The Diamond Age 52224 221600806 2008-06-25T06:33:32Z Edward 4261 link [[Mark Kleiman]] {{infobox Book | <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books --> | name = The Diamond Age | image = <!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: [[Image:Diamond age HC.jpg|200px]] --> | author = [[Neal Stephenson]] | cover_artist = [[Bruce Jensen]] | country = [[United States]] | language = [[English language|English]] | genre = [[Science fiction novel]]<br >[[postcyberpunk]] | publisher = Spectra (U.S.A.) | release_date = [[1995]] | media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] & [[Paperback]]) & Audio Book ([[Compact audio cassette|Cassette]], Audio download. Narrator: Jennifer Wiltsie) & [[e-book]] | pages = 455 pp (hardcover), 512 pp (paperback) | isbn = ISBN 0-553-09609-5 (hardcover), ISBN 0-553-38096-6 (paperback) | preceded_by = [[Snow Crash]] | followed_by = }} '''''The Diamond Age or, A Young Lady's Illustrated Primer''''' is a [[postcyberpunk]] [[novel]] by [[Neal Stephenson]]. It is a [[bildungsroman]] focused on a young girl named Nell, and set in a world in which [[nanotechnology]] affects all aspects of life. Some main motifs include: [[education]], [[social class]], [[ethnicity]], and the nature of [[Artificial Intelligence|artificial intelligence]]. ''The Diamond Age'' was first published in 1995 by [[Bantam Books]], as a Bantam Spectra [[hardcover]] edition. In 1996, it won the [[Hugo Award]] for [[Hugo Award for Best Novel|Best Novel]] and was shortlisted for the [[Nebula Award|Nebula]] and other awards, placing it among the most-honored works of science fiction in recent history.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.awardannals.com/wiki/Honor_roll:Science_Fiction_books | title=Honor roll:Science Fiction books | date=2007-08-15 | accessdate=2007-08-15 | work=Award Annals }}</ref> A six-hour miniseries scripted by Stephenson and produced by [[George Clooney]] is being developed for the [[Sci Fi Channel (United States)|Sci Fi Channel]].<ref>[http://clooneyproject.livejournal.com/278739.html Clooney Project LiveJournal entry]</ref><ref>[http://www.zap2it.com/tv/news/zap-story-tv-thediamondage,0,2058393.story Zap2it.com article]</ref> ==Plot== The primary [[protagonist]] in the story is Nell, a ''thete'' (or person without a tribe; equivalent to today's lowest working class) who illicitly receives a copy of an interactive book (with the quaint title ''Young Lady's Illustrated Primer; a teaching tool in which is told the tale of Princess Nell and her various friends, kin, associates, &c.''<ref>Stephenson, ''The Diamond Age'' (1995):184.</ref>) originally intended for an aristocrat's child in the [[Neo-Victorian]] phyle. The story follows Nell (and, to a lesser degree, two other girls named Elizabeth and Fiona, who receive similar books) as she uses the Primer. The Primer is intended to teach Nell how to become a master engineer; it also teaches her to gain confidence in her ability to defend herself from harm and teaches her survival and leadership skills which become essential in Part II. ''The Diamond Age'' is characterized by two intersecting, almost equally developed story lines: Nell's education through her independent work with the primer, and the social downfall of engineer and designer of the Primer, John Percival Hackworth. The text includes fully narrated educational tales from the primer that map Nell's individual experience (e.g. her four toy friends) onto [[Archetype|archetypal]] [[folk tales]] stored in the primer's [[database]]. Although ''The Diamond Age'' explores the role of technology and personal relationships in [[child development]], its deeper and darker themes also probe the relative values of cultures and shortcomings in [[communication]] between them. ===Explanation of the novel's title=== "Diamond Age" is an extension of labels for [[List of archaeological periods|archeological time periods]] that take central technological materials to define an entire era of human history, such as the [[Stone Age]], the [[Bronze Age]] or the [[Iron Age]]. Technological visionaries such as [[Eric Drexler]] and [[Ralph Merkle]], both of whom receive an honorary mention in ''The Diamond Age'', have argued that if nanotechnology develops the ability to manipulate individual [[atom]]s at will, it will become possible to simply assemble diamond structures from [[carbon]] atoms.<ref>Cf. Dinello, 2005:232</ref> Merkle argues enthusiastically: "In diamond, then, a dense network of strong bonds creates a strong, light, and stiff material. Indeed, just as we named the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Steel Age after the materials that humans could make, we might call the new technological epoch we are entering the Diamond Age".