantial negative press from what pundits criticized as a rambling response to the question "Why do you want to be President?" during an interview with [[Roger Mudd]] of [[CBS News]] in 1979.<ref>[http://www.q-and-a.org/transcript/?programid=1174], C-SPAN/Brian Lamb [[April 6]], [[2008]].</ref> Kennedy won 10 presidential [[primary election|primaries]] against Carter, who won 24. Eventually, he bowed out of the race, but delivered a well-received speech before the [[1980 Democratic National Convention]] in [[New York City]].<ref>[http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/tedkennedy1980dnc.htm Ted Kennedy: 1980 Democratic National Convention Address]</ref>
===Presidential endorsements===
While Kennedy himself did not run, his endorsements for other candidates were commonly viewed as very important. In 1988, he supported the successful bid of Massachusetts Governor [[Michael Dukakis]] to win the nomination.<ref name="ourcampaigns">[http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=200 Our Campaigns - Candidate - Edward "Ted" Kennedy]</ref> Four years later (1992) he initially backed former fellow Massachusetts Senator [[Paul Tsongas]], who lost to [[Bill Clinton]].<ref name="ourcampaigns"/> In 2000, Kennedy supported Vice President [[Al Gore]] against former [[New Jersey]] Senator [[Bill Bradley]].<ref name="ourcampaigns"/> In 2004, he backed fellow Massachusetts Senator [[John Kerry]], who won the nomination but lost to [[incumbent]] [[George W. Bush]].<ref name="ourcampaigns"/> In the [[U.S. presidential election, 2008|2008 election]], Kennedy is supporting [[Illinois]] Senator [[Barack Obama]].<ref name="ourcampaigns"/>
{{clear}}
==Democratic Party icon==
Since his presidential bid, Kennedy has become one of the most recognizable and influential members of the party, and is sometimes called a "Democratic icon".<ref>{{Citation
| last = Chaddock | first = Gail Russell | title = Democratic primary: Quiet battle for the other delegates| newspaper = [[The Christian Science Monitor]] | year = 2008|date = [[January 30]], 2008| url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0130/p01s03-uspo.html}}</ref> In [[April 2006]], Kennedy was selected by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' as one of "America's 10 Best Senators"; the magazine noted that he had "amassed a titanic record of legislation affecting the lives of virtually every man, woman and child in the country" and that "by the late 1990s, the liberal icon had become such a prodigious cross-aisle dealer that Republican leaders began pressuring party colleagues not to sponsor bills with him".<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1183965,00.html Ted Kennedy: The Dogged Achiever], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', [[April 14]], [[2006]]. Accessed online [[May 6]], [[2007]].</ref>
In 2004, Kennedy was involved in the failed presidential bid of his fellow Massachusetts Senator John Kerry, speaking for Kerry multiple times and lending his chief of staff, [[Mary Beth Cahill]], to the Kerry campaign. Kennedy stated that he would have supported Kerry should he have chosen to run for president in 2008. On [[January 28]], [[2008]], Kennedy endorsed Senator [[Barack Obama]] in his [[Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008|campaign]] for the Democratic presidential nomination.
In 2006, Kennedy released a children's book ''[[My Senator and Me: A Dog's-Eye View of Washington, D.C]]''.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/story/arts/national/2006/01/09/kennedy-book.html Ted Kennedy pens children's book], Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, [[January 9]], [[2006]]. Accessed online [[December 26]], [[2006]].</ref> Also in 2006, Kennedy released a political history entitled ''[[America Back on Track]].''<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5353270 "Sen. Ted Kennedy and 'America Back on Track'"], NPR, [[April 20]], [[2006]]. Accessed online [[February 22]], [[2007]].</ref>
[[As of 2008]], Kennedy is the second-longest serving current senator, trailing only [[Robert Byrd]]. Kennedy won an eighth full (and ninth overall) term in [[United States Senate election, 2006|2006]]. If he serves out his full six-year current term, he will have served in the U.S. Senate for 50 years. Currently, he is the chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions]].
