Thor 316348 225681946 2008-07-14T21:45:39Z Kevand1123 7476567 {{otheruses6|Thor (disambiguation)|Thor (comics)}} [[Image:Thor.jpg|right|thumb|300px|"Thor's battle against the giants" (1872) by [[Mårten Eskil Winge]].]] '''Thor''' ([[Old Norse language|Old Norse]]: '''Þórr''') is the red-haired and bearded<ref>''[[Styrbjarnar þáttr Svíakappa]]'' (''Tale of Styrbjorn the Swedish Champion'')</ref><ref>''[[Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta]]'' (''Greatest Saga of Olaf Tryggvason'')</ref> [[god]] of [[thunder]] in [[Germanic paganism]] and its subset [[Norse paganism]]. The god is also recorded in [[Old English language|Old English]] as '''Þunor''', [[Old Saxon]] as '''Thunaer''',<ref name=THORPENORTHTRADCOMP> [[Benjamin Thorpe|Thorpe, Benjamin]]. ''Northern mythology : comprising the principal popular traditions and superstitions of Scandinavia, North Germany, and The Netherlands'' (1851).</ref> as [[Old Dutch]] and [[Old High German]]: '''Donar''', all of which are names deriving from the [[Linguistic reconstruction|reconstructed]] [[Proto-Germanic]] name ''*Þunraz''. Most surviving stories relating to Germanic paganism either mention Thor or centre on Thor's exploits. Thor was a much revered god of the ancient [[Germanic peoples]] from at least the earliest surviving written accounts of the indigenous Germanic tribes to over a thousand years later during the last bastions of Germanic paganism in the late [[Viking Age]]. Thor was appealed to for protection on numerous objects found from various Germanic tribes and Miniature replicas of [[Mjolnir]], the weapon of Thor, became a defiant symbol of Norse paganism during the [[Christianization of Scandinavia]].<ref name=TURVPETRMYTHRELI> [[Gabriel Turville-Petre|Turville-Petre]], ''E.O.G. Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia''. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1964. p83 </ref><ref name=GODSDAV>[[H. R. Ellis Davidson|Ellis Davidson, H.R.]] ''Gods And Myths Of Northern Europe'' (1965) ISBN 0140136274</ref> During and after the process of Christianization was complete, Thor was [[Demonization|demonized]] by the growing influence of Christian missionaries. After Christian influence was cemented in law, traces of belief went increasingly underground into mainly rural areas, surviving until modern times into [[Germanic folklore]] and most recently reconstructed to varying degrees in [[Germanic Neopaganism]]. ==Etymology== The name ''Thor'' has the same origin as the word ''thunder'', just as [[German language|German]] ''Donner'', [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ''donder'', [[Swedish language|Swedish]] ''tordön'' and [[Danish language|Danish]] and [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ''torden'' (with the suffix -dön/-den originally meaning "rumble" or "din"). The [[Scandinavian languages]] also have the word ''dunder'', borrowed from [[Middle Low German]]. ==Thor's Oak== [[Image:thoroak.jpg|thumb|300px|A depiction of Boniface destroying Thor's oak from ''The Little Lives of the Saints'', illustrated by Charles Robinson in 1904.]] {{main|Thor's Oak}} Thor's Oak was an ancient tree sacred to the Germanic tribe of the [[Chatti]], ancestors of the Hessians, and one of the most important sacred sites of the [[pagan]] Germanic peoples. Its felling in [[723|723 A.D.]] marked the beginning of the [[Christianization]] of the non-[[Frankish]] tribes of northern [[Germany]]. The tree stood at a location near the village of Geismar, today part of the town of [[Fritzlar]] in northern [[Hessen]], and was the main point of veneration of the Germanic deity Thor (known among the [[West Germanic]] tribes as ''Donar'') by the Chatti and most other Germanic tribes. ==Old Saxon Baptismal Vow== Thor, as Donar, is mentioned in a [[Old Saxon]] Baptismal vow in Vatican Codex pal. 577 along with [[Woden]] and [[Saxnot]]. The 8th or 9th century vow, intended for Christianizing pagans, is recorded as: :''ec forsacho allum dioboles uuercum and uuordum, Thunaer ende Uuöden ende Saxnote ende allum them unholdum the hira genötas sint'' Which translates to: :''I renounce all the words and works of the devil, Thunear, Woden and Saxnôt, and all those fiends that are their associates.''