<ref>[http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/smallWorld.html Merkle, 1997]</ref> In the novel, a near future vision of our world, nanotechnology has developed precisely to this point, which enables the cheap production of diamond structures. The title can also be seen as a reference to the [[Gilded Age]], a time of economic expansion roughly coinciding with the ''first'' [[Victorian era]]. ==Setting== [[Image:Diamond Age Spectra mass market 1996.jpg|thumb|110px|left|Cover of the 1996 Bantam Spectra paperback edition; cover art by [[Bruce Jensen]].]] Like [[Greg Bear]]'s ''[[Queen of Angels]]'', ''The Diamond Age'' depicts a world completely changed by the full development of [[nanotechnology]], much as [[Eric Drexler]] envisioned it in [[Engines of Creation]] (1986). Nanotechnology is omni-present, generally in the form of [[molecular assembler|Matter Compilers]] and the products that come out of them. The book explicitly recognizes achievements of several existing [[nanotechnology]] researchers: [[Richard Feynman|Feynman]], [[K. Eric Drexler|Drexler]] and [[Ralph Merkle|Merkle]] are seen among characters of the fresco in [[Ralph Merkle|Merkle]]-Hall, where new nanotechnological items are designed and constructed. Exotic technology such as the ''chevaline'' (a mechanical horse that can fold up and is light enough to be carried one-handed) and forecasts of technologies that are in development today, such as [[Electronic paper|smart paper]] that can show personalized news headlines, are personal-use products, while major cities have immune systems made up of [[aerostat]]ic defensive micromachines, and public matter compilers provide basic food, blankets, and water for free to anyone who requests them. Matter compilers receive raw materials from the Feed, a system analogous to the electrical grid of modern society. Rather than just electricity, it also carries streams of basic molecules, and matter compilers assemble those molecules into whatever goods the compiler's user wishes. The Source, where the Feed's stream of matter originates, is controlled by the Victorian [[phyle]], though smaller, independent Feeds are possible. The hierarchic nature of the Feed and an alternative, anarchic developing technology known as the Seed mirror the cultural conflict between East and West that is depicted in the book. This conflict has an economic element as well, with the Feed representing a centrally-controlled distribution mechanism while the Seed represents a more open-ended [[emergent]] behavior method of creation and organization. The world is divided into many ''phyles,'' also known as ''tribes.'' There are three Great Phyles; the Han (consisting of [[Han Chinese]]), the Neo-Victorians (consisting largely of [[Anglo-Saxons]], but also accepting Indians, Africans, and others who identify with the culture), and Nippon (consisting of [[Japanese people|Japanese]]). The novel deliberately makes it ambiguous whether Hindustan (consisting of [[Hindu]] [[India]]ns) is a fourth Great Phyle or an association of microphyles. In addition to these larger phyles, there are countless smaller phyles. Membership in some phyles, such as the Han and Nipponese, has an ethnic requirement, but the Neo-Victorian phyle and many lesser phyles accept anyone who aspires to live according to the phyle's mores. ==Characters== [[Image:Diamond Age Penguin 1998.jpg|thumb|right|Cover of the 1998 Penguin edition.]] '''Nell''' (Nellodee) - She is the main protagonist, if you read the novel as a coming-of-age story. She is born to Tequila, a lower-class single mother, and, with the help of the nanotech Primer, grows up to become an independent woman and leader of a new phyle. '''Harv''' (Harvard) - Her brother, who plays an important role in the beginning as her helper. '''Bud''' — a petty criminal and “thete,” a tribeless individual, Tequila's boyfriend and Nell and Harv's father; he is obsessed with his muscular body, flaunts his masculinity and is finally executed for mugging a member of the Ashanti phyle. '''Tequila''', Nell and Harv's mother; after Bud's death, she has a series of boyfriends who abuse the children. '''John Percival Hackworth''' — the second major character. He is an upper-level engineer at Bespoke and develops the code for the Primer. He makes an illicit copy of the primer for his daughter, who is Nell's age. When his crime is detected, he is forced to become a [[double agent]] in a covert power struggle between the Victorians and the Confucians. He is forced to spend ten years with a colony of "Drummers," to use their distributed intelligence (similar but not identical to [[distributed artificial intelligence]]) for the development of a new technology, the Seed. '''Fiona Hackworth''' — Hackworth's daughter. '''Gwendolyn Hackworth''' — Hackworth's wife. '''Lord Alexander Chung-Sik Finkle-McGraw''' — an "Equity Lord" with the