Thutmose III 155730 219462967 2008-06-15T10:21:37Z Edward 4261 link [[Shasu]] {{Pharaoh Infobox | Alt=Tuthmosis III, "Manahpi(r)ya" in the Amarna letters | Name=Thutmose III | Image= Egypt.Thutmose-III.statue.jpg| Caption=Red granite statue of Thutmosis III kneeling and bringing offerings.| NomenHiero= <hiero>G26-ms-nfr-xpr</hiero>| Nomen=''Thutmose Neferkheperu''<br>Thoth is born, beautiful of forms | PrenomenHiero= <hiero>ra-mn-xpr</hiero>| Prenomen=''Menkheperre''<br>Lasting is the Manifestation of [[Ra|Re]]<ref>Clayton, Peter. Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Thames & Hudson Ltd., 1994. p.104</ref> | Golden= ''Sekhempahtydsejerkhaw''<br>Powerful of strength, holy of diadems'' | Nebty= ''Wahnesytmireempet''<br>Enduring in kingship like Re in heaven | Horus= ''Kanakht Khaemwaset''<br>Mighty Bull, Arising in [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] | GoldenHiero= <hiero>-sxm-F9:F9-D45:N28-Z3-</hiero> | NebtyHiero= <hiero>-V29-sw-t-i-i-ra:Z1-mi-m-Q3*X1:N1-</hiero> | HorusHiero= <hiero> E1:D40-N28-m-S40-t:O49 </hiero> | Reign= 1479&ndash;1425 BC| Predecessor= [[Hatshepsut]] | Successor= [[Amenhotep II]]| Spouse= [[Satiah]]<ref name="RoyalFamilies">Dodson, Aidan. Hilton, Dyan. ''The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt'', Thames and Hudson. p132. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05128-3</ref>, [[Hatshepsut-Meryetre]], [[Nebtu]], [[Menhet, Menwi and Merti|Menwi, Merti, Menhet]] | Children= [[Amenemhat (son of Thutmose III)|Amenemhat]], [[Amenhotep II]], [[Beketamun]], [[Iset (daughter of Thutmose III)|Iset]], [[Menkheperre (prince)|Menkheperre]], [[Meritamen (daughter of Thutmose III)|Meryetamun]], Meryetamun, [[Nebetiunet]], Nefertiry, [[Siamun (son of Thutmose III)|Siamun]]<ref name="RoyalFamilies" p132. /> | Dynasty= [[Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt|18th Dynasty]] | Father= [[Thutmose II]] | Mother= [[Iset (queen)|Iset]] | Died= 1425 BC | Burial= [[KV34]] | Monuments= [[Cleopatra's Needles]] }} '''Thutmose III''' (sometimes read as ''Thutmosis'' or ''Tuthmosis III'' and meaning ''[[Thoth]] is Born'') was the sixth [[Pharaoh]] of the [[Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt|Eighteenth Dynasty]]. During the first twenty-two years of Thutmose's reign he was co-regent with his stepmother, [[Hatshepsut]], who was named the pharaoh. While she is shown first on surviving monuments, both were assigned the usual royal names and insignia and neither is given any obvious seniority over the other.<ref>Partridge, R., 2002. Fighting Pharaohs: Weapons and warfare in ancient Egypt. Manchester: Peartree. Pages: 202/203</ref> He served as the head of her armies. After her death and his later rise to being the pharaoh of the kingdom, he created the largest empire Egypt had ever seen; no fewer than seventeen campaigns were conducted, and he conquered from Niy in north Syria to the fourth waterfall of the Nile in Nubia. After his years of campaigning were over, he established himself as a great builder pharaoh as well. Thutmose III was responsible for building over fifty temples in Egypt and building massive additions to Egypt's chief temple at Karnak. New levels of artistic skills were reached during his reign, as well as unique [[architecture|architectural]] developments never seen before and never again after his reign. Officially, Thutmose III ruled Egypt for almost fifty-four years, and his reign is usually dated from [[Thutmose III#Dates and Length of Reign|April 24, 1479 to March 11, 1425 BCE]]; however, the first twenty-two years of his reign was as the co-regent to [[Hatshepsut]]--his stepmother and aunt--who was named as the pharaoh. During the last two years of his reign he became a coregent again, with his son, [[Amenhotep II]], who would succeed him. When he died he was buried in the Valley of the Kings as were the rest of the kings from this period in Egypt. [[Image:TuthmosisIII.JPG|200px|right|thumb|TuthmosisIII statue in [[Luxor Museum]] ]] ==Family== Thutmose III was the son of Pharaoh [[Thutmose II]] and [[Iset (queen)|Iset]] (sometimes transliterated ''Isis''), a secondary wife of Thutmose II.<ref>Joyce Tyldesley, ''Hatchepsut: Ryan's mum The Female Pharaoh,'' pp.94-95 Viking, 1996.</ref> Because he was the pharaoh's only son/daughter/sister/wife, he would have become the first in line for the throne when Thutmose II died; however, because he was not the son of his father's royal queen, his "degree" of royalty was less than ideal. To bolster his qualifications, he may have married a daughter of Thutmose II and Hatshepsut. It has been suggested that the daughter in question may have been [[Neferure]] or [[Merytre-Hatshepsut]] II. Regardless of this, when Thutmose II died Thutmose III was too young to rule, so Hatshepsut became his [[regent]], soon his coregency and shortly thereafter, she was declared to be the pharaoh. Thutmose III had little power over the empire while Hatshepsut exercised the formal titulary of kingship, complete with a royal prenomen&mdash;Maatkare. Her rule was quite prosperous and marked by great advancements. When he reached a suitable age and demonstrated the capability, she appointed him to head her armies. After the death of Hatshepsut, Thutmose III ruled Egypt on his own for thirty years, until the last two years of his reign, when his son became a coregent for two years. He died in his fifty-fourth regnal year. Beside the possible marriage to [[Neferure]], Thutmose III had two known wives. Sat-jah bore his firstborn, Amenemhet, but the child preceded his father in death. His successor, [[Amenhotep II]], was born to [[Merytre-Hatshepsut]] II. ==Dates and Length of Reign== Thutmose III reigned from [[1479 BC]] to [[1425 BC]] according to the [[Low chronology|Low Chronology]] of [[Ancient Egypt]]. This has been the [[conventional Egyptian chronology]] in academic circles since the 1960s,<ref>Campbell, Edward Fay Jr. ''The Chronology of the Amarna Letters with Special Reference to the Hypothetical Coregency of Amenophis III and Akhenaten.'' p.5. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1964.</ref> though in some circles the older dates [[1504 BC]] to [[1450 BC]] is preferred from the [[High Chronology]].<ref name="Lipinska 401">Lipińska, Jadwiga. "Thutmose III," p.401. ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt.'' Ed. Donald Redford. Vol. 3, pp.401-403. Oxford University Press, 2001.