<ref name=THORPENORTHTRADCOMP> [[Benjamin Thorpe|Thorpe, Benjamin]]. ''Northern mythology : comprising the principal popular traditions and superstitions of Scandinavia, North Germany, and The Netherlands'' (1851).</ref> ==Temple at Uppsala== Between 1072 and 1076, [[Adam of Bremen]] recorded in his ''[[Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum]]'' that a statue of Thor existed in the [[Temple at Uppsala]]. Adam relates that: :''Thor takes the central position, with Wotan and Frey on either side. Thor, according to their beliefs, governs the air with its thunder, lightning, wind, rain, and fair weather. He is depicted carrying a scepter, much as our people depict Jove.''<ref>Adam of Bremen, ''[[Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum]]'' , book 4, sections 26-27</ref> ==Eddic depictions== [[Image:Sö 111, Stenkvista.jpg|200px|right|thumb|The runestone at Stenkvista in [[Södermanland]], [[Sweden]], shows [[Mjolnir|Thor's hammer]] instead of a cross.]] [[Image:Johann Heinrich Füssli 011.jpg|right|thumb|"The battle of Thor and the Midgard Serpent" (1788) by [[Henry Fuseli]].]] The two sources largest in information regarding Thor are the [[Poetic Edda]], compiled in the 13th century from earlier oral tradition, and the [[Prose Edda]], written by [[Snorri Sturluson]]. Both works are from 13th century [[Iceland]]. ===Poetic Edda=== *''[[Völuspá]]'' *''[[Hárbarðsljóð]]'', which details a contest between Thor and [[Odin]] in the guise of Harbarth as to who is the most accomplished. *''[[Grímnismál]]'' *''[[Hymiskviða]]'' *''[[Þrymskviða]]'' *''[[Alvíssmál]]'' *''[[Lokasenna]]'' ===Prose Edda=== *''[[Gylfaginning]]'' *''[[Haustlöng]]'' *''[[Húsdrápa]]'' *''[[Ragnarsdrápa]]'' *''[[Skáldskaparmál]]'' *''[[Þórsdrápa]]'' *''[[Eiríksmál]]'' ===Characteristics=== ====Family==== In the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda, Thor is the son of [[Odin]] and the giantess [[Jörd]] (Jord, the Earth). His wife is called [[Sif]], and little is known of her except that she has golden hair. With his mistress, the giantess [[Járnsaxa]], Thor had a son [[Magni]] and with [[Sif]] he had his daughter [[Thrud]]. There is nothing in the myths that states the identity of the mother of his son [[Modi]]. The [[euhemerism|euhemeristic]] prologue of the Prose Edda also indicates he has a son by Sif named [[Loridi|Lóriði]], along with an additional 17 generations of descendants but the prologue is apocryphal and was meant to give a plausible explanation on how the Aesir came to be worshiped even though they were not gods in order to appease the Christian church. Thor also has a stepson called [[Ullr]] who is a son of [[Sif]]. ''[[Skáldskaparmál]]'' mentions a figure named Hlóra who was Thor's foster mother, corresponding to Lora or Glora from Snorre's prologue, although no additional information concerning her is provided in the book. ====Mjolnir==== [[Image:Mjollnir.png|thumb|right|Drawing of an archaeological find from [[Öland]], [[Sweden]] of a [[gold]] plated depiction of [[Mjolnir]] in [[silver]].]] {{main|Mjolnir}} Thor owns a short-handled hammer, [[Mjolnir]], which, when thrown at a target, returns magically to the owner. His Mjolnir also has the power to throw lightning bolts. To wield Mjolnir, Thor wears the belt [[Megingjord]], which boosts the wearer's strength and a pair of special iron gloves, Jarn Griepr, to lift