Apthorp conglomerate who commissions the development of the Primer for his granddaughter. '''Elizabeth Finkle-McGraw''' — Lord Finkle-McGraw's granddaughter. '''Judge Fang''' — the Confucian judge who sentences Bud to death; he becomes an increasingly active character (see [[Judge Dee]] mysteries below). '''Chang''' and '''Miss Pao''' — Judge Fang's assistants. '''Dr. X.''' — a mysterious character who evolves from being an illicit technology specialist and hacker to being a powerful Confucian leader and nefarious force. His name comes from the fact that most westerners can't pronounce his Mandarin name which is why he encourages people to call him by the first letter of his name, 'X'. '''Miranda''' — "ractor" (actor in interactive movies) who becomes a mother figure for Nell through the Primer. '''Carl Hollywood''' — "ractor" and performance artist, Miranda's friend and advisor. This character also becomes more important towards the end of the novel. ==Major themes== {{Prose|date=September 2007}} *The importance of a personal connection between educator and child. *The importance of [[culture|cultural]] association over "[[Race (classification of human beings)|racial]]" affiliation; some characters (esp. Lord Finkle-McGraw) hold the belief that certain cultural systems are naturally superior to others; *The importance of [[education]] over biological ancestry, and the importance of experiencing genuine adversity/life-experience over education. *A [[coming-of-age]] or [[Bildungsroman]] central plot centered on a female character; *[[Turing machine|Turing Machines]] and the nature of [[Artificial Intelligence|artificial intelligence]]; *An introduction to the [[theory of computation]] and [[encryption]] basics in the form of a fairy-story within the primer — which the reader encounters with the heroine as the novel unfolds; *The contrast between [[Victorian era|Victorian]] and [[Confucianism|Confucian]] world views, and the contrasting way they view the dangers and opportunities of [[molecular assembler]]s and [[artificial intelligence]] (as applied to child-raising); *A setting in which [[nation-state]]s are obsolete *The emergence of human [[group mind (science fiction)|hive consciousness]], using human brains interconnected through nanotechnological messengers (the "Drummers"); and *[[Confucianism]] as an ideological system (that's portrayed somewhat inaccurately); including a quasi-historical re-telling of the [[Boxer Rebellion]]. ===Sociology and cultural relativism=== ''The Diamond Age'' deals extensively with the notion of cultural relativism and seems to postulate its failure. The neo-Victorians are clearly represented as technologically, culturally and economically superior to other "[[phyle]]s" (see [[Micronation]]), with the Confucians as close rivals. Although membership to the phyles in most cases is voluntary and not determined by an individual's [[ancestry]] or [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]], the cultural and class hierarchies established in the novel create a clear distinction between the "haves" and the "have-nots." The novel is also notable for a number of incidental descriptions of other [[cult]]s or groups, such as the ''Reformed Distributed Republic'', which in contrast to the more elaborate "phyles" impose a minimal social protocol. In some cases this protocol only tests the willingness of members to risk their lives, and come to each other's aid by following instructions, with little or no capacity to understand the importance of tasks they undertake in doing so, but a full understanding of the risks. These cultural differences manifest themselves in the very different effect the copies of the primer have on the girls who use them. The original copies of the primer, created for a young girl of the Victorian phyle, provide for human interaction, even if it is mediated through the "ractive" technology. The Victorian girls who are raised with these copies become fully realized and independent individuals, while an army of [[Han Chinese]] girls raised with modified, fully automated clones of the primer with no "parental" human contact become efficient, devoted, but incomplete followers. An allusion early in the book suggests that the cloned primers were intentionally disabled by the Victorian engineer who designed them, perhaps to foster a propensity for the Chinese children who use the clones to follow the leadership of the Victorian girls who use the original copies. When asked to make copies of the Primer, <blockquote>"John Percival Hackworth, almost without thinking about it and without appreciating the ramifications of what he was doing, devised a trick and slipped it in under the radar of the Judge and Dr. X and all of the other people in the world. 