Tension myositis syndrome
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'''Tension myositis syndrome''' (abbreviated '''TMS'''<ref>{{cite book|publisher=CRC Press|title=Abbreviations Dictionary|date=2001|isbn=0849390036}}</ref>) is a name given by Dr. [[John E. Sarno]] to a condition he describes as characterized by [[psychosomatic illness|psychosomatic]] musculoskeletal and nerve symptoms, most notably back pain.<ref name="schechter07">{{cite journal | author=Schechter D, Smith AP, Beck J, Roach J, Karim R, Azen S | title=Outcomes of a Mind-Body Treatment Program for Chronic Back Pain with No Distinct Structural Pathology-A Case Series of Patients Diagnosed and Treated as Tension Myositis Syndrome | journal=Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine| year=2007 | volume=13 | issue=5 | pages=26–35 |pmid=17900039}}</ref><ref name="medscape1">{{cite web | title = An Expert Interview With Dr. John Sarno, Part I: Back Pain Is a State of Mind | first = Pippa | last = Wysong | url = http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/478840?src=mp | publisher = Medscape Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine | date = 2004-07-06 | accessdate = 2007-09-14}}</ref><ref name="ucla">{{cite web |url=http://www.med.ucla.edu/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=159 |title=Back Pain: An Unconventional Approach |accessdate=2007-09-12 |last=Greenberg |first=Jerome |date=2000-02-01 |work=Proceedings of UCLA Healthcare |publisher=UCLA Department of Medicine}}</ref><ref name="prevention">{{cite web |url=http://www.prevention.com/article/0,5778,s1-1-77-24-928-1,00.html |title=When Back Pain Starts in Your Head: Is repressed anger is causing your back pain? |accessdate=2007-09-12 |last=McGrath |first=Mike |date=2004-11-03 |work=Prevention.com |publisher=Rodale Inc.}}</ref> Sarno, a Professor of Clinical Rehabilitation Medicine at [[New York University School of Medicine]] and Attending Physician at The [[Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine]] at New York University Medical Center, has described TMS in four books,<ref name="sarno01">{{cite book | title = Mind Over Back Pain | first = John E. | last = Sarno | authorlink = John E. Sarno | publisher = Berkley Books | year = 1982 | isbn = 0-425-08741-7}}</ref><ref name="sarno1">{{cite book | title = Healing Back Pain: The Mind-Body Connection | first = John E. | last = Sarno | authorlink = John E. Sarno | publisher = Warner Books | year = 1991 | isbn = 0-446-39320-8}}</ref><ref name="sarno2">{{cite book | title = The Divided Mind: The Epidemic of Mindbody Disorders | first = John E. | last = Sarno | authorlink = John E. Sarno | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 2006 | isbn = 0-06-085178-3}}</ref><ref name="sarno3">{{cite book | title = The Mindbody Prescription: Healing the Body, Healing the Pain | publisher = Warner Books | year = 1998 | last = Sarno | first = John E. | authorlink = John E. Sarno | isbn = 0-446-52076-4}}</ref> and has stated that the condition may be involved in other pain disorders as well.<ref name="medscape1"/> The treatment protocol for TMS includes education, writing about emotional issues, resumption of a normal lifestyle and, for some patients, support meetings and/or [[psychotherapy]].<ref name="schechter07"/><ref name="rashbaum">{{cite journal |author=Rashbaum IG, Sarno JE |title=Psychosomatic concepts in chronic pain |journal=Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation |volume=84 |issue=3 Suppl 1 |pages=S76–80; quiz S81–2 |year=2003 |pmid=12708562|doi=10.1053/apmr.2003.50144}}</ref> In 2007, Dr. David Schechter (Sarno's former medical student and research assistant) published a peer-reviewed study of TMS treatment showing a 54% success rate for chronic back pain. In terms of statistical significance and success rate, the study outperformed similar studies of other psychological interventions for chronic back pain.<ref name="schechter07"/>