==Political record==
===Abortion===
Although he has been a staunch [[pro-choice]] advocate for the past 30 years, Kennedy adopted this position only after the ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' decision in 1973. Prior to that, he held a [[pro-life]] position. A letter to a constituent, dated [[August 3]], [[1971]] opposes "the legalization of [[abortion]] on demand" saying, "While the deep concern of a woman bearing an unwanted child merits consideration and sympathy, it is my personal feeling that the legalization of abortion on demand is not in accordance with the value which our civilization places on human life. Wanted or unwanted, I believe that human life, even at its earliest stages, has certain rights which must be recognized — the right to be born, the right to love, the right to grow old."<ref>[http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=45591 A Tale of Two Teddies: Pro-choice Kennedy was pro-life in 1971], World NetDaily, [[August 3]], [[2005]]. Accessed online [[December 26]], [[2006]].</ref> Kennedy's reversal on this issue after ''Roe v. Wade'' became a source of continuing dispute between him and the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]], of which he is a member.
In 1987, Kennedy delivered an impassioned speech condemning [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] nominee [[Robert Bork]] as a "[[right-wing politics|right-wing]] extremist" and warning that "Robert Bork's America" would be one marked by back alley abortions and other backward practices. Kennedy's strong opposition to Bork's nomination was important to the Senate's rejection of Bork's candidacy. In recent years, he has argued that much of the debate over abortion is a [[False dilemma|false dichotomy]]. Speaking at the [[National Press Club (USA)|National Press Club]] in 2005, he remarked, "Surely, we can all agree that abortion should be rare, and that we should do all we can to help women avoid the need to face that decision."<ref>[[E.J. Dionne|Dionne, E.J.]] [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A8098-2005Jan13.html "The New Liberalism: Democrats Need to Show Their Family Values"], ''[[Washington Post]]'', [[January 14]], [[2005]], page A19.</ref> He voted against the [[Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ontheissues.org/Senate/Ted_Kennedy.htm|title=Ted Kennedy on the Issues|accessdate=2008-05-20|publisher=OnTheIssues.org}}</ref>
===Immigration policy===
Kennedy was a strong supporter of the [[Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965|1965 Hart-Celler Act]] — signed into law by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] — which dramatically changed U.S. immigration policy.<ref>[http://www.cis.org/articles/1995/back395.html Three Decades of Mass Immigration: The Legacy of the 1965 Immigration Act], Center for Immigration Studies, September 1995. Accessed online [[26 December]], [[2006]].</ref> "The bill will not flood our cities with immigrants. It will not upset the ethnic mix of our society. It will not relax the standards of admission. It will not cause American workers to lose their jobs."<ref>U.S. Senate, Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary, Washington, D.C., [[February 10]], [[1965]], pp. 1–3.</ref> Kennedy is now the chairman of the United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security and Citizenship, and remains a strong advocate for immigrants.
This legislation replaced the [[Immigration Act of 1924]], which favored immigrants from northern and western Europe. Proponents of the 1965 bill argued that immigration laws and quotas were discriminatory, and that American immigration policy should accept people not on the basis of their nationality. This also abolished the [[Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882]].
Kennedy subsequently took a lead role in several other would-be immigration measures, including the [[Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act (S. 1033)]] ("McCain-Kennedy") in 2005 and the [[Secure Borders, Economic Opportunity and Immigration Reform Act of 2007]], a bipartisan measure worked out with President [[George W. Bush]] which ultimately failed on the floor of the U.S. Senate. Among other reforms, the 1033 legislation proposed allowing "undocumented immigrants in the U.S. to come out of the shadows, submit to background checks, and register for a legal status. Immigrants and their families would have six years to earn permanent residence and ultimately citizenship."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tedkennedy.com/journal/724/fighting-for-real-immigration-reform|title=Fighting for Real Immigration Reform|accessdate=2008-01-31}}</ref>
===Gun control===
Kennedy has been a staunch supporter of [[Gun politics in the United States|gun control]] initiatives. In 2006 he was one of the 16 senators who voted against the [[Disaster Recovery Personal Protection Act of 2006|Vitter Amendment]], which prohibited the confiscation of legally-possessed firearms during a disaster.