the hammer. [[Mjolnir]] is also his main weapon when fighting giants. The uniquely shaped symbol subsequently became a very popular ornament during the [[Viking Age]] and has since become an iconic symbol of Germanic paganism. ====Chariot==== Thor travels in a chariot drawn by the [[goat]]s [[Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr]] and with his servant and messenger [[Þjálfi]] and with Þjálfi's sister [[Röskva]]. The [[skaldic poetry|skaldic poem]] ''[[Haustlöng]]'' relates that the earth was scorched and the mountains cracked as Thor traveled in his wagon. According to the Prose Edda, when Thor is hungry he can roast the goats for a meal. When he wants to continue his travels, Thor only needs to touch the remains of the goats and they will be instantly restored to full health to resume their duties, assuming that the bones have not been broken. ====Bilskirnir==== {{main|Bilskirnir}} Thor lives in the palace [[Bilskirnir]] in the kingdom [[Þrúðheimr]] or [[Þrúðvangr]].Bilskirnir is the hall of the god Thor in Norse mythology. Here he lives with his wife Sif and their children. According to Grímnismál, the hall is the greatest of buildings and contains 540 rooms, located in Asgard, as are all the dwellings of the gods, in the kingdom of Þrúðheimr (or Þrúðvangar according to ''Gylfaginning'' and ''Ynglinga saga''). Thor receives the dead slaves according to ''[[Hárbarðsljóð]]''. ====Stories and myths==== [[Image:Detail from G 181.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A detail from a [[runestone|rune-]] and [[image stone]] from [[Gotland]], in the [[Swedish Museum of National Antiquities]] in [[Stockholm]]. The three men are interpreted as [[Odin]], Thor and [[Freyr]], due to the objects they hold in their hands: a spear, a hammer-like object and a scythe.]] [[Image:Runestone from Sønder Kirkby, Falster, Denmark.jpg|thumb|right|The runestone found in Sønder Kirkby, [[Falster]], Denmark calls upon Thor to "[[hallow]] these runes!"]] According to one myth in the Prose Edda, [[Loki]] was flying as a [[hawk]] one day and was captured by [[Geirrod]]. Geirrod, who hated Thor, demanded that Loki bring his enemy (who did not yet have his magic belt and hammer) to Geirrod's castle. Loki agreed to lead Thor to the trap. [[Grid (Jotun)|Grid]] was a giantess at whose home they stopped on the way to Geirrod's. She waited until Loki left the room then told Thor what was happening and gave him her [[iron]] gloves and magical belt and staff. Thor killed Geirrod and all other frost giants he could find (including Geirrod's daughters, [[Gjálp and Greip]]). According to ''[[Alvíssmál]]'', Thor's daughter was promised to [[Alvis]], a dwarf. Thor devised a plan to stop Alvis from marrying his daughter. He told Alvis that, because of his small height, he had to prove his wisdom. Alvis agreed and Thor made the tests last until after the sun had risen--all dwarves turned to stone when exposed to sunlight, so Alvis was petrified. Thor was once outwitted by a giant king, [[Útgarða-Loki]]. The king, using his magic, tricked Thor. The king raced Thought itself against Thor's fast servant, [[Þjálfi]] (nothing being faster than thought, which can leap from land to land, and from time to time, in an instant). Then, Loki (who was with Thor) was challenged by Útgarða-Loki to an eating contest with one of his servants, Logi. Loki lost, eventually. The servant even ate up the trough containing the food. The servant was an illusion of "Wild-Fire", no living thing being able to equal the consumption rate of fire. He called Thor weak when he only lifted the paw of a cat, the cat being the illusion of the [[Jörmungandr|Midgard Serpent]]. Thor was challenged to a drinking contest, and could not empty a [[drinking horn|horn]] which was filled not with mead but was connected