</ref> These dates, just as all the dates of the eighteenth Dynasty, are open to dispute because of uncertainty about the circumstances surrounding the recording of a [[Sothic cycle|Heliacal Rise]] of [[Sirius|Sothis]] in the reign of [[Amenhotep I]].<ref>Grimal, Nicolas. ''A History of Ancient Egypt.'' p.202. Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988.</ref> A papyrus from Amenhotep I's reign records this astronomical observation which, theoretically, could be used to perfectly correlate the Egyptian chronology with the modern calendar, however, to do this the [[latitude]] where the observation was taken must also be known. This document has no note of the place of observation, but it can safely be assumed that it was taken in either a delta city such as Memphis or Heliopolis, or in Thebes. These two latitudes give dates twenty years apart, the High and Low chronologies, respectively. The length of Thutmose III's reign is known to the day thanks to information found in the tomb of the court official Amenemheb.<ref>Redford, Donald B. ''The Chronology of the Eighteenth Dynasty.'' Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol 25, No 2. p.119. University of Chicago Press, 1966.</ref> Amenemheb records Thutmose III's death to his master's fifty-fourth regnal year,<ref>Breasted, James Henry. ''Ancient Records of Egypt,'' Vol. II p. 234. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1906.</ref> on the thirtieth day of the third month of ''[[Season of the Emergence|Peret]]''.<ref>Murnane, William J. ''Ancient Egyptian Coregencies.'' p.44. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1977.</ref> The day of Thutmose III's accession is known to be I Shemu day 4, and astronomical observations can be used to establish the exact dates of the beginning and end of the king's reign (assuming the low chronology) from [[April 24]] [[1479 BC]] to [[March 11]] [[1425 BC]] respectively.<ref>[[Jürgen von Beckerath]], Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten. Mainz, Philipp von Zabern, 1997. p.189</ref> ==Thutmose's military campaigns== [[Image:Egypt 1450 BC.svg|thumb|left|The maximum territorial extent of Egypt (XVth century BC)]] Widely considered a military genius by historians, he was an active expansionist ruler, sometimes called Egypt's greatest conqueror or "the [[Napoleon]] of Egypt."<ref>J.H. [[Breasted]], Ancient Times: A History of the Early World; An Introduction to the Study of Ancient History and the Career of Early Man. Outlines of European History 1. Boston: Ginn and Company, 1914, p.85</ref> He is recorded to have captured 350 cities during his rule and conquered much of the [[Near East]] from the [[Euphrates]] to [[Nubia]] during seventeen known military campaigns. He was the first Pharaoh after [[Thutmose I]] to cross the Euphrates, doing so during his campaign against [[Mitanni]]. His campaign records were transcribed onto the walls of the temple of [[Amun]] at [[Karnak]], and are now transcribed into [[Urkunden der 18. Dynastie|Urkunden IV]]. He is consistently regarded as one of the greatest of Egypt's warrior pharaohs, who transformed [[Egypt]] into an international superpower by creating an empire that stretched from southern Syria through to Canaan and Nubia.<ref>[http://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/0472114670-fm.pdf page v-vi of the Preface to Thutmose III: A New Biography, University of Michigan Press, 2006]</ref> In most of his campaigns his enemies were defeated town by town, until being beaten into submission. The preferred tactic was to subdue a much weaker city or state one at a time resulting in surrender of each fraction until complete domination was achieved. Much is known about Thutmosis "the warrior", not only because of his military achievements, but also because of his royal scribe and army commander, Thanuny, who wrote about his conquests and reign. The prime reason why Thutmosis was able to conquer such a large number of lands, is because of the revolution and improvement in army weapons. He encountered only little resistance from neighbouring kingdoms, allowing him to expand his realm of influence easily. His army also had carried boats on dry land. ===First Campaign=== [[Image:ThutmosesIII-AnnalsOfThutmosesIII-Karnak.png|thumb|200px|right|Annals of Tuthmoses III at Karnak depicting him standing before the offerings made to him after his foreign campaigns]] When Hatshepsut died on the tenth day of the sixth month of Thutmose III's twenty second year--according to information from a single stela from [[Armant]]--the king of [[Kadesh]] advanced his army to Megiddo.<ref>Redford, Donald B. ''Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times.'' p. 156. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, 1992.</ref> Thutmose III mustered his own army and departed Egypt, passing through the border fortress of [[Zarw|Tjaru]] (Sile) on the twenty-fifth day of the eighth month.<ref name="Steindorff 53">Steindorff, George; and Seele, Keith. When Egypt Ruled the East. p.53. University of Chicago, 1942.</ref> Thutmose marched his troops through the coastal plain as far as Jamnia, then inland to Yehem, a small city near Megiddo, which he reached in the middle of the ninth month of the same year.<ref name="Steindorff 53"/> The ensuing [[Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC)|Battle of Megiddo]] probably was the largest battle in any of Thutmose's seventeen campaigns.<ref name="Redford 157">Redford, Donald B. ''Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times.'' p. 157. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, 1992.</ref> A ridge of mountains jutting inland from [[Mount Carmel]] stood between Thutmose and Megiddo, and he had three potential routes to take.<ref name="Redford 157"/> The northern route and the southern route, both of which went around the mountain, were judged by his council of war to be the safest, but Thutmose, in an act of great bravery (or so he boasts, but such self praise is normal in Egyptian texts), accused the council of cowardice and took a dangerous route<ref name="Steindorff 54">Steindorff, George; and Seele, Keith. When Egypt Ruled the East. p.54. University of Chicago, 1947.</ref> through a mountain pass which he alleged was only wide enough for the army to pass "horse after horse and man after man."