===Energy policy===
Kennedy has generally favored alternative energy sources and opposed additional Alaska oil drilling. However, he opposes the [[Cape Wind]] wind turbine project which would occur near his home.<ref>[http://www.issues2000.org/International/Ted_Kennedy_Energy_+_Oil.htm Ted Kennedy on Energy & Oil], On the Issues (issues2000.org). Accessed online [[26 December]], [[2006]].</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/25/AR2006032500933.html Bending with the Wind]</ref>
===War on Terrorism===
[[Image:KennedyGorbi.jpg|thumb|With [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]]]
Kennedy was a supporter of the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|American-led 2001 overthrow]] of the [[Taliban|Taliban government]] in [[Afghanistan]]. Kennedy joined other Democratic leaders in the Senate to write letters to Majority Leader [[Harry Reid]] in 2007, urging him to take up legislation that would block the [[Bush administration]]'s [[warrantless wiretapping]] program. Among authors of other letters to Reid on this subject were [[Hillary Clinton]], [[Barack Obama]], [[Joseph Biden]], [[Russ Feingold]] and [[Barbara Boxer]].<ref>Thomas, Will. [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2007/12/12/08-dems-pressure-reid-ov_n_76508.html '08 Dems Pressure Reid Over Wiretap Law.] ''HuffingPost.com,'' Dec. 12, 2007. Accessed 6-14-2008.</ref>
===War in Iraq===
Kennedy has been a vocal critic of the American-led [[2003 invasion of Iraq|2003 invasion]] and subsequent [[Iraq War|occupation of Iraq]]. He has also been a harsh critic of the way the invasion of [[Iraq]] was planned and conducted by the Bush administration. Kennedy also has said that the best vote he had ever cast in the Senate was his vote against giving [[George W. Bush|President Bush]] the authority to use force against Iraq.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/01/09/democrats.iraq.funding/index.html Kennedy fights 'immense new mistake' of troop surge - CNN.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
On [[September 27]], [[2004]], Kennedy made a speech on the Senate floor regarding the war in Iraq, just prior to the [[United States presidential election, 2004|2004 U.S. Presidential election]].<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20041017024332/kennedy.senate.gov/index_low.html Senator Kennedy delivers a speech at GW University: The Effect of the War in Iraq On America's Security]. Originally on the home page of kennedy.senate.gov, archived on the [[Internet Archive]] 17 January 2006.</ref>{{Wikisourcepar|Senator Edward M. Kennedy floor remarks on Iraq}}
In early 2007, preceding Bush's announcement that he would initiate a troop surge in Iraq, Kennedy made a speech at the [[National Press Club]] opposing it.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCAulj5Pmzw Sen. Ted Kennedy at the National Press Club], YouTube.com, January 9, 2007. Accessed online 22 February 2007.</ref> Kennedy was the first Senator in the 110th Congress to propose legislation opposing the troop surge.
===No Child Left Behind===
[[Image:Tedkennedyatbc03.jpg|thumb|right|Ted Kennedy speaks at the dedication ceremonies of the Connell School of Nursing at [[Boston College]]]]
Kennedy was a leading member of the bipartisan team that wrote the controversial [[No Child Left Behind Act]] of 2001, which, according to both Kennedy and President Bush, was a compromise. He then worked to get it passed in a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] controlled Congress, despite the opposition of members from both parties.
===Northern Ireland===
Kennedy has been outspoken in his views about Northern Ireland's constitutional question. In October 1971, he called for the withdrawal of [[United Kingdom|British]] troops from [[Northern Ireland]], and for all political participants there to begin talks on creating a [[United Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://openweb.tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/1971-10/1971-10-20-ABC-17.html|title=Northern Ireland Conflict / British Reaction|date=1971-10-20|accessdate=2008-05-20|publisher=[[Vanderbilt University]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch71.htm|title=A Chronology of the Conflict - 1971|accessdate=2008-05-20|publisher=[[University of Ulster]]}}</ref>
In early 2005 however, Kennedy publicly snubbed [[Gerry Adams]] by canceling a previously-arranged meeting, citing the [[Provisional IRA|Provisional IRA's]] "ongoing criminal activity and contempt for the rule of law." This decision was a direct result of the [[Northern Bank robbery]] in December 2004 and the murder of [[Robert McCartney (murder victim)|Robert McCartney]] the following month.<ref>{{cite news |first=Garry |last=Kelly |title=Senator Kennedy snubs Adams as US recoils at IRA crime |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/ulster/article6113.ece |publisher=[[The Independent]] |date=2005-03-14 |accessdate=2007-04-23}}</ref>
===Judicial appointments===
A longtime member of the Senate Judiciary Committee (and its chairman from 1979 to 1981), Kennedy is an important Democratic voice during debates and confirmation votes on [[United States Supreme Court]] nominees. He and [[Daniel Inouye]], also elected in 1962, have voted on more appointments than every other Senator except [[Robert Byrd]].