to the ocean. This action started tidal changes. And here, Thor wrestled an old woman, who was Old Age, something no one could beat, to one knee. Thor left humiliated, but was heartened later when he met a messager who told he that he had in fact performed great feats worthy of a powerful warrior god for doing as well as he did with those challenges. Another noted story of Thor was the time when [[Þrymr]], King of the Thurse (Giants), stole his hammer, [[Mjölnir]]. Thor went to Loki in hopes to find the culprit responsible for the theft. Loki and Thor went to [[Freyja]] for council. She gave Loki the Feather-robe so he could travel to the land of the giants to speak to their king. The king admitted to stealing the hammer and would not give it back unless Freyja gave her hand in marriage. Freyja refused when she heard the plan so the gods decided to think of a way to trick the King. [[Heimdall]] suggested dressing up Thor in a bridal gown so he can take Freyja's place. Thor at first refused to do such a thing as it would portray him as a coward and womanish, but Loki insisted that he do so or the Giants would attack Asgard and win it over if he were not to retrieve the hammer in time. Thor reluctantly agreed in the end and took Freyja's place. Odin rode Thor to the land of the Giants and a celebration ensued. The king noticed a few odd things that his bride was committing. He noted that she ate and drank more than what he would expect from a bride. Loki, who was in disguise as the false Freyja's servant, commented that she rode for 8 full nights without food eager to take his hand. He then asked why his bride's eyes are so terrifying, they seemed to be aglow with fire, again Loki responded with a lie that she did not sleep for 8 full nights eager for his hand. Then the giant commanded that the hammer be brought to his wife and placed on her lap. Once it was in Thor's possession he threw off his disguise and attacked all the giants in the room. Due to this ruse the giants were careful not to make the same mistake again. ==Sagas== [[Image:Einar Jónsson24.jpg|right|thumb|"[[Elli]] and Thor" (1939-1940) by [[Einar Jónsson]].]] Thor is also mentioned in numerous [[saga]]s, which made use of skaldic poetry and oral traditions. *''[[Eyrbyggja saga]]'' *''[[Kjalnesinga saga]]'' *''[[Fóstbrœðra saga]]'' *''[[Fljótsdæla saga]]'' *''[[Hallfreðar saga]]'' *''[[Heimskringla]]'' *''[[Landnámabók]]'' *''[[Flateyjarbók]]'' *''[[Njáls saga]]'' *''[[Gautreks saga]]'' ==''Gesta Danorum''== In the 12th century, [[Saxo Grammaticus]], in the service of [[Archbishop]] [[Absalon]] in Denmark, presented in his [[Latin]] language work ''[[Gesta Danorum]]'' euhemerized accounts of Thor and Odin as cunning [[Magician (paranormal)|sorcerer]]s that, Saxo states, had fooled the people of Norway, Sweden and Denmark into their recognition as gods: <blockquote>''"There were of old certain men versed in sorcery, Thor, namely, and Odin, and many others, who were cunning in contriving marvellous sleights; and they, winning the minds of the simple, began to claim the rank of gods. For, in particular, they ensnared Norway, Sweden and Denmark in the vainest credulity, and by prompting these lands to worship them, infected them with their imposture. The effects of their deceit spread so far, that all other men adored a sort of divine power in them, and, thinking them either gods or in league with gods, offered up solemn prayers to these inventors of sorceries, and gave to blasphemous error the honour due to religion. Some say that the gods, whom our countrymen worshipped, shared only the title with those honoured by Greece or Latium, but that, being in a manner nearly equal to them in dignity, they borrowed from them the worship as well as the name. This must be sufficient discourse upon the deities of Danish antiquity. I have expounded this briefly for the general profit, that my readers may know clearly to what worship in its heathen superstition our country has bowed the knee."'' (''[[Gesta Danorum]]'', Book I)<ref>''The Nine Books of the Danish History of Saxo Grammaticus'', translated by Oliver Elton (Norroena Society, New York, 1905) Available online: [http://omacl.org/DanishHistory/book1.html]</ref></blockquote> ==Canterbury Charm== The Canterbury Charm is a runic charm discovered inserted in the margin of an Anglo-Saxon manuscript from the year 1073.