'While I'm at it, if it pleases the court, I can also' Hackworth said, most obsequiously, 'make changes in the content so that it will be more suitable for the unique cultural requirements of the Han readership. But it will take some time.'"</blockquote> <ref>Stephenson, ''The Diamond Age'' (1995):179-180.</ref> However, this difference can also be interpreted as a desirable feature from the point of view of the Confucians, who emphasize [[duty]], [[honesty]] and [[obedience]] in their training of women. The limits of the authority of officers, more than the degree of visible tactical control, is an emphasis of Confucianism. The text is ambivalent about whether the "Mouse Army" of girls is merely efficient and devoted or also usefully creative. ===Failure of artificial intelligence=== Many have recognized that a major theme of ''The Diamond Age'' involves a distinction between artificial intelligence (AI) and human intelligence, with AI being depicted in the novel as having failed in its goal of creating software capable of passing the [[Turing Test]].<ref>[http://www.spesh.com/lee/ns/sfx.html ''SFX Profile: Neal Stephenson "The new William Gibson"''], SFX magazine #8 Jan 1996</ref> This theme met with much criticism among AI and nanotechnology enthusiasts.{{fact|date=January 2008}} In the novel, "Artificial Intelligence" has been renamed "Pseudo-Intelligence" (Hackworth declares the older term to have been "cheeky", meaning presumptuous). That this "pseudo-intelligence" is lacking compared to human intelligence is demonstrated by the fact that humans are able to earn a living as "ractors", interacting with customers in virtual reality entertainments. Since ractors are more expensive than AI, the only reason to use them would be that ''the customers could tell the difference'', implying that in the world of the novel, the marketplace of virtual reality entertainment has become one ongoing Turing Test, and software is continuously failing it. This theme is woven throughout the story of Nell and her primer. Nell's situation is that a single ractor, Miranda, devotes herself full time to racting the various roles of Nell's primer. Nell somehow senses that there is a real person behind the virtual reality, and desires to meet that person. This longing drives Nell to conduct a Turing Test on a central character in her primer's story, who conveniently is named the Duke of Turing. The test proves the Duke to be a mere automaton. She continues to be obsessed with the question of what in her primer is not merely a Turing machine, her quest eventually centering on the enigmatic King Coyote. One paragraph sums up the novel's viewpoint on AI (emphasis added): {{bquote|Her study of the Cipherers' Market, and particularly of the rule-books used by the cipherers to respond to messages, had taught her that for all its complexity, it too was nothing more than another Turing machine. She had come here to the Castle of King Coyote to see whether the King answered his messages according to Turing-like rules. For if he did, then the entire system — the entire kingdom — the entire Land Beyond — was nothing more than a vast Turing machine. And as she had established when she'd been locked up in the dungeon at Castle Turing, communicating with the mysterious Duke by sending messages on a chain, ''a Turing machine, no matter how complex, was not human. It had no soul. It could not do what a human did.''<ref>Stephenson, ''The Diamond Age'' (1995):442.</ref>}} When Nell finally meets King Coyote and defeats him by crashing his systems with malicious coding, he reveals to her that the primer is not entirely a Turing machine, but that there are some real people behind it, such as himself. In fact, King Coyote reveals himself to be none other than John Hackworth. And when Nell asks whether there has always been another real person with her from the beginning of her days with the primer, the foster mother she has never met but senses is there, her emotions with regard to the question are evident: <blockquote> :"And is there..." <p>Nell stopped reading the Primer for a moment. Her eyes had filled with tears.</p> <p>"Is there what?" said John's voice from the book.</p> <p>"Is there another? Another who has been with me during my quest?"</p> <p>"Yes, there is," John said quietly, after a short pause. "At least I have always sensed that she is here."<ref>Stephenson, ''The Diamond Age'' (1995):445.