The TMS diagnosis and treatment protocol are not accepted by the mainstream medical community.<ref name="medscape1"/><ref name="NYTimes-A"/><ref name="20-20">{{cite episode |title=Dr. Sarno's Cure|series=20/20|serieslink=20/20|network=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]|airdate=1999-07-25|url = http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6660313127569317147}}</ref> However, TMS and Sarno's treatment methods have received national attention, including a segment on ABC's ''[[20/20]]'';<ref name="20-20"/> an episode of ''[[Larry King Live]]'';<ref name="larryking">{{cite episode |title=How Can Chronic Back Pain Be Cured? |series=Larry King Live |serieslink=Larry King Live |network=[[CNN]] |airdate=1999-08-12 |transcripturl=http://www.tarpityoga.com/larryking.html}}</ref> an interview with ''[[Medscape]]'';<ref name="medscape1"/> and articles in ''[[Newsweek]]'',<ref name="newsweek1">{{cite web | title = The Great Back Debate - Page 3: Alternative and Complementary Therapies Offer New Hope | first= Claudia | last= Kalb | url = http://www.newsweek.com/id/53790/page/3 | work = Newsweek | date = 26 Apr 2004 }} </ref> ''[[The Seattle Times]]'',<ref name="seattle">{{citation| url=http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=4033206&date=20000723&query=john+sarno|date=23 July 2000|newspaper=The Seattle Times|title=Minding the Back|last=Martin|first=Molly}}</ref> and ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref name="NYTimes-A"/> Notable patients treated for tension myositis syndrome include [[John Stossel]],<ref name="20-20"/><ref name="prevention"/> [[Howard Stern]] and [[Anne Bancroft]].<ref name="NYTimes-A">{{citation|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9B05E3DF1E3AF934A25751C0A96F958260|newspaper=The New York Times|title=Straightening Out Back Pain|first=Liz|last=Neporent|date=17 Feb 1999|accessdate=2007-12-21}}</ref> Author Richard E. Sall, MD includes TMS in a list of conditions he considers to be possible causes of back pain resulting in missed work days that increase the costs of worker's compensation programs. <ref name="hall"> {{cite book | last = Sall, MD | first = Richard E. | title = Strategies in Workers' Compensation | publisher = Hamilton Books | year = 2004 | isbn = 0761827714 | page = 91 }}</ref>
==Symptoms==
Back pain is frequently mentioned as a TMS symptom.<ref name="schechter07"/><ref name="ucla"/><ref name="prevention"/><ref name="seattle"/><ref name="coen"/><ref name="rashbaum"/> However, Sarno defines TMS symptoms much more broadly than just back pain:
* ''Symptom type:'' TMS symptoms include pain, stiffness, weakness, tingling, [[numbness]] and other negative [[sensations]], according to Sarno.
* ''Symptom location:'' In addition to the back, Sarno states that TMS symptoms can occur in the [[neck]], [[knee]] and other parts of the body.<ref name="medscape1"/> Schechter states that the symptoms have a tendency to move to other parts of the body. He considers symptom movement to be an important indicator that the pain is from TMS.<ref name="schechter07"/>
==Diagnosis==
Below is a list of criteria for diagnosing TMS, according to Schechter and Sarno:
*''Lack of known physical cause:'' Schechter and Sarno state that a physical examination, tests and imaging studies may be needed to rule out serious conditions, such as tumors. <ref name="schechter07"/> <ref name="sarno1"/> Sarno considers [[spinal disc herniation]]s to generally be harmless, because he says the symptom location does not correlate to the herniation location.<ref name="sarno1"/>
*''Tender points:'' <ref name="schechter07"/> While medical doctors use eleven of eighteen tender points as a diagnostic criteria for [[fibromyalgia]], Sarno states that he uses six main tender points to diagnose TMS: two tender points in the upper [[trapezius muscles]], two in the lumbar paraspinal muscles and two in the lateral upper buttocks. He states that these are found in 99% of TMS patients. <ref name="sarno3"/>
*''History of other psychosomatic disorders:'' Schechter and Sarno consider a prior history of other psychosomatic disorders to be an indication that the patient may have TMS. They list [[irritable bowel syndrome]] and [[tension headache]] as examples of psychosomatic disorders. <ref name="schechter07"/> <ref name="sarno3"/>
Schechter and Sarno state that if a patient is unable to visit a medical doctor who is trained in TMS, then the patient should see a traditional medical doctor to rule out serious disorders, such as [[fractures]], [[tumors]] and [[infections]]. <ref name="schechter05"/><ref name="seattle"/>