<ref name=MACLEOD120>Macleod, Mindy. Mees, Bernard (2006). ''Runic Amulets and Magic Objects'', page 120. Boydell Press ISBN 1843832054</ref> The charm is translated as: <blockquote> 'Cyril wound-cause, go now! You are found. May Thor bless you, lord of ogres! Gyril wound-causer. Against blood-vessel pus!'<ref name=MACLEOD120/> </blockquote> The charm is intended for use against a specific ailment, described as "blood-vessel pus." MacLeod and Mees (2006) note that while Thor is not revered in surviving sources for his medical abilities, he was well attested as harboring enmity towards giants and as a protector of mankind. MacLeod and Mees compare the charm to the 11th century [[Kvinneby amulet]] (where Thor is also called upon to provide protection), the formula structure of the Sigtuna amulet, and a then-recently discovered rib bone featuring a runic inscription also from [[Sigtuna]], [[Sweden]].<ref name=MACLEOD120/> ==Archaeological record== [[Image:Thor statue reproduction.jpg|thumb|150px|A reproduction of a statue of Thor from the 10th century found in Iceland.]] Thor was a very popular deity to the Germanic people and a number of surviving depictions of not only himself but also his exploits have survived many years of natural and intentional destruction. ===Nordendorf fibula=== {{main|Nordendorf fibula}} Dating from the [[7th century]] CE, the [[Nordendorf fibula]], a human ([[Alamannic]]) [[fibula]] found in [[Nordendorf]] near [[Augsburg]] ([[Bavaria]]) bears an [[Elder Futhark]] inscription mentioning ''Donar'', the Western Germanic tribes name for Thor. ===Emblematic Mjolnir replicas=== {{main|Mjolnir#Ancient}} Widely popular in Scandinavia, Mjolnir replicas were used in [[Blót]]s and other sacral ceremonies, such as weddings. Many of these replicas were also found in graves and tended to be furnished with a loop, allowing them to be worn. They were most widely discovered in areas with a strong Christian influence including southern Norway, south-eastern Sweden, and Denmark.<ref name=TURVPETRMYTHRELI/> By the late 10th century, increased uniformity in Mjolnir’s design over previous centuries suggest it functioned as a popular accessory worn in defiance of the Christian [[cross]]. ===Icelandic statue=== A seated bronze statue of Thor (about 2.5 in, 6.4 cm) from about CE [[10th century|1000]] was recovered at a farm near [[Akureyri]], Iceland and is a featured display at the [[National Museum of Iceland]]. Thor is holding [[Mjolnir]], sculpted in the typically Icelandic cross-like shape. ===Rune and image stones=== [[Image:Altuna U1161 20050205.jpg|thumb|120px|The [[Altuna Runestone]] depicts Thor's foot breaching his boat while struggling with the Midgard Serpent..]] Most [[runestone]]s were raised during the [[11th century]] and so they coincided with the [[Christianization of Scandinavia]]. Except for the [[Altuna Runestone]] which depicts a myth concerning Thor, there are only six runic inscriptions that appear to refer to him and five of them do so in invocations to consecrate the stones.<ref name="Rundata">[[Rundata]]</ref> Three of the inscriptions are found in Sweden (the [[Rök Runestone]], Sö 140 and the [[Velanda Runestone]]) and three in Denmark (Dr 110, Dr 220 and the [[Glavendrup stone]]).