Kennedy supported nominations of [[Abe Fortas]] and [[Thurgood Marshall]] (both by President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]). Of [[Richard Nixon]]'s nominees, he backed successful nominations of [[Warren Burger]] (for Chief Justice), [[Harry Blackmun]] and [[Lewis F. Powell]]. Like most of Democrats he opposed [[G. Harrold Carswell]] and [[Clement Haynsworth]] (both rejected). He also voted against confirmation of [[William H. Rehnquist]] as Associate Justice, although he was easily confirmed. Kennedy supported [[Gerald Ford]]'s nomination of [[John Paul Stevens]], who was confirmed unanimously. Of [[Ronald Reagan]]'s appointees, he supported [[Sandra Day O'Connor]], [[Antonin Scalia]] and [[Anthony Kennedy]] (confirmed), but opposed [[Robert Bork]] (rejected, below). Kennedy once again opposed Rehnquist, this time for Chief Justice (Rehnquist was confirmed).<ref>[http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=200 Our Campaigns - Candidate - Edward "Ted" Kennedy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Kennedy was one of the leaders of opposition against nomination of [[Robert Bork]]. Within 45 minutes of Bork's nomination to the Court he took to the Senate floor with a strong condemnation of Bork in a nationally televised speech, declaring, "Robert Bork's America is a land in which women would be forced into back-alley abortions, blacks would sit at segregated lunch counters, rogue police could break down citizens' doors in midnight raids, schoolchildren could not be taught about evolution, writers and artists could be censored at the whim of government."<ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0707/p02s01-uspo.html Court nominees will trigger rapid response | csmonitor.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Bork's nomination was rejected.
Kennedy opposed both of [[George H. W. Bush]]'s successful nominations - [[David Souter]] and [[Clarence Thomas]]<ref>[http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=200 Our Campaigns - Candidate - Edward "Ted" Kennedy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=101&session=2&vote=00259 U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=102&session=1&vote=00220 U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, and supported [[Bill Clinton]]'s [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]] and [[Stephen Breyer]].<ref>[http://senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=103&session=1&vote=00232 U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=103&session=2&vote=00242 U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Most recently, he strongly opposed nominations of both Chief Justice [[John G. Roberts]]<ref>[http://senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=1&vote=00245 U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and Justice [[Samuel Alito]]<ref>[http://senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=2&vote=00002 U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, both nominated by President [[George W. Bush]].
From 2001 to 2003, Kennedy led a forty-five member all Democrat Senate [[filibuster]] to block the appointment of former assistant [[Solicitor General of the United States|Solicitor General]] [[Miguel Estrada]] to the [[United States court of appeals]]. When Estrada withdrew his nomination, Kennedy proclaimed it was a "a victory for the Constitution".<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/09/04/estrada.withdraws/ CNN.com - Estrada withdraws as judicial nominee - Sep. 4, 2003<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
In 1987, Kennedy made an influential floor speech in the Senate against the nomination of Judge [[Robert Bork]] to the [[Supreme Court]] (referenced above), warning against Bork's record on abortion, defendants' rights, civil rights and more. Bork was ultimately defeated, and Kennedy was credited with leading the Democratic anti-Bork effort. But not all of the anti-Bork Democrats supported Kennedy's famous speech. Senator [[Joseph Biden]] has called Kennedy's speech "technically accurate but unfair” and said that it “drew lines in ways that were starker than reality”.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://men.style.com/gq/features/full?id=content_5585&pageNum=14|title=A Sober Look At Ted Kennedy|accessdate=2008-05-20}}</ref>
===Same sex marriage===
Kennedy is considered to be one of the biggest advocates of [[LGBT]] rights in the U.S. Senate,<ref>http://www.sovo.com/2008/5-30/news/national/8624.cfm</ref><ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/09/us/politics/09romney.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1213128572-1X2/INTUTDUQeRYKCCP9yw&oref=slogin</ref><ref>http://www.dailykos.com/story/2008/5/20/175029/021/540/519165</ref>and he has received ratings of 100 percent by the [[Human Rights Campaign]] for the [[107th United States Congress|107th]], [[108th United States Congress|108th]] and [[109th United States Congress|109th]] sessions of [[U.S. Congress]]<ref>http://www.hrc.org/documents/HRCscorecard2006.pdf</ref> indicating that he voted in support of HRC's slate of pro-gay legislative issues. He is a supporter of [[same-sex marriage]]<ref>http://kennedy.senate.gov/newsroom/press_release.cfm?id=ae91c589-f969-43ad-8042-73ddf7b1cc3d</ref> and was one of the fourteen senators to vote against the [[Defense of Marriage Act]] in 1996.<ref>http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=104&session=2&vote=00280</ref> He also voted against the proposed [[Federal Marriage Amendment]] in 2004 and 2006.<ref>
http://www.votesmart.org/issue_keyvote_member.php?cs_id=V3440</ref><ref>http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call. _lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=2&vote=00163</ref> Kennedy's state of [[Same-sex marriage in Massachusetts|Massachusetts]] is one of [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|two states]], alongside [[Same-sex marriage in California|California]], which have legalized same-sex marriage.