</ref></p> </blockquote> The same theme is reinforced somewhat by the reactions to the primer of the other girls, Fiona, Elizabeth, and the Chinese orphans: * Fiona, like Nell, develops a strong emotional bond with her primer's main ractor, which in her case is her father, Hackworth. Despite her beliefs being discouraged by her mother, she never doubts that the entity she communicates with via the primer is her real father, not merely a software facsimile. * Elizabeth's case is different. Since the default functioning of ractor contracts is that they are assigned on an as-needed basis, and the novel never shows us that someone does for Elizabeth what Miranda does for Nell and Hackworth does for Fiona, we can conclude that Elizabeth's primer has no central ractor working for it throughout the years. Elizabeth is unique in that she does not establish a deep relationship with her primer; she is indifferent to it. * The primers used by the Chinese orphans have no human ractors supplementing them. Instead, since all of the primers are networked in some way, Hackworth has altered them to teach them teamwork and group organization while taking advantage of individual skills in the form of the "mouse army", eventually pledged to the service of Nell. The Chinese girls manage to become aware of the existence of Nell just as she does through hints in their narratives. Through the modifications Hackworth programmed into the Chinese girls' primers, Nell becomes the object of their devotion, their Queen. Is this devotion supposed to be akin to Nell's love for Miranda, an expression of longing among the Chinese girls for a conscious entity in a virtual world which for them was otherwise populated only with pseudo-intelligent agents? Some readers lump this apparent rejection of AI with other "technological flaws" in the novel.<ref>[http://bookshelved.org/cgi-bin/wiki.pl?TheDiamondAge Bookshelved Wiki: TheDiamondAge ]</ref> These flaws generally involve observations that since the civilization depicted has advanced nanotechnology, even more amazing devices should be present; in fact, a [[technological singularity]] should have occurred. However, technological singularity theory tends to involve the notion that an "intelligence explosion" will occur when AI's are developed which are capable of designing yet more powerful AI's. It follows that a future without AI could be one without a singularity. For this reason, a full understanding of the novel requires recognizing that it is an attempt to portray a future with nanotechnology but without AI. ==Allusions/references to other works== ===Charles Dickens=== The novel's neo-Victorian setting, as well as its narrative form, particularly the chapter headings, suggest a relation to the work of [[Charles Dickens]].<ref>Cf. "The Diamond Age," ''[http://www.complete-review.com/reviews/stephenn/diamond.htm the complete review]''</ref> The protagonist's name points directly to Little Nell from Dickens' novel [[The Old Curiosity Shop]] (1840/41). ===Edward Lear=== The code name for ''The Young Lady's Illustrated Primer'' is "[[Runcible Spoon|Runcible]]," a reference to the final lines of the nineteenth century children's poem [[The Owl and the Pussycat]] by the artist, illustrator and writer [[Edward Lear]]: <!-- This ugly HTML renders much better, and is more browser-independent than other alternatives (copied over from the Edward Lear entry) --> {{quote| They dined on mince, and slices of quince<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;Which they ate with a runcible spoon;<br> And hand in hand, on the edge of the sand,<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;They danced by the light of the moon,<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The moon,<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The moon,<br> They danced by the light of the moon.<br> }} ===Judge Dee mysteries=== The novel's character Judge Fang is based on a creative extension of [[Robert van Gulik]]'s [[Judge Dee]] mystery series around a Confucian Judge in ancient China who usually solves three cases simultaneously.<ref>[[Mark Kleiman]] makes this connection in his glowing review of ''The Diamond Age''</ref> The Judge Dee stories are based on the tradition of Chinese mysteries, transposing key elements into Western [[detective fiction]]. ===Cyberpunk=== Nell's father, Bud, is presented as an archetypical [[Cyberpunk]] character. He is a career criminal (though not a particularly skilled or high-ranking one) with various surgically implanted devices to aid him in his 'work'. Stephenson attempts to establish ''The Diamond Age'' as a "post-cyberpunk" book by killing this character early on, while acknowledging the influence of that genre. ===''Snow Crash''=== ''The Diamond Age'' can be seen as set in the same universe as ''[[Snow Crash]]'', many years later. This reading is based on a connection between Y.T., a major character in ''Snow Crash'', and the aged neo-Victorian Miss Matheson in ''The Diamond Age'', who drops oblique references to her past as a hard-edged skateboarder. This would set ''The Diamond Age'' some 60-80 years after ''Snow Crash''.<ref>In a [[book signing]] at the [[Harvard University|Harvard]] Coop bookstore in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] on [[October 8]] [[2003]], Stephenson himself confirmed the connection.