==Treatment==
===Treatment protocol===
The treatment protocol for TMS includes education, writing about emotional issues and resumption of a normal lifestyle. For patients who do not recover quickly, the protocol also includes support groups and/or psychotherapy. <ref name="schechter07"/><ref name="rashbaum"/>
Sarno's protocol for treatment of TMS is used by the Harvard RSI Action Group, a student volunteer organization, as part of their preventative education and support program for people with [[repetitive strain injury]], also referred to as "RSI".<ref name="harvard-RSI">Harvard RSI Action Group: [http://www.rsi.deas.harvard.edu/handout.doc handout document], and [http://www.rsi.deas.harvard.edu/mb_what_is.html website]</ref>
;Education
Education may take the form of office visits, lectures and written and audio materials. The content of the education includes the psychological and physiological aspects of TMS. <ref name="schechter07"/><ref name="rashbaum"/> According to Schechter, the education allows the patients to "learn that their physical condition is actually benign and that any disability they have is a function of pain-related fear and deconditioning, not the actual risk of further 're-injury.'"<ref name="schechter07"/>
;Writing about emotional issues
Sarno states that each patient should set aside time daily to think and write about issues that could have led to the patient's repressed emotions. He recommends the following two writing tasks:
* ''Writing a list of issues.'' Sarno states that each patient should try to list out all issues that might contribute to the patient's repressed emotions. He suggests looking in the following areas: (a) certain childhood experiences, such as [[abuse]] or lack of love, (b) personality traits such as [[Perfectionism (psychology)|perfectionism]], conscientiousness and a strong need to be liked by everyone, (c) current life pressures, (d) [[aging]] and mortality and (e) situations in which the patient experiences conscious but unexpressed anger.
* ''Writing essays.'' Sarno recommends that the patient write an essay for each item on the above list. He prefers longer essays because they force the patient to examine the emotional issues in depth.<ref name="sarno2"/>
Schechter developed a 30-day daily journal called "The MindBody Workbook" to assist the patient in recording emotionally significant events and making correlations between those events and their physical symptoms. According to Sarno and Schechter, daily repetition of the psychological process over time defeats the repression through conscious awareness.<ref>Schechter D. The MindBody Workbook. Los Angeles: MindBody Medicine Publications, 1999, ISBN 1929997051.</ref>
;Resumption of a normal lifestyle
To return to a normal lifestyle, patients are told to take the following actions:
* ''Discontinuation of physical treatments -'' Sarno advises patients to stop using [[spinal manipulation]], [[physical therapy]] and other physical treatments because "they tend to reinforce erroneously a structural causation for the chronic pain." <ref name="rashbaum"/>
* ''Resumption of normal physical activity -'' Schechter states that patients are encouraged to "gradually be more active, and begin to resume a normal life."<ref name="schechter07"/> In addition, patients are encouraged "to discontinue the safety behaviours aimed at protecting their 'damaged' backs".<ref name="schechter05"/>
;Support meetings
Sarno uses support meetings for patients who do not make a prompt recovery. Sarno states that the support meetings (a) allow the patients to explore the emotional issues which may be causing their symptoms and (b) review concepts covered during the earlier education. <ref name="rashbaum"/>
;Psychotherapy
Sarno says that about 20% of his patients need [[psychotherapy]]. He states that he uses "short-term, dynamic, analytically oriented psychotherapy." <ref name="rashbaum"/> Schechter says that he uses psychotherapy for about 30% of his patients, and that six to ten sessions are needed per patient.<ref name="schechter07"/>
===Effectiveness===