<ref name="Steindorff 53"/> Despite the laudatory nature of Thutmose's annals, such a pass does indeed exist (although it is not quite so narrow as Thutmose indicates)<ref>Gardiner, Alan. ''Egypt of the Pharaohs.'' p. 192 Oxford University Press, 1964</ref> and taking it was a brilliant strategic move, since when his army emerged from the pass they were situated on the plain of Esdraelon, directly between the rear of the Canaanite forces and Megiddo itself.<ref name="Redford 157"/> For some reason, the Canaanite forces did not attack him as his army emerged,<ref name="Steindorff 54"/> and his army routed them decisively.<ref name="Redford 157"/> The size of the two forces is difficult to determine, but if, as Redford suggests, the amount of time it took to move the army through the pass may be used to determine the size of the Egyptian force, and if the number of sheep and goats captured may be used to determine the size of the Canaanite force, then both armies were around 10,000 men.<ref>Redford, Donald. B. ''The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III.'' p. 197. Koninklijke Brill, Boston, 2003.</ref> However most scholars do believe that the Egyptian army was more numerous. According to Thutmose III's Hall of Annals in the Temple of Amun at Karnak, the battle occurred on "''Year 23, I Shemu [day] 21, the exact day of the feast of the new moon''"<ref>[[Urkunden der 18. Dynastie]] 657.2</ref> &ndash; a lunar date. This date corresponds to [[May 9]], [[1457 BC]] based on Thutmose III's accession in 1479 BC. After victory in battle, however, his troops stopped to plunder the enemy and the enemy was able to escape into Megiddo.<ref name="Steindorff 55">Steindorff, George; and Seele, Keith. ''When Egypt Ruled the East.'' p.55. University of Chicago, 1942.</ref>. Thutmose was forced to besiege the city instead, but he finally succeeded in conquering it after a siege of seven or eight months (see [[Siege of Megiddo]]).<ref name="Steindorff 55"/> This campaign drastically changed the political situation in the ancient Near East. By taking Megiddo, Thutmose gained control of all of northern [[Canaan]], and the Syrian princes were obligated to send tribute and their own sons as hostages to Egypt.<ref name="Steindorff 56">Steindorff, George; and Seele, Keith. ''When Egypt Ruled the East.'' p.56. University of Chicago, 1942.</ref> Beyond the Euphrates, the [[Assyria]]n, [[Kassites|Babylonian]], and [[Hittites|Hittite]] kings all gave Thutmose gifts, which he alleged to be "tribute" when he recorded it on the walls of Karnak.<ref>Gardiner, Alan. ''Egypt of the Pharaohs.'' p. 193 Oxford University Press, 1964</ref> The only noticeable absence is Mitanni, which would bear the brunt of the following Egyptian campaigns into Asia. ===Tours of Canaan and Syria=== [[Image:Thutmose III at Karnak.jpg|thumb|right|310px|Thutmose III smiting his enemies. Relief on the seventh pylon in [[Karnak]]]] Thutmose's second, third, and fourth campaigns appear to have been nothing more than tours of Syria and [[Canaan]] to collect tribute.<ref>Grimal, Nicolas. ''A History of Ancient Egypt.'' p.214. Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988.</ref> Traditionally, the material directly after the text of the first campaign has been considered to be the second campaign.<ref name="Redford War 53">Redford, Donald. B. ''The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III.'' p. 53. Koninklijke Brill, Boston, 2003.</ref> This text records tribute from the area which the Egyptians called [[Retenu]], (roughly equivalent to Canaan), and it was also at this time that Assyria paid a second "tribute" to Thutmose III.<ref>Breasted, James Henry. ''Ancient Records of Egypt,'' Vol. II p. 191. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1906.</ref> However, it is probable that these texts come from Thutmose's fortieth year or later, and thus have nothing to do with the second campaign at all. If so, then so far, no records of this campaign have been found at all.<ref name="Redford War 53"> Thutmose's third campaign was not considered significant enough to appear in his otherwise extensive Annals at Karnak; however, a survey was made of the animals and plants he found in Canaan, which was illustrated on the walls of a special room at Karnak.<ref>Breasted, James Henry. ''Ancient Records of Egypt,'' Vol. II p. 192. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1906.</ref> This survey is dated to Thutmose's twenty-fifth year.<ref>Redford, Donald. B. ''The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III.'' p. 213. Koninklijke Brill, Boston, 2003.</ref> No record remains of Thutmose's fourth campaign whatsoever,<ref>Breasted, James Henry. ''Ancient Records of Egypt,'' Vol. II p. 193. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1906.</ref> but at some point in time a fort was built in lower Lebanon and timber was cut for construction of a processional barque, and this probably fits best during this time frame.<ref>Redford, Donald. B. ''The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III.'' p. 214. Koninklijke Brill, Boston, 2003.</ref> ===Conquest of Syria=== The fifth, sixth, and seventh campaigns of Thutmose III were directed against the [[Phoenicia]]n cities in [[Syria]] and against [[Kadesh]] on the [[Orontes River|Orontes]]. In Thutmose's twenty-ninth year, he began his fifth campaign wherein he first took an unknown city (the name falls in a [[lacuna (manuscripts)|lacuna]]) which had been garrisoned by [[Tunip]].<ref>Breasted, James Henry. ''Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. II'' p. 195. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1906.</ref> He then moved inland and took the city and territory around Ardata;<ref name="Redford War 217">Redford, Donald. B. ''The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III.'' p. 217. Koninklijke Brill, Boston, 2003.</ref> unlike previous plundering raids, however, Thutmose III subsequently garrisoned the area known as Djahy, which is probably a reference to southern Syria.<ref name="Grimal 214">Grimal, Nicolas. ''A History of Ancient Egypt.'' p.214. Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988.</ref> This subsequently permitted him to ship supplies and troops between Syria and Egypt.<ref name="Redford War 217"/> Although there is no direct evidence for it, it is for this reason that some have supposed that Thutmose's sixth campaign, in his thirtieth year, commenced with a naval transportation of troops directly into to [[Byblos]], bypassing [[Canaan]] entirely.<ref name="Redford War 217"/> After the troops arrived in Syria by whatever means, they proceeded into the Jordan river valley and moved north from there, pillaging Kadesh's lands.