</ref> More bases for this reading of the two novels as connected include: * Stephenson's short story "The Great Simoleon Caper" which refers to both the Metaverse seen in ''Snow Crash'' and the First [[distributed republic|Distributed Republic]] seen in ''The Diamond Age'' (another short story which fits in the ''Diamond Age'' milieu and even shares a character is "Excerpt from the Third and Last Volume of ''Tribes of the Pacific Coast''"). * references to Franchise-Operated Quasi-National Entities (FOQNEs) in both novels. When taken as part of ''Snow Crash's'' timeline, ''The Diamond Age'' provides insight into the setting of its predecessor. In a conversation with Miranda, one character tells her that the [[nation-state]]s of the world collapsed when electronic communications started using an [[Anonymous internet banking|untraceable relay system]] that made it [[Underground economy|impossible to enforce taxes]] on [[electronic money|online transactions]]. Deprived of their funding, large-scale governments collapsed, and small, voluntary governments like Snow Crash's burbclaves emerged in their place. Both novels deal with an almost "primitive tech" replacing a current, worldwide use technology, in the sense of the reprogramming of the mind through ancient Sumerian chanting in ''Snow Crash'' (which also uses allusions to Babylonian prostitutes passing an information virus like a sexually transmitted disease), and the idea of nanotechnology propagating and communicating through sexual intercourse, passing from body to body like a virus. Both novels use an ancient, almost primitive threat to modern, "Western" technology and ideology (The Raft in ''Snow Crash'' and The Fists of Righteous Harmony in ''The Diamond Age''). Stephenson explores the idea of the tech divide and its social and economic ramifications to the extreme using these violent, but not all together surprising, social revolutions. ==Television adaptation== In January of 2007, the [[Sci Fi Channel (United States)|Sci-Fi Channel]] announced that it will be making a six hour mini-series based on ''The Diamond Age.'' Stephenson will be adapting the novel for the miniseries, and [[George Clooney]] and Grant Heslov of Smokehouse Productions will be executive producers on the project. There is currently no scheduled release date.<ref>Sci-Fi Wire — The News Service of the Sci-Fi Channel: "Clooney, Others Develop SCI FI Shows" 1-12-2007.</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|2}} ==References== {{wikiquote}} *Berends, Jan Berrien. "The Politics of Neal Stephenson's the Diamond Age." ''New York Review of Science Fiction'' 9.8 (104) (1997): 15. *Berry, Michael. [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/1995/01/08/RV48510.DTL ''A High-Tech Victorian Romp''], ''The San Francisco Chronicle''. Sunday, January 8, 1995. *Brigg, Peter. "The Future as the Past Viewed from the Present: Neal Stephenson's ''The Diamond Age''." ''Extrapolation: A Journal of Science Fiction and Fantasy'' 40.2 (1999): 116. *Dinello, Daniel. ''Technophobia! Science Fiction Visions of Posthuman Technology.'' Austin: University of Texas Press, 2005. ISBN 0-292-70954-4 (hardcover); ISBN 0-292-70986-2 (paperback) *Kleiman, Mark. [http://blogcritics.org/archives/2003/02/17/210700.php/archives/2003/02/17/210700.php ''Neal Stephenson: The Diamond Age''], ''blogcritics.org''. February 17, 2003. *Merkle, Ralph. [http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/smallWorld.html ''It's a Small, Small, Small, Small World.''], ''Technology Review'' (Feb/Mar 1997): 25. *Merritt, Ethan A. [http://groups.google.com/group/rec.arts.sf.written/msg/d1a25cbda84f1e47"Re: The Diamond Age — Honourable Failure"] newsgroup posting, May 9, 1996. *Miksanek, Tony. "Microscopic Doctors and Molecular Black Bags: Science Fiction's Prescription for Nanotechnology and Medicine." ''Literature and Medicine'' 20.1 (2001): 55-70. *Sci-Fi Wire — The News Service of the Sci-Fi Channel: [http://www.scifi.com/scifiwire/print.php?id=39447 ''Clooney, Others Develop SCI FI Shows'' 1-12-2007] {{start box}} {{s-awards}} {{succession box|title=[[Hugo Award for Best Novel]] |before=''[[Vorkosigan Saga#Mirror Dance|Mirror Dance]]''<br> by [[Lois McMaster Bujold]] |after=''[[Blue Mars]]''<br> by [[Kim Stanley Robinson]] |years=[[1996 in literature|1996]]}} {{end box}} {{NealStephensonBooks}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Diamond Age, The}} [[Category:1995 novels]] [[Category:Novels by Neal Stephenson]] [[Category:Hugo Award Winner for Best Novel]] [[Category:Postcyberpunk]] [[Category:Science fiction novels]] [[Category:Shanghai in literature]] [[Category:Steampunk novels]] [[de:Diamond Age]] [[es:La era del diamante]] [[fr:L'Âge de diamant]] [[it:L'era del diamante]] [[ja:ダイヤモンド・エイジ]]