<ref name="Rundata"/> Thor's struggle with the Midgard Serpent as recorded in ''Hymiskviða'' can be found depicted on a number of [[Image stone|image stones]] and [[runestone]]s located in England, Denmark and Sweden respectively. In the English village of [[Gosforth, Cumbria]], the remains of a 10th century stone depicting Thor and Hymir fishing can be found alongside numerous other Norse carvings. <ref>Graham-Campbell, James. ''The Viking World'' (2001) ISBN 0711218005</ref> In Denmark, a church in the small Northern [[Jutland]]ic town of Hørdum houses the remains of a stone featuring Thor and Hymir's fishing trip for the Midgard Serpent. Thor is wearing the distinct pointed helmet he is portrayed with in other found depictions<ref>O'Donoghue, Heather. ''Old Norse-Icelandic Literature: A Short Introduction'' (2004) ISBN 0631236260</ref> and has caught the Midgard serpent while Hymir sits before him.<ref>Margrethe, Queen, Poul Kjrum, Rikke Agnete Olsen. Oldtidens Ansigt: Faces of the Past (1990), ISBN 9788774682745 </ref> Sweden has two stones depicting this legend. Created sometime between the 8th and 11th centuries, the bottom left corner of the [[Ardre image stones|Ardre VIII stone]] in [[Gotland]] has often been interpreted as depicting not only the fishing trip but also references to the slaughter of the ox prior to using it as bait,<ref>Christiansen, Eric. ''The Norsemen in the Viking Age'' (2002) ISBN 0631216774</ref> potentially as part of an earlier version of the tale. <ref>Fuglesang, Signe Horn. ''Iconographic traditions and models in Scandinavian imagery'' Available online at: [http://www.dur.ac.uk/medieval.www/sagaconf/fuglesangekphrasis.pdf]</ref> The [[Altuna Runestone]] in [[Uppland]] depicts Thor fishing for the Midgard serpent. Though lacking Hymir, it notably displays Thor's foot breaching the floor of the boat during the intense struggle. ===Kvinneby amulet=== {{main|Kvinneby amulet}} The Kvinneby amulet is an [[amulet]] that includes a runic inscription from around 1000 CE. There are competing theories about the exact wording of the inscription but all agree that Thor is invoked to protect with his hammer. According to [[Rundata]], this inscription reads: <blockquote>''Here I carve(d) protection for you, Bófi, with/... ... ... to you is certain. And may the lightning hold all evil away from Bófi. May Þórr protect him with that hammer which came from out of the sea. Flee from evilness! You/it get/gets nothing from Bófi. The gods are under him and over him.''</blockquote> The amulet was found in the mid-1950's in the soil of the village Södra Kvinneby in [[Öland]], Sweden. The amulet is a square copper object measuring approximately 5 cm on each side. Near one edge there is a small hole, presumably used for hanging it around the neck. ===Skog Church Tapestry=== [[Image:Three kings or three gods.jpg|thumb|right|This part of the Skog Church Tapestry, a [[Viking Age]] Swedish tapestry, is interpreted to show, from left to right, the one-eyed and tree flanked Odin, the hammer-wielding Thor and Freyr holding up an ear of corn.]] A part of the Swedish 12th century Skog Church Tapestry depicts three figures often interpreted as allusions to Odin, Thor and Freyr.<ref> Leiren, Terje I. (1999). ''From Pagan to Christian: The Story in the 12th-Century Tapestry of the Skog Church''. Published online: http://faculty.washington.edu/leiren/vikings2.html</ref> The figures coincide with 11th century descriptions of statue arrangements recorded by Adam of Bremen at the Temple at Uppsala and written accounts of the gods during the late Viking Age. The tapestry is originally from [[Hälsingland]], Sweden but is now housed at the [[Swedish Museum of National Antiquities]]. ==Thursday== {{main|Thursday}} Thor gave his name to the [[Old English language|Old