A non-peer-reviewed 2005 study by Schechter at the Seligman Medical Institute (SMI), co-authored with institute director Arthur Smith, PhD, found that treatment of TMS achieved a 57% success rate among patients with chronic back pain.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Schechter D, Smith AP | year=2005 | title=Long-Term Outcome of Back Pain Patients Treated by a Psychologically Based Program (Abstract #1112) |journal=Psychosomatic Medicine | volume=67 | issue=1 | pages=A–101 | url=http://www.psychosomatic.org/events/2005meetingabstracts.pdf | format=PDF | accessdate=2006-09-05}}</ref>
A peer-reviewed<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alternative-therapies.com/at/index.cfm?page=authors |title=Info for Authors|work=Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine|accessdate=2007-09-22 |publisher=InnoVision Communications, LLC}}</ref> 2007 study with Schechter, Smith and Stanley Azen, PhD, Professor and Co-Director of [[Biostatistics]] in the Department of Preventative Medicine at the [[University of Southern California|USC]] Keck School of Medicine, found a 54% success rate for treatment of TMS (''P''<.00001). The treatment consisted of office visits, at-home educational materials, writing about emotional issues and psychotherapy. The average pain duration for the study's patients was 9 years. Patients with less than 6 months of back pain were excluded to "control for the confounder that most back pain episodes typically resolve on their own in a few weeks."<ref name="schechter07"/>
Schechter, Smith and Azen also compared their results to the results of three studies of other psychological treatments for chronic back pain. The three non-TMS studies were selected because of (a) their quality, as judged by the [[Cochrane Collaboration]], and (b) the similarity of their pain measurements to those used in the TMS study. Of the three non-TMS studies, only one (the Turner study) showed a statistically significant improvement. Compared to the 2007 TMS study, the Turner study had a lower success rate (26%-35%, depending on the type of psychological treatment) and a lower level of statistical significance (''P''<.05).<ref name="schechter07"/>
==Theory==
According to Sarno, TMS is a condition in which emotional [[stress (medicine)|stress]] causes physical [[pain]] and other symptoms. His theory suggests that the [[autonomic nervous system]] decreases [[blood flow]] to [[muscle]]s, [[nerves]] or [[tendons]], resulting in [[oxygen deprivation]], experienced as pain and [[tension]] in the affected tissues. <ref name="rashbaum"/><ref name="medscape1"/> Sarno theorizes that because patients often report that back pain seems to move around, up and down the spine, or from side to side, that this implies the pain may not be caused by a physical deformity or injury.<ref name = "sarno3"/>
Sarno states that the underlying cause of the pain is the mind's defense mechanism against [[unconscious mind|unconscious]] mental stress and emotions such as [[anger]], [[anxiety]] and [[narcissism|narcissistic rage]]. The [[conscious mind]] is distracted by the physical pain, as the [[psychological repression]] process keeps the anger/rage contained in the unconscious and thereby prevented from entering conscious [[awareness]].<ref name="coen">{{cite journal |author=Coen SJ, Sarno JE |title=Psychosomatic avoidance of conflict in back pain |journal=The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=359–76 |year=1989 |pmid=2530198 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="enigma">{{cite book | last = [[Rene Cailliet|Cailliet]] | first = René | title = Low Back Disorders: A Medical Enigma | publisher = Wolters Kluwer Health | year = 2003 | isbn = 0781744482 | page = 14 }}</ref> Sarno believes that when patients recognize that the symptoms are only a distraction, the symptoms then serve no purpose, and they go away. TMS can be considered a psychosomatic condition and has been referred to as a "distraction pain syndrome".<ref name="schechter05">{{cite journal | author=Schechter D, Smith AP. | title=Back pain as a distraction pain syndrome (DPS): A window to a whole new dynamic in integrative medicine | journal=Evidence Based Integrative Medicine | year=2005 | volume=2 | issue=1 | pages=3–8 | url=http://www.smi-mindbodyresearch.org/DistractionPain.htm | doi=10.2165/01197065-200502010-00002 }}</ref>