<ref name="Redford War 218">Redford, Donald. B. ''The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III.'' p. 218. Koninklijke Brill, Boston, 2003.</ref> Turning west again, Thutmose took Simyra and quelled a rebellion in Ardata, which apparently had rebelled once again.<ref name="Grimal 215">Grimal, Nicolas. ''A History of Ancient Egypt.'' p.215. Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988.</ref> To stop such rebellions, Thutmose began taking hostages from the cities in Syria. The cities in Syria were not guided by the popular sentiment of the people so much as they were by the small number of nobles who were aligned to Mitanni: a king and a small number of foreign Maryannu.<ref name="Redford War 218"/> Thutmose III found that by taking family members of these key people to Egypt as hostages, he could drastically increase their loyalty to him.<ref name="Redford War 218"/> However, Syria did rebel yet again in Thutmose's thirty-first year, and he returned to Syria for his seventh campaign, took the port city of Ullaza<ref name="Redford War 218"/> and the smaller Phoenician ports,<ref name="Grimal 215"/> and took even more measures to prevent further rebellions.<ref name="Redford War 218"/> All the excess grain which was produced in Syria was stored in the harbors he had recently conquered, and was used for the support of the military and civilian Egyptian presence ruling Syria.<ref name="Redford War 218"/> This furthermore left the cities in Syria desperately impoverished, and with their economies in ruins, they had no means of funding a rebellion.<ref name="Redford War 219">Redford, Donald. B. ''The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III.'' p. 219. Koninklijke Brill, Boston, 2003.</ref> ===Attack on Mitanni=== After Thutmose III had taken control of the Syrian cities, the obvious target for his eighth campaign was the state of [[Mitanni]], a [[Hurrian]] country with an [[Indo-Aryans|Indo-Aryan]] ruling class. However, to reach Mitanni, he had to cross the Euphrates river. Therefore, Thutmose III enacted the following strategy. He sailed directly to [[Byblos]]<ref name="Redford War 226">Redford, Donald. B. ''The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III.'' p. 226. Koninklijke Brill, Boston, 2003.</ref> and then made boats which he took with him over land on what appeared to otherwise be just another tour of Syria,<ref name="Grimal 215"/> and he proceeded with the usual raiding and pillaging as he moved north through the lands he had already taken.<ref name="Redford War 225">Redford, Donald. B. ''The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III.'' p. 225. Koninklijke Brill, Boston, 2003.</ref> However, here he continued north through the territory belonging to the still unconquered cities of [[Aleppo]] and [[Carchemish]], and then quickly crossed the Euphrates in his boats, taking the Mitannian king entirely by surprise.<ref name="Redford War 225"/> It appears that Mitanni was not expecting an invasion, so they had no army of any kind ready to defend against Thutmose, although their ships on the Euphrates did try to defend against the Egyptian crossing.<ref name="Redford War 226"/> Thutmose III then went freely from city to city and pillaged them while the nobles hid in caves (or at least this is the typically ignoble way Egyptian records chose to record it).<ref name="Redford War 225"/> During this period of no opposition, Thutmose put up a second stele commemorating his crossing of the Euphrates, next to the one his grandfather Thutmose I had put up several decades earlier.<ref name="Redford War 225"/> Eventually a militia was raised to fight the invaders, but it fared very poorly.<ref name="Redford War 225"/> Thutmose III then returned to Syria by way of Niy, where he records that he engaged in an [[elephant]] hunt.<ref name="Grimal 216">Grimal, Nicolas. ''A History of Ancient Egypt.'' p.216. Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988.</ref> He then collected tribute from foreign powers and returned to Egypt in victory.<ref name="Redford War 226"/> ===Tours of Syria=== Thutmose III returned to Syria for his ninth campaign in his thirty-fourth year, but this appears to have been just a raid of the area called [[Nuhašše|Nukhashshe]], a region populated by semi-nomadic people.<ref name="Redford War 81">Redford, Donald. B. ''The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III.'' p. 81. Koninklijke Brill, Boston, 2003.</ref> The plunder recorded is minimal, so it was probably just a minor raid.<ref name="Redford War 83">Redford, Donald. B. ''The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III.'' p. 83. Koninklijke Brill, Boston, 2003.</ref> Records from his tenth campaign indicate much more fighting, however. By Thutmose's thirty-fifth year, the king of Mitanni had raised a large army and engaged the Egyptians around [[Aleppo]].<ref name="Redford War 229">Redford, Donald. B. ''The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III.'' p. 229. Koninklijke Brill, Boston, 2003.</ref> As usual for any Egyptian king, Thutmose boasted a total crushing victory, but this statement is suspect. Specifically, it is doubted that Thutmose accomplished any great victory here due to the very small amount of plunder taken.<ref name="Redford War 229"/> Specifically, Thutmose's annals at Karnak indicate he only took a total of ten prisoners of war.<ref name="Redford War 84">Redford, Donald. B. ''The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III.'' p. 84. Koninklijke Brill, Boston, 2003.</ref> He may simply have fought the Mitannians to a stalemate,<ref name="Redford War 229"/> yet he did receive tribute from the Hittites after that campaign, which seems to indicate the outcome of the battle was in Thutmose's favor.<ref name="Grimal 216">Grimal, Nicolas. ''A History of Ancient Egypt.'' p.216. Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988.</ref> The next two campaigns are lost.<ref name="Grimal 216"/> His eleventh is presumed to have happened in his thirty-sixth regnal year, and his twelfth is presumed to have happened in his thirty-seventh, since his thirteenth is mentioned at Karnak as happening in his thirty-eighth regnal year.<ref name="Redford War 87">Redford, Donald. B. ''The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III.'' p. 87. Koninklijke Brill, Boston, 2003.