English]] day ''Þunresdæg'', meaning the day of Þunor, known in [[English language|Modern English]] as [[Thursday]]. Þunor is also the source of the modern word [[thunder]]. "Thor's Day" is ''Þórsdagr'' in Old Norse, ''Hósdagur'' in Faroese, ''[[Thursday]]'' in English, ''Donnerstag'' in German (meaning "Thunder's Day"), ''Donderdag'' in Dutch (meaning Thunder day), ''Torstai'' in Finnish, and ''Torsdag'' in Swedish, Danish, and Norwegian. The day was considered such an important day of the week that as late as the seventh century [[Saint Eligius]] reproached his congregation in [[Flanders]] for continuing their native practice of recognizing Thursday as a holy day after their Christianization.<ref name=GRITEU> [[Jacob Grimm|Grimm, Jacob]]. ''Teutonic Mythology'' (Translated by Stallybras, 1888), IV, page 1,737. Available online through the [[Northvegr Foundation]]: [http://www.northvegr.org/lore/grimmst/index.php]</ref> ==Personal names== The name "Thor", deriving from the deity, is the first element in many names: * American female name: Donara (from the Old High German spelling) * Norwegian male names: Tor, Toralv, Torbjørn, Tore, Torfinn, Torgeir, Torgils, Torgny, Torgrim, Torkjell, Torlak, Torleif, Tormod, Torodd, Torolv, Torstein and Torvald. * Norwegian female names: Torbjørg, Tordis, Torfrid (Turid), Torgerd, Torgunn, Torhild (Toril), Torlaug, Torunn and Torveig. * Icelandic male names: Þór, Þórhallur, Þorbergur, Þorbjörn, Þorfinnur, Þorgeir, Þorgils, Þorgrímur, Þorkell, Þorlákur, Þorleifur, Þorsteinn, Þorvaldur, Þórarinn, Þórir, Þórður and Þórólfur * Icelandic female names: Þorbjörg, Þorgerður, Þóra, Þórdís, Þórhildur, Þórunn and Þórgunnur * Faroese male names: Tór, Thór, Tórur, Thórur, Tórleif, Tórólvur * Faroese female names: Tóra, Thóra * Danish male names: Tor, Torben, Torbjørn, Torkil/Terkel, Torleif, Torsten, Torvald * Danish female names: Tora, Tove * Swedish male names: Tor, Torbjörn, Tord, Tore, Torgny, Torkel, Torleif, Torsten, Torvald * Swedish female names: Tora, Torunn, Tove, Tova * Scottish name: Torquil * English surname: Thurkettle, Thirkell * German male names: Thorsten/Torsten, Toralf ==Toponyms== As a very popular god amongst the Germanic tribes, many locations have been named after Thor: * ''[[Thorsberg moor]]'', [[Schleswig-Holstein]], modern day [[Germany]], is an ancient location bearing a large deposit of numerous ritually deposited artifacts between the 1 and 4 BC by the [[Angles]]. * ''[[Tórshavn]]'' ("Thor Harbor"), [[Faroe Islands]] is the capital city of the Faroe Islands. * ''Thorsted'' ("Thor Stead"), Jutland, Denmark, near [[Thisted]] ("Tyr's Stead"). * ''Thorsager'' ("Thor Field"), Jutland, Denmark. * ''Thorskov'' ("Thor Forest"), Jutland, Denmark, a small, marked section of forest located directly east of the [[Aarhus]] deer park. * ''Thorsø'' ("Thor Lake"),Jutland, Denmark. * Thor's name appears in connection with groves (''Lundr'') in place names in Sweden, West Norway and Denmark.<ref name=GODSDAV/> * There are a number of [[Old English language|Anglo-Saxon]] place names associated with Thor in England named ''Þunre leah'' (meaning "Grove or forest clearing of thunder") such as ''[[Thundersley]]'' in [[Essex]], [[England]].<ref name=GODSDAV/> * A "Forest of Thor" existed on the north bank of [[Liffey]], [[Ireland]] outside of [[Dublin]] in the year 1,000. It was described as destroyed over the course of a month by [[Brian Boru]], who took particular note of the oaks.<ref name=THORMAR> C. Marstrander. ''Thor en Irlande'', "Revue Celtique" number 36, page 247. (1915-1916)</ref> * ''Thurstable'' ("Thunres Stapol" or "Thor's Pillar") in Essex, England.