Sarno is a vocal critic of [[conventional medicine]] with regard to diagnosis and treatment of [[back pain]], which is often treated by rest, [[physical therapy]], exercise and/or surgery. <ref name="sarno1"/>
==Notable patients==
Notable patients who have been treated for TMS include the following:
*Radio personality [[Howard Stern]] credited TMS treatment with the relief of his "excruciating back and shoulder pain",<ref name="mindbody-back-cover">{{cite book | title = The Mindbody Prescription: Healing the Body, Healing the Pain | publisher = Warner Books | year = 1998 | last = Sarno | first = John E. | authorlink = John E. Sarno | isbn = 0-446-52076-4 | url = http://www.amazon.com/gp/sitbv3/reader?ie=UTF8&p=S06Q&asin=0446675156 | page=back cover}}</ref> as well as his [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Stern|first=Howard |authorlink=Howard Stern |editor= [[Judith Regan]] |title=[[Miss America (book)|Miss America]] |origdate=1995-11 |edition= Mass Market Paperback|publisher= [[HarperCollins]]|isbn=0-06-109550-8 |pages=Chapter 3}}</ref><ref name="mindbody-back-cover"/>
*''[[20/20]]'' co-anchor [[John Stossel]] was treated by Sarno for his chronic debilitating back pain.<ref name="prevention"/> In a ''20/20'' segment on his former doctor, Stossel stated his opinion that the TMS treatment "cured" his back pain, although he admitted that he continues to have relapses of pain.<ref name="20-20"/>
*Television writer and producer [[Janette Barber]] said that for three years, she had been increasingly unable to walk, and eventually confined to a wheelchair, due to severe ankle pain originally diagnosed as [[tendinitis]].<ref name="larryking"/> She was later diagnosed and treated for TMS. According to Barber, she was "pain-free one week after [Sarno's] lecture" and able to walk and run within a few months,<ref name="20-20"/><ref name="larryking"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foodnetwork.com/food/hosts_celebrity_chefs/article/0,1974,FOOD_9889_1842044,00.html |title=Janette Barber (Food Network host biography) |accessdate=2007-12-21}}</ref> notwithstanding her "occasional" relapses of pain.<ref name="larryking"/>
*The late actress [[Anne Bancroft]] said that she saw several doctors for back pain, but only Sarno's TMS treatment helped her.<ref name="NYTimes-A"/><ref name="20-20"/>
==Controversy==
The TMS diagnosis and treatment protocol are not accepted by the mainstream medical community.<ref name="NYTimes-A"/><ref name="20-20"/> Even Sarno himself stated in a 2004 interview with ''[[Medscape]] Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine'' that "99.999% of the medical profession does not accept this diagnosis."<ref name="medscape1"/>
Critics in mainstream medicine state that neither the theory of TMS nor the effectiveness of the treatment has been proven in a properly controlled clinical trial.<ref name="sarno2"/> They state that TMS success stories could be due to either the [[placebo effect]] or [[regression to the mean]], and that because patients typically see their doctor when the pain is at its worst, pain chart scores statistically improve over time even if left untreated. Most people (estimated at 85 – 90%) recover from a back pain episode on their own in a matter of weeks without any mechanical intervention at all.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pengel LH, Herbert RD, Maher CG, Refshauge KM |title=Acute low back pain: systematic review of its prognosis |journal=BMJ |volume=327 |issue=7410 |pages=323 |year=2003 |pmid=12907487 |doi=10.1136/bmj.327.7410.323}}</ref> Professor Thomas Stossel of [[Harvard Medical School]] argues that TMS theory is too simplistic to account for the complexity of pain syndromes.<ref name="20-20"/> Sarno himself states that "Even the majority of psychiatrists don't accept this diagnosis either."<ref name="medscape1"/>
== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Musculoskeletal disorders]]
[[Category:Syndromes]]
[[Category:Alternative medicine]]
[[Category:Mind-body interventions]]