===Minimum wage===
Kennedy has been a longtime advocate of raising the [[minimum wage]]. He helped pass the [[Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007]], which incrementally raises the minimum wage from $5.15 to $7.25 over a two year period. The bill also included some controversial tax cuts for small businesses and higher taxes for many $1 million-plus executives. Kennedy was quoted as saying, "Passing this wage hike represents a small, but necessary step to help lift America's working poor out of the ditches of poverty and onto the road toward economic prosperity".<ref>[http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/chi-070201minimumwage-story,0,6168715.story Senate votes to raise minimum wage], [[Chicago Tribune]], [[February 1]], [[2007]]. Accessed online [[February 22]], [[2007]].</ref>
===Environmental record===
Kennedy has a strong pro-environment voting record. <ref>[http://capwiz.com/lcv_stage/bio/keyvotes/?id=297&congress=1102&lvl=C League of Conservation Voters. </ref> He has voted in favor of disallowing an [[oil]] leasing program in [[Alaska]]'s [[ANWR]], removing oil and gas exploration [[subsidy|subsidies]], including oil and gas smokestacks in [[mercury]] regulations and reducing funds to road building in forest. He has voted against reducing funding to [[renewable energy|renewable]] and [[solar energy]] projects, requiring [[ethanol]] in [[gasoline]], Bush administration energy policy and approving a [[nuclear waste]] repository.<ref>[http://www.ontheissues.org/Senate/Ted_Kennedy.htm#Environment On the issues:Environment]</ref> Kennedy has been a critic of the Bush administration’s environmental record {{clarifyme}} and has stated "We must not let the administration distort science and rewrite and manipulate scientific reports in other areas. We must not let it turn the [[Environmental Protection Agency]] into the Environmental Pollution Agency".<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A4354-2005Jan12?language=printer Washington Post, January 12, 2005].</ref>
Controversially, he opposed the Cape Wind project, the country's first off-shore wind farm, which many{{who}} accuse Kennedy of doing out of [[NIMBY]]ism.<ref>[http://www.cleanpowernow.org/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=314 Clean power now, April 12, 2006].</ref>
===Student Financial Aid===
Kennedy has opposed federal attempts to cut [[student financial aid]], such as Reagan's 1986 planned limitations on Guaranteed Student Loans to students whose families earned over $32,500 a year, and a planned $4,000 cap on all federal aid and benefits that a student could receive in one year. Following the [[Republican Revolution|Republican takeover of Congress]] in [[November 1994]], there was a renewed effort on the part of key Republican leaders to balance the federal budget by cutting financial aid. The new cuts, which Kennedy also opposed, involved reducing the interest the federal government would pay on student loans, and on Clinton’s [[direct lending]] program. Kennedy supported the College Affordability and Access Act of 2007 which provides $20 billion in new federal financial aid investments for low- and middle-income students and their families.<ref>[http://www.lib.neu.edu/archives/Kennedy/index.htm Senator Kennedy and Student Aid at NU: An Online Exhibit], Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections, May 2008.</ref>
==Battle with Brain Cancer==
On [[May 17]] [[2008]], seven months after having surgery to clear a blocked left [[carotid artery]], Kennedy was rushed to [[Cape Cod Hospital]] from the Kennedy Compound after feeling ill and consulting with his physician, and then was subsequently transferred by helicopter to [[Massachusetts General Hospital]] in Boston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.capecodonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080517/NEWS/80517001 |title=Sen. Kennedy suffers seizure; hospitalized in Boston |work=Cape Cod Times |date=2008-05-17 }}</ref> According to multiple sources, Kennedy was suffering from symptoms of a [[stroke]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7406527.stm |title=Edward Kennedy taken to hospital |work=BBC News |date=2008-05-18 }}</ref> It was later reported that Kennedy had suffered two [[seizure]]s, one initially at his [[Hyannis Port]] home and another on a helicopter en route to Massachusetts General Hospital from Cape Cod Hospital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/breaking_news/2008/05/ted_kennedy_sai.html |title=Ted Kennedy not in immediate danger; seizure cause sought |work=The Boston Globe |first=Peter |last=Schworm |coauthors=Viser, Matt |date=2008-05-17 }}</ref>
