Tempo and Mode in Evolution 1589912 197365736 2008-03-11T00:08:46Z Mlaffs 5875630 [[User:NicoV/Wikipedia Cleaner/Documentation|WikiCleaner]] 0.71 - Repairing link to disambiguation page - [[Wikipedia:Disambiguation pages with links|You can help!]] '''''Tempo and Mode in Evolution''''' (1944) was [[George Gaylord Simpson|George Gaylord Simpson's]] seminal contribution to the [[modern evolutionary synthesis|evolutionary synthesis]], which integrated the facts of paleontology with those of [[genetics]] and [[natural selection]]. Simpson argued that the [[microevolution]] of [[population genetics]] was sufficient in itself to explain the patterns of [[macroevolution]] observed by [[paleontology|paleontology]]. Simpson also highlighted the distinction between tempo and mode. "Tempo" encompasses "evolutionary rates . . . their acceleration and deceleration, the conditions of exceptionally slow or rapid evolutions, and phenomena suggestive of inertia and momentum." While "mode" embraces "the study of the way, manner, or pattern of evolution, a study in which tempo is a basic factor, but which embraces considerably more than tempo." Simpson's ''Tempo and Mode'' attempted to draw out several distinct generalizations: * That evolution's tempo can impart information about its mode. * That multiple tempos can be found in the fossil record (bradytelic, tachytelic, horotelic). * That the facts of paleontology are consistent with the [[Neo-Darwinism|genetical theory of natural selection]]. Moreover, that theories such as [[orthogenesis|orthogenesis]], [[Lamarckism]], mutation pressures, and [[Hopeful Monster|macromutations]] are either false or play little to no role. * Most evolution—"nine-tenths"—occurs by the steady phyletic transformation of whole lineages (anagenesis). In contrast to [[Ernst Mayr|Ernst Mayr's]] interpretation of speciation by splitting, particularly [[Allopatric speciation|allopatric]] and [[Peripatric speciation|peripatric]] speciation. * The lack of evidence for evolutionary transitions in the fossil record is best accounted for, first, by the poorness of the geological record, and secondly as a consequence of [[quantum evolution]] (which is responsible for "the origin taxonomic units of relatively high rank, such as families, orders, and classes."). Quantum evolution built upon [[Sewall Wright|Sewall Wright's]] theory of [[Genetic drift|random genetic drift]]. Fifty years after its publication, the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] commissioned a book entitled ''Tempo and Mode in Evolution: Genetics and Paleontology 50 Years After Simpson'' edited by [[Walter M. Fitch]] and [[Francisco J. Ayala]]. It includes contributions by Ayala, [[Stephen Jay Gould]], and [[W. Ford Doolittle]]. == References == *[[Niles Eldredge|Eldredge, N.]] (1995) ''Reinventing Darwin''. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 20-26. * Fitch, W. M. and [[Francisco J. Ayala|F. J. Ayala]] (1995) ''[http://www.nap.edu/books/0309051916/html/ Tempo and Mode in Evolution: Genetics and Paleontology 50 Years After Simpson]''. New York: National Academies Press. *[[Stephen Jay Gould|Gould, S. J.]] (1980) "G. G. Simpson, Paleontology and the Modern Synthesis." In [[Ernst Mayr|E. Mayr]] and [[Will Provine|W. B. Provine]], eds., ''The Evolutionary Synthesis''. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 153-172. *[[Stephen Jay Gould|Gould, S. J.]] (1983) [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/gould_modern-synthesis.html "The hardening of the Modern Synthesis"] In Marjorie Grene, ed., ''Dimensions of Darwinism''. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 71-93. *[[Stephen Jay Gould|Gould, S. J.]] (1994) [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/91/15/6764.pdf "Tempo and mode in the macroevolutionary reconstruction on Darwinism"] ''PNAS USA'' '''91'''(15):6764-71. *[[Stephen Jay Gould|Gould, S. J.]] (2002) ''[[The Structure of Evolutionary Theory]]''. Cambridge MA: Belknap Press. pp. 529-31. *[[Ernst Mayr|Mayr, E.]] (1976) ''Evolution and the Diversity of Life''. Cambridge MA: Belknap Press. p. 206. *[[Ernst Mayr|Mayr, E.]] (1982) ''[[The Growth of Biological Thought]]''. Cambridge MA: Belknap Press. pp. 555, 609-10. *[[George Gaylord Simpson|Simpson, G. G.]] (1944) ''Tempo and Mode in Evolution''. New York: Columbia Univ. Press. == External links == * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/06/2/l_062_02.html George Gaylord Simpson: Natural Selection and the Fossil Record] [[Category:1944 books]] [[Category:Evolutionary biology literature]]