<ref name=MAYR-HARTING27>Mayr-Harting, Henry (1991). ''The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England'', page 27. [[Penn State Press]] ISBN 0271007699</ref> * [[Thurso]] ("When the norse were in scotland they named the town after their god"),("or Bulls water"), [[Caithness]],[[Scotland]] ==Parallels== Many writers ([[Saxo Grammaticus|Saxo]], [[Adam of Bremen]], [[Snorre Sturlason]], [[Ælfric of Eynsham]]) identified Thor with [[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]]. The comparison can be borne: both are gods of the sky that control thunder and lightning, are children of the [[mother Earth]], both have a son who is a god of physical strength ([[Hercules]] and [[Magni]]), and were at some time considered the most powerful of the gods. The oak tree was sacred to both gods and they had mysterious powers. Thor is to kill [[Jörmungandr]] and Jupiter, the dragon [[Typhon]]. [[Tacitus]] identified Thor with the Greco-Roman hero-god Hercules because of his force, aspect, weapon and his role as protector of the world. Parallels with varying degrees of closeness can be found in other northern mythologies, such as [[Taranis]] (Celtic), [[Perkunas]] (Baltic), and [[Perun]] (Slavic), connected either to thunder, to oaks or to both. Additionally parallel either to Thor or [[Tyr]] are Finno-Ugric gods Torum, Thurms, Tere, [[Ilmarinen]] etc. - see [[Tharapita]]. ==Portrayal in modern popular culture== <!--ATTENTION! DO NOT place modern popular culture references here! It will be deleted. Instead, if it is someone or something named after Thor, place it in the appropriate area on the disambiguation page! Thank you.---> [[Image:Ring16.jpg|right|thumb|Donner calls upon the storm clouds in this illustration by [[Arthur Rackham]] to Wagner's ''[[Das Rheingold]]''.]] Thor, under the German form of his name, "Donner", appears in [[Richard Wagner]]'s opera cycle, ''[[Der Ring des Nibelungen]]''. This has led to many portrayals based on Wagner's interpretation, although some are closer to pre-Wagner models. Since Wagner's time, Thor has appeared, either as himself or as the namesake of characters, in comic books, on television, in literature and in song lyrics. Thor is currently being portrayed in a Theatre production 'Thor - Battle Against The Giants' in Aberdeen, Scotland. The lead role is being played by up and coming actor and Thor historian Ian Fisher. <!--ATTENTION! DO NOT place modern popular culture references here! It will be deleted]. Instead, if it is someone or something named after Thor, place it in the appropriate area on the disambiguation page! Thank you.---> ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==See also== *[[Almáttki áss]] *[[List of names of Thor]] *[[Taranis]] *[[Yule log]] *[[Yule Goat]] {{NorseMythology}} {{Anglo-SaxonPaganism}} [[Category:Norse gods]] [[Category:Sky and weather gods]] [[Category:Thunder gods]] [[Category:Germanic deities]] ==External links== {{wikiquote}} {{Commons}} * [http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendid=220695641 Profile of Donar, the Germanic form of Thor] * [http://www.thorforpresident.com ThorForPresident.com - A Small Government Conservative Who Will Never Lean Left!] [[als:Donar]] [[ang:Þunor]] [[bn:থর]] [[bs:Tor]] [[bg:Тор (митология)]] [[ca:Thor]] [[ceb:Thor]] [[cs:Thór]] [[da:Thor]] [[de:Thor]] [[et:Thor]] [[el:Θωρ]] [[es:Thor (mitología)]] [[eo:Toro (mitologio)]] [[fa:ثور (اساطیر)]] [[fo:Tórur]] [[fr:Thor]] [[fy:Tonger (god)]] [[gl:Thor (deus)]] [[got:𐌸𐌿𐌽𐌰𐍂]] [[ko:토르 (신화)]] [[hr:Tor]] [[id:Thor]] [[is:Þór (norræn goðafræði)]] [[it:Thor]] [[he:תור (אל)]] [[ka:ტორი]] [[la:Thor]] [[lv:Tors (mitoloģija)]] [[lt:Toras (mitologija)]] [[hu:Thor]] [[ms:Thor]] [[nl:Thor]] [[ja:トール]] [[no:Tor]] [[nn:Tor]] [[pl:Thor]] [[pt:Thor]] [[ro:Thor]] [[ru:Тор (мифология)]] [[simple:Thor]] [[sk:Thor]] [[sl:Thor]] [[sr:Тор (митологија)]] [[sh:Thor]] [[fi:Thor]] [[sv:Tor]] [[vi:Thor (thần thoại)]] [[tr:Thor (tanrı)]] [[uk:Тор]] [[vls:Thor]] [[zh:索尔]]