On [[May 20]], doctors announced that Kennedy has a [[malignant]] [[glioma]], a type of [[cancer]]ous [[brain tumor]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.startribune.com/politics/national/congress/19102119.html |title=Doctors say Sen. Edward Kennedy has a brain tumor, a condition discovered after seizure |work=Associated Press |publisher=''[[Star Tribune]]'' |author=Johnson, Glen |date=2008-05-20 |accessdate=2008-05-20}}</ref> The treatment for this condition is often surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, but this will depend on the type, location and degree of malignancy. Kennedy's own doctors have not publicly released a prognosis, but experts report that the median survival rate for patients with this condition is 15 months.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/features/health/medicine/la-sci-medical21-2008may21,0,514066.story |title=Kennedy's tumor prognosis is weakened by age |accessdate=2008-05-22 |date=2008-05-21 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |author=Thomas H. Maugh II}}</ref> Kennedy left the hospital and returned to Cape Cod on [[May 21]]. Doctors said that he had "recovered remarkably quickly" from the biopsy in which the tumor was found and that he was waiting for additional test results as well as treatment plans.<ref>Pam Belluck and Anahad O'Connor, [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/22/us/22Kennedy.html?_r=1&ref=us&oref=slogin "Kennedy Leaves Hospital in Boston"], ''The New York Times'', [[May 22]], [[2008]].</ref>
On [[June 2]] [[2008]], Kennedy underwent brain surgery at [[Duke University Medical Center#Duke University Hospital|Duke University Hospital]] in an attempt to remove as much of the brain tumor as possible.<ref name=Viser>Matt Viser and Michael Levenson, [http://www.boston.com/news/local/breaking_news/2008/06/sen_kennedy_to.html "Kennedy's brain tumor surgery deemed a success"], Boston.com, [[June 2]], [[2008]].</ref><ref name=Fay>Michelle Fay Cortez, [http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=aM7kTi777dTo&refer=us "Kennedy's Brain Surgery Can Reduce, Not Cure, Tumor (Update1)"], Bloomberg.com, [[June 2]], [[2008]].</ref> Surgery was considered the most aggressive route possible in treating the tumor; his doctors had not previously mentioned the possibility of surgery to the public.<ref name=Viser/> The surgery, conducted by Dr. Allan Friedman, lasted for about three and a half hours, and according to Friedman, it was successful in its goals. Friedman said that the surgery was performed on Kennedy while he was awake and that he did not expect Kennedy to suffer any permanent neurological effects from the surgery. Kennedy planned to spend a brief period recuperating from the surgery before beginning chemotherapy and radiation treatment at Massachusetts General Hospital.<ref name=Fay/> He left the hospital at Duke on [[June 9]], returning to Cape Cod.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/06/09/kennedy/index.html?iref=mpstoryview "Kennedy released from hospital"], CNN, June 9, 2008.</ref>
Opinions vary regarding Kennedy's prognosis. The surgery can extend survival time but only by a matter of months.<ref name=DailyNewsSurgery/> John H. Sampson, a neurosurgeon who worked with Friedman, stated: "It almost certainly won't be curative, but it should enhance the chances that additional treatment will be effective." Others noted that some people with similar tumors have survived for years.<ref name=Fay/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spokesmanreview.com/nation_world/story.asp?ID=247458 |publisher=spokesmanreview.com |title=Kennedy undergoes brain surgery}}</ref>
==Electoral history==
{{main|Electoral history of Ted Kennedy}}
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
* [[Gary Allen]] (1981). ''Ted Kennedy: In over His Head'', Conservative Pr. ISBN 978-0892450206.
