The Two Souls of Socialism 2831030 183521055 2008-01-11T00:19:11Z Lquilter 6404 cats '''The Two Souls of Socialism''' is a [[socialism|socialist]] [[pamphlet]] written by [[Hal Draper]] and published in the journal ''[[New Politics (magazine)|New Politics]]'' in [[1966]]. An earlier version of the pamphlet was published by Draper in [[1960]] in the socialist student magazine ''Anvil''. In his work Draper rejects what he calls "Socialism-from-Above" in favor of "Socialism-from-Below". According to Draper, the divide between these two souls of socialism is the "fundamental" one that underlies other divisions such as "reformist or revolutionary, peaceful or violent, democratic or authoritarian, etc." Among Socialism-from-Above, Draper includes such varied forms of socialism as [[utopian socialism]], [[communist state|Communist dictatorship]] and [[Stalinism]], [[social democracy]], and [[anarchism]]. Confessing that Socialism-from-Below "has had few consistent exponents and not many inconsistent ones", he nevertheless identifies it with [[Karl Marx|Marx]], "whose notion was from the very beginning that the emancipation of the working class must be the act of the working class itself." The pamphlet is organized primarily as a brief history of socialism and important socialist thinkers, beginning with a critical glance at "ancestors" such as [[Plato]], [[Pythagoras]] and the [[Gracchi]] before turning to [[François-Noël Babeuf|Babeuf]], [[Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon|Saint-Simon]] and utopians such as [[Charles Fourier|Fourier]] and [[Robert Owen|Owen]]. Draper then lauds Marx as the first champion of Socialism-from-Below, "who finally fettered the two ideas of Socialism and Democracy together". The next sections of the pamphlet consider in turn anarchists (specifically [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|Proudhon]] and [[Mikhail Bakunin|Bakunin]]), [[Ferdinand Lassalle|Lassalle]], the [[Fabian Society|Fabians]], [[Eduard Bernstein]], and American socialists such as [[Edward Bellamy]], all of whom are criticized for being Socialists-from-Above. The final sections separate out "six strains of Socialism-from-Above" (philanthropism, elitism, plannism, communionism, permeationism, and Socialism-from-Outside) and conclude with a call to [[intellectual]]s "to choose the road of Socialism-from-Below". ====External links==== * [http://www.marxists.org/archive/draper/1966/twosouls/index.htm The Two Souls of Socialism] at the Marxists Internet Archives [[Category:Socialism]] [[Category:Pamphlets]] [[Category:1966 essays]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Two Souls of Socialism, The}}