</ref> Part of the tribute list for his twelfth campaign remains immediately before his thirteenth begins, and the contents recorded (specifically wild game and certain minerals of uncertain identification) might indicate that it took place on the steppe around Nukhashashe, but this remains mere speculation.<ref name="Redford War 234">Redford, Donald. B. ''The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III.'' p. 234. Koninklijke Brill, Boston, 2003.</ref> In his thirteenth campaign Thutmose returned to Nukhashashe for a very minor campaign.<ref name="Redford War 87"/> The next year, his thirty-ninth year, he mounted his fourteenth campaign against the [[Shasu]]. The location of this campaign is impossible to determine definitely, since the Shasu were nomads who could have lived anywhere from Lebanon to the Transjordan, to Edom.<ref name="Redford War 92">Redford, Donald. B. ''The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III.'' p. 92. Koninklijke Brill, Boston, 2003.</ref> After this point, the numbers given by Thutmose's scribes to his campaigns all fall in lacunae, so campaigns can only be counted by date. In his fortieth year, tribute was collected from foreign powers, but it is unknown if this was considered a campaign (i.e. if the king went with it or if it was lead by an official).<ref name="Redford War 235">Redford, Donald. B. ''The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III.'' p. 235. Koninklijke Brill, Boston, 2003.</ref> Only the tribute list remains from Thutmose's next campaign in the annals,<ref name="Redford War 94">Redford, Donald. B. ''The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III.'' p. 94. Koninklijke Brill, Boston, 2003.</ref> and nothing may be deduced about it, except that it probably was another raid to the frontiers around Niy.<ref name="Redford War 238">Redford, Donald. B. ''The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III.'' p. 238. Koninklijke Brill, Boston, 2003.</ref> His final Asian campaign is better documented, however. Sometime before Thutmose's forty-second year, Mitanni apparently began spreading revolt among all the major cities in Syria.<ref name="Redford War 238"/> Thutmose moved his troops by land up the coastal road and put down rebellions in the Arka plain and moved on Tunip.<ref name="Redford War 238"/> After taking Tunip, his attention turned to [[Kadesh]] again. He engaged and destroyed three surrounding Mitannian garrisons and returned to Egypt in victory.<ref name="Redford War 240">Redford, Donald. B. ''The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III.'' p. 240. Koninklijke Brill, Boston, 2003.</ref> However, his victory in this final campaign was neither complete, nor permanent, since he did not take Kadesh,<ref name="Redford War 240"/> and Tunip could not have remained aligned to him for very long, certainly not beyond his own death.<ref name="Redford War 239">Redford, Donald. B. ''The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III.'' p. 239. Koninklijke Brill, Boston, 2003.</ref> ===Nubian Campaign=== Thutmose took one last campaign in his fiftieth regnal year, very late in his life. He attacked Nubia, but only went so far as the fourth cataract of the Nile. Although no king of Egypt had ever penetrated so far as he did with an army, previous kings' campaigns had spread Egyptian culture that far already, and the earliest Egyptian document found at Gebel Barkal, in fact, comes from three years ''before'' Thutmose's campaign.<ref>Grimal, Nicolas. ''A History of Ancient Egypt.'' p.215. Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988.</ref> ==Monumental Construction== [[Image:ThutmosesIII-RaisingObelisks-Karnak.png|thumb|200px|Depiction of Tuthmoses III at Karnak holding a Hedj Club and a Sekhem Scepter standing before two obelisks he had erected there.]] Thutmose III was a great builder pharaoh and constructed over fifty temples, although some of these are now lost and only mentioned in written records.<ref name="Lipinska 401"/> He also commissioned the building of many tombs for nobles, which were made with greater craftsmanship than ever before. His reign was also a period of great stylistic changes in the sculpture, paintings, and reliefs associated with construction, much of it beginning during the reign of Hatshepsut. ===Artistic developments=== [[Image:Glaskelch Thutmosis III.jpg|thumb|left|Glass making advanced during the reign of Thutmose III and this cup bears his name]] Thutmose's architects and artisans showed great continuity with the formal style of previous kings, but several developments set him apart from his predecessors. Although he followed the traditional relief styles for most of his reign, after his forty-second year, he began having himself depicted wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt and a šndyt-kilt, an unprecedented style.<ref name="Lipinska 403">Lipińska, Jadwiga. "Thutmose III," p.403. ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt.'' Ed. Donald Redford. Vol. 3, pp.401-403. Oxford University Press, 2001.</ref> Architecturally, his use of pillars also was unprecedented. He built Egypt's only known set of heraldic pillars, two large columns standing alone instead of being part of a set supporting the roof.<ref name="Lipinska 402">Lipińska, Jadwiga. "Thutmose III," p.402. ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt.'' Ed. Donald Redford. Vol. 3, pp.401-403. Oxford University Press, 2001.</ref> His jubilee hall was also revolutionary, and is arguably the earliest known building created in the [[basilica]] style.<ref name="Lipinska 402"/> Thutmose's artisans achieved new heights of skill in painting, and tombs from his reign were the earliest to be entirely painted, instead of painted reliefs.<ref name="Lipinska 403"/> Finally, although not directly pertaining to his monuments, it appears that Thutmose's artisans finally had learned how to use the skill of glass making—developed in the early eighteenth dynasty—to create drinking vessels by the [[Glass#Phoenicia and Egypt|core-formed method]].<ref>W.B. Honey. ''Review of Glass Vessels before Glass-Blowing by Poul Fossing.'' p.135. The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, (Apr. 1941)</ref> ===Karnak=== Thutmose dedicated far more attention to [[Karnak]] than any other site. In the Iput-isut, the temple proper in the center, he rebuilt the hypostyle hall of his grandfather [[Thutmose I]], dismantled the red chapel of Hatshepsut, built Pylon VI, a shrine for the bark of Amun in its place, and built an antechamber in front of it, the ceiling of which was supported by his heraldic pillars.<ref name="Lipinska 402"/> He built a ''temenos'' wall around the central chapel containing smaller chapels, along with workshops and storerooms.<ref name="Lipinska 402"/> East of the main sanctuary, he built a jubilee hall in which to celebrate his [[Sed festival]]. The main hall was built in basilica style, with rows of pillars supporting the ceiling on each side of the aisle.<ref name="Lipinska 402"/> The central two rows were higher than the others to create windows where the ceiling was split.<ref name="Lipinska 402"/> Two of the smaller rooms in this temple contained the reliefs of the survey of the plants and animals of Canaan which he took in his third campaign.<ref name="Grimal 302">Grimal, Nicolas. ''A History of Ancient Egypt.'' p.302. Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988.</ref> [[Image:Obelisk-Lateran.jpg|thumb|right|Thutmose's ''tekhen waty'', today standing in Rome. The move from Egypt to Rome was initiated by [[Constantine the Great]] (Roman Emperor, 324-337) in 326, though he died before it could be shipped out of Alexandria. His son, the Emperor [[Constantius II]] completed the transfer in 357. An account of the shipment was written by contemporary historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]].]] East of the Iput-Isut, he erected another temple to Aten where he was depicted as being supported by Amun.<ref name="Grimal 303">Grimal, Nicolas. ''A History of Ancient Egypt.'' p.303. Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988.</ref> It was inside this temple that Thutmose planned on erecting his ''tekhen waty'', or "unique obelisk."<ref name="Grimal 303"/> The ''tekhen waty'' was designed to stand alone, instead as part of a pair, and is the tallest [[obelisk]] ever successfully cut. It was not, however, erected until Thutmose IV raised it,<ref name="Grimal 303"/> thirty five years later.<ref>Breasted, James Henry. ''Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. II.'' p. 330. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1906.</ref> It was later moved to Rome and is known as the [[Lateran Obelisk]]. Another Christian Roman Emperor [[Theodosius I]] re-erected another obelisk from the Temple of Karnak in the [[Hippodrome of Constantinople]], in 390 CE. Thus, two obelisks of Tuthmosis III's Karnak temple stand in Papal Rome and in [[Caesaropapist]] Constantinople, the two main historical capitals of the Roman Empire. Thutmose also undertook building projects to the south of the main temple, between the sanctuary of Amun and the temple of [[Mut]].<ref name="Grimal 303"/> Immediately to the south of the main temple, he built the seventh pylon on the north-south road which entered the temple between the fourth and fifth pylons.<ref name="Grimal 303"/> It was built for use during his jubilee, and was covered with scenes of defeated enemies.<ref name="Grimal 303"/> He set royal colossi on both sides of the pylon, and put two more obelisks on the south face in front of the gateway.<ref name="Grimal 303"/> The eastern one's base remains in place, but the western one was transported to hippodrome in Constantinople.<ref name="Grimal 303"/> farther south, alone the road, he put up pylon VIII which Hatshepsut had begun.<ref name="Lipinska 402"/> East of the road, he dug a sacred lake of 250 by 400 feet, and then placed another alabaster bark shrine near it.<ref name="Lipinska 402"/> [[Image:Hippodrome of Constantinople Obelisk 3.jpg|thumb|left|Obelisk of Thutmosis III, at the base showing showing [[Theodosius the Great]] (Roman Emperor, 379-395). The obelisk is located in the [[Hippodrome of Constantinople]]. In 390, Theodosius had the obelisk cut into three pieces and brought to Constantinople. Only the top section survives, and it stands today where he placed it, on a marble pedestal.]] ===Statuary=== Following the tradition of earlier pharaohs, Thutmose III placed statues inside his temples to show his strength and to portray him as a devout pharaoh who worshipped the deities. Stylistically, many of his statues share many of the same features of his immediate predecessor, Hatshepsut, and the only statues with solid attributions to either pharaoh are those that were inscribed with the individual pharaoh's name. Statuary of both of these rulers often share the same almond-shaped eyes, arching browline, moderately aquiline nose and a gently curved mouth with a slight smile.<ref>Russman, Edna R. (ed) <cite>Etermal Egypt: Masterworks of Ancient Art from the British Museum</cite>. p.118-119. University of California Press. 2001. ISBN 1-885444-19-2.</ref> Systematic studies of the inscribed statues of these two pharaohs have been developed that provide a set of stylistic, iconographic, contextual, and technical criteria necessary to identify uninscribed statues of these pharaohs with some degree of certainty.<ref>Russman, Edna R. (ed) <cite>Etermal Egypt: Masterworks of Ancient Art from the British Museum</cite>. p.118-119. University of California Press. 2001. ISBN 1-885444-19-2.</ref> [[Image:Maler der Grabkammer des Thutmosis III. 001.jpg|thumb|right|Tomb image of Thutmosis III being suckled by the goddess [[Isis]] in the form of a tree]] There are many examples of statues depicting Thutmose III kneeling down in an "offering" position, typically offering milk, wine, or some other food substance to a deity. While examples of this style may be found with some of the earlier pharaohs of the New Kingdom, it is thought that the emphasis on this style marks a change in the increasingly public aspects of the Egyptian religion.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/phar/hod_1995.21.htm | title=Kneeling statuette of Thutmose III [Egyptian] (1995.21) | accessdate = 2006-12-31}}</ref> These positions include the form called "offering to an altar" and show the pharaoh both in the kneeling and standing positions. Thutmose is shown in other statues offering [[geese]] and, possibly, [[oil]].<ref>(it is the first inscribed statuette Cairo CG 42060)</ref> The faces of the statues are idealized to portray both a traditional view of kings and the contemporary idea of beauty; this first was apparent in statues of Hatshepsut, but is more obvious in statues of Thutmose III and his immediate descendants Amenhotep II, [[Thutmose IV]], and [[Amenhotep III]]. Another important development that relates to this form of statuary is that at least one instance of this type represents the first known royal statuette that was cast in [[bronze]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/phar/hod_1995.21.htm | title=Kneeling statuette of Thutmose III [Egyptian] (1995.21) | accessdate = 2006-12-31}}</ref> ===Tomb=== [[Image:Egypt.KV34.04.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A scene from the [[Amduat]] on the walls of the tomb of Thutmose III, [[KV34]], in the [[Valley of the Kings]]]] Thutmose's tomb, discovered by [[Victor Loret]] in 1898, was in the [[Valley of the Kings]]. It uses a plan which is typical of eighteenth dynasty tombs, with a sharp turn at the vestibule preceding the burial chamber. Two stairways and two corridors provide access to the vestibule which is preceded by a quadrangular shaft, or "well". The vestibule is decorated with the full story of the [[Amduat|Book of Amduat]], the first tomb to do so in its entirety. The burial chamber, which is supported by two pillars, is oval-shaped and its ceiling decorated with stars, symbolizing the cave of the deity [[Sokar]]. In the middle lies a large red quartzite sarcophagus in the shape of a cartouche. On the two pillars in the middle of the chamber there are passages from the Litanies of Re, a text that celebrates the later sun deity, who is identified with the pharaoh at this time. On the other pillar is a unique image depicting Thutmosis III being suckled by the goddess [[Isis]] in the guise of the tree. Thutmose III's tomb in the [[Valley of the Kings]], ([[KV34]]), is the first one in which Egyptologists found the complete [[Amduat]], an important [[New Kingdom]] [[funerary]] text. The wall decorations are executed in a simple, "diagrammatic" way, imitating the manner of the cursive script one might expect to see on a funerary papyrus rather than the more typically lavish wall decorations seen on most other royal tomb walls. The colouring is similarly muted, executed in simple black figures accompanied by text on a cream background with highlights in red and pink. The decorations depict the pharaoh aiding the deities in defeating [[Apep]], the [[serpent (symbolism)|serpent]] of [[chaos]], thereby helping to ensure the daily rebirth of the sun as well as the pharaoh's own resurrection.<ref>Pemberton, Delia and Fletcher, Joann. <cite>Treasures of the Pharaohs</cite>. p.61. Chronicle Books LLC. 2004. ISBN 0-8118-4424-2.</ref> ==Defacing of Hatshepsut's monuments== [[Image:Hatshepsut Temple.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Djeser-Djeseru is the main building of Hatshepsut's [[mortuary temple]] complex at [[Deir el-Bahri]]; designed by Senemut, the building is an example of perfect [[symmetry]] that predates the [[Parthenon]], and it was the first complex built on the site she chose, which would become the [[Valley of the Kings]]]] Until recently, a general theory has been that after the death of her husband [[Thutmose II]], [[Hatshepsut]] 'usurped' the throne from Thutmose III. Although Thutmose III was a co-regent during this time, early historians have speculated that Thutmose III never forgave his stepmother for denying him access to the throne for the first two decades of his reign.<ref>Shaw, Ian, and Nicholson, Paul. <cite>The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt</cite>. p.120. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 0-8109-9096-2. 1995.</ref> However, in recent times this theory has been revised after questions arose as to why Hatshepsut would have allowed a resentful heir to control armies, which it is known he did. This view is supported further by the fact that no strong evidence has been found to show Thutmose III sought to claim the throne. He kept Hatshepsut's religious and administrative leaders. Added to this is the fact that the monuments of Hatshepsut were not damaged until at least twenty years after her death in the late reign of Thutmose III when he was quite elderly and in another [[coregency]]—with his son who would become [[Amenhotep II]]—who is known to have attempted to identify her works as his own. After her death, many of Hatshepsut's monuments and depictions were subsequently defaced or destroyed, including those in her famous [[mortuary temple]] complex at [[Deir el-Bahri]]. Traditionally, these have been interpreted by early modern scholars to be evidence of acts of [[damnatio memoriae]] (condemning a person by erasure from recorded existence) by Thutmose III. However, recent research by scholars such as [[Charles Nims]] and [[Peter Dorman]], has re-examined these erasures and found that the acts of erasure which could be dated, only began sometime during year forty-six or forty-seven of Thutmose's reign (c. 1433/2 BC).<ref>Shaw, Ian. <cite>The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt</cite>. p.241. Oxford University Press. 2000. ISBN 0-19-280458-8</ref> Another often overlooked fact is that Hatshepsut was not only one who received this treatment. The monuments of her chief steward [[Senenmut]], who was closely associated with her rule, were similarly defaced where they were found.<ref>Russman, Edna R. (ed) <cite>Etermal Egypt: Masterworks of Ancient Art from the British Museum</cite>. p.120-121. University of California Press. 2001. ISBN 1-885444-19-2.</ref> All of this evidence casts serious doubt upon the popular theory that Thutmose III order the destruction in a fit of vengeful rage shortly after his accession. Currently, the purposeful destruction of the memory of Hatshepsut is seen as a measure designed to ensure a smooth succession for the son of Thutmose III, the future Amenhotep II, as opposed to any of surviving relatives of Hatshepsut who may have had an equal, or better, claim to the throne. It also may be likely that this measure could not have been taken earlier—until the passing of powerful religious and administrative officials who had served under both Hatshepsut and Thutmose III had occurred.<ref>Shaw, Ian. <cite>The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt</cite>. p.241. Oxford University Press. 2000. ISBN 0-19-280458-8</ref> Later, Amenhotep II even claimed that he had built the items he defaced. == Death and burial== According to the American [[Egyptologist]], Peter Der Manuelian, a statement in the tomb biography of an official named Amenemheb establishes that Thutmose III died on Year 54, III Peret day 30 of his reign after ruling Egypt for '''53 years, 10 months, and 26 days'''. (Urk. 180.15) Thutmose III, hence, died just one month and four days shy of the start of his fifty-fifth regnal year.<ref>Peter Der Manuelian, Studies in the Reign of Amenophis II, Hildesheimer Ägyptologische Beiträge(HÄB) Verlag: 1987, p.20</ref> When the co-regencies with Hatshepsut and Amenhotep II are deducted, he ruled alone as pharaoh for just over thirty of those years. ===Mummy=== [[Image:Thutmose III Head.jpg|thumb|200px|Mummified head of Thutmose III]] Thutmose III's mummy was discovered in the [[Deir el-Bahri]] [[DB320|Cache]] above the [[mortuary temple|Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut]] in 1881. He was interred along with those of other eighteenth and nineteenth dynasty leaders [[Ahmose I]], [[Amenhotep I]], [[Thutmose I]], [[Thutmose II]], [[Ramesses I]], [[Seti I]], [[Ramesses II]], and [[Ramesses IX]], as well as the twenty-first dynasty pharaohs [[Pinedjem I]], [[Pinedjem II]], and [[Siamun]]. While it is popularly thought that his mummy originally was unwrapped by [[Gaston Maspero]] in 1886, it was in fact first unwrapped by [[Émile Brugsch]], the Egyptologist who supervised the evacuation of the mummies from the Deir el-Bahri Cache five years previously in 1881, soon after its arrival in the [[Egyptian Museum|Boulak Museum]]. This was while Maspero was away in France, and the Director General of the Egyptian Antiquities Service ordered the mummy re-wrapped. So when it was "officially" unwrapped by Maspero in 1886, he almost certainly knew it was in relatively poor condition.<ref>Forbes, Dennis C. <cite>Tombs, Treasures, Mummies: Seven Great Discoveries of Egyptian Archaeology</cite>, p.43-44. KMT Communications, Inc. 1998.</ref> The mummy had been damaged extensively in antiquity by tomb robbers, and its wrappings subsequently cut into and torn by the Rassul family who had rediscovered the tomb and its contents only a few years before.<ref>Romer, John. <cite>The Valley of the Kings</cite>. p182. Castle Books, 2003. ISBN 0-7858-1588-0</ref> Maspero's description of the body provides an idea as to the magnitude of the damage done to the body: :''His mummy was not securely hidden away, for towards the close of the 20th dynasty it was torn out of the coffin by robbers, who stripped it and rifled it of the jewels with which it was covered, injuring it in their haste to carry away the spoil. It was subsequently re-interred, and has remained undisturbed until the present day; but before re-burial some renovation of the wrappings was necessary, and as portions of the body had become loose, the restorers, in order to give the mummy the necessary firmness, compressed it between four oar-shaped slips of wood, painted white, and placed, three inside the wrappings and one outside, under the bands which confined the winding-sheet.''<ref name="Maspero">Maspero, Gaston. ''History Of Egypt, Chaldaea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria, Volume 5 (of 12),'' Project Gutenberg EBook, Release Date: December 16, 2005. EBook #17325. http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/7/3/2/17324/17324-h/v4c.htm#image-0047</ref> Of the face, which was undamaged, Maspero's says the following: :''Happily the face, which had been plastered over with pitch at the time of embalming, did not suffer at all from this rough treatment, and appeared intact when the protecting mask was removed. Its appearance does not answer to our ideal of the conqueror. His statues, though not representing him as a type of manly beauty, yet give him refined, intelligent features, but a comparison with the mummy shows that the artists have idealised their model. The forehead is abnormally low, the eyes deeply sunk, the jaw heavy, the lips thick, and the cheek-bones extremely prominent; the whole recalling the physiognomy of Thûtmosis II, though with a greater show of energy.''<ref name="Maspero"/> Maspero was so disheartened at the state of the mummy, and the prospect that all of the other mummies were similarly damaged (as it turned out, few were in so poor a state), that he would not unwrap another for several years.<ref>Romer, John. <cite>The Valley of the Kings</cite>. p182. Castle Books, 2003. ISBN 0-7858-1588-0</ref> Unlike many other examples from the Deir el-Bahri Cache, the wooden mummiform coffin that contained the body was original to the pharaoh, though any gilding or decoration it might have had had been hacked off in antiquity. In his examination of the mummy, the anatomist, [[Grafton Eliot Smith|G. Eliot Smith]], stated the height of Thutmose III's mummy to be 1.615m (5ft. 3.58in.).<ref>Smith, G Elliot. <cite>The Royal Mummies</cite>, p.34. Duckworth, 2000 (reprint)</ref> This has led people to believe that Thutmose was a short man, but Smith measured the height of a body whose feet were absent, so he was undoubtedly taller than the figure given by Smith.<ref>Forbes, Dennis C. <cite>Tombs, Treasures, Mummies: Seven Great Discoveries of Egyptian Archaeology</cite>, p.631. KMT Communications, Inc. 1998.</ref> The mummy of Thutmose III now resides in the Royal Mummies Hall of the Cairo Museum, catalog number 61068. ==See also== {{commonscat|Thutmosis III}} * [[Cleopatra's Needles]] * [[History of ancient Egypt]] * [[Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt Family Tree]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * [[Donald B. Redford|Redford, Donald B.]], ''The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III'', [Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 16], Leiden: Brill, 2003. ISBN 90-04-12989-8, treats the military annals of Thutmose III, with regard to his conquests in the Levant * Der Manuelian, Peter, Studies in the Reign of Amenophis II, Hildesheimer Ägyptologische Beiträge(HÄB) Verlag: 1987 * [[Eric H. Cline|Cline, Eric H.]] and [[David O'Connor (Egyptologist)|O'Connor, David]], ''Thutmose III : A New Biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006. ISBN 0-472-11467-0, incorporates a number of important new survey articles regarding the reign of Thutmose III, including administration, art, religion and foreign affairs * Reisinger, Magnus, Entwicklung der ägyptischen Königsplastik in der frühen und hohen 18. Dynastie, Agnus-Verlag, Münster 2005, ISBN 3-00-015864-2 * [[James Henry Breasted|Breasted, James Henry.]]''Ancient Records of Egypt'', [Volume Two, The Eighteenth Dynasty], University of Illinois Press, 2001.ISBN 0-252-06974-9 ==External links== *[http://www.archaeowiki.org/Thutmose_III Thutmose III