* Nellie Bly. (1996). ''The Kennedy Men: Three Generations of Sex, Scandal and Secrets''. ISBN 1-57566-106-3.
* Richard E. Burke (1993). ''The Senator: My Ten Years With Ted Kennedy''. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-95133-7.
* Adam Clymer (1999). ''Edward M. Kennedy: A Biography''. Wm. Morrow & Company. ISBN 0-688-14285-0.
* Leo Damore (1988). ''Senatorial Privilege: The Chappaquiddick Cover-Up''. ISBN 0-89526-564-8.
*[[Murray Levin]] (1966). ''Kennedy Campaigning: the System and the Style as Practiced By Senator Edward Kennedy''. .Beacon Press.
*[[Murray Levin]] (1980). ''Edward Kennedy: The Myth of Leadership''. ISBN 0-395292492.
==External links==
{{Commonscat|Ted Kennedy}}
{{Wikisource author}}
{{Wikiquote}}
;Official sites
* [http://kennedy.senate.gov Senate homepage]
* [http://www.tedkennedy.com Campaign homepage]
* [http://www.democraticmajority.com/ Committee for a Democratic Majority] PAC founded by Kennedy to support and expand the Democratic majority in the Senate and House of Representatives
;Kennedy in his own words
* [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ekennedytributetorfk.html Eulogy for Robert Kennedy]: audio
* [http://www.npr.org/programs/npc/2003/030121.ekennedy.html Webcast of Kennedy at a [[January 21]], [[2003]] National Press Club event, via NPR]: provides corroboration for his 2006 re-election run
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/kennedys/filmmore/ps_1980.html Ted Kennedy's 1980 Democratic National Convention Address]
* [http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/01/09/kennedy-george-bushs-vietnam/ Kennedy on Iraq at the National Press Club]: Kennedy on the Iraq War, which he describes as "George Bush's [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]]"
;Nonpartisan information
{{CongLinks | congbio = K000105 | fec = S6MA00015 | opensecrets = N00000308 | votesmart = S0410103 | ontheissuespath = Senate/Ted_Kennedy.htm | legistorm = 56/Sen_Edward_Kennedy.html | surge = 915 | govtrack = 300059 | findagrave = | retrieved = |}}
* [http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/chappaquiddick.htm FBI FOIA Investigation on Chappaquiddick]
* [http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/k/edward_m_kennedy/index.html New York Times — Edward Kennedy News] collected news and commentary
* [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Edward_M._Kennedy SourceWatch Congresspedia — Edward M. Kennedy] profile
;Other links providing info
* [http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2004-08-19-kennedy-list_x.htm "Terror List Snag Nearly Grounded Ted Kennedy"], ''USA Today'', [[August 19]], [[2004]]
* {{imdb name|id=0448356}}
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{{s-ppo}}
{{succession box
| before= [[John F. Kennedy]]
|title= [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] nominee for [[United States Senator]] from [[List of United States Senators from Massachusetts|Massachusetts]]<br>([[Classes of United States Senators|Class 1]])
|years=[[United States Senate elections, 1962|1962]], [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1964|1964]], [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1970|1970]], [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1976|1976]], [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1982|1982]], [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1988|1988]], [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1994|1994]], [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 2000|2000]], [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 2006|2006]]
|after=[[United States Senate elections, 2012|To be determined]]}}
{{end box}}
<div align="center">
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|+'''Current Committee Assignments'''
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! Position
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| [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|Armed Services]]
| Subcommittee Chairman
|-
| [[United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions|Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions]]
| Committee Chairman
|-
| [[United States Congress Joint Economic Committee|Joint Economic]]
|
|-
| [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Judiciary]]
| Subcommittee Chairman
|-
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[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
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[[Category:Congressional opponents of the Iraq War]]
[[Category:Current members of the United States Senate]]
[[Category:Hague Academy of International Law people]]
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[[Category:Irish-American politicians]]
[[Category:Irish-Americans in the military]]
[[Category:John F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:Kennedy family]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholic politicians]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Democrats]]
[[Category:Massachusetts lawyers]]
[[Category:Accidental killers]]
[[Category:Milton Academy alumni]]
[[Category:People from Boston, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:Siblings of Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:United States Army officers]]
[[Category:United States Senators from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:University of Virginia alumni]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1964]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1968]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1972]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1976]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1980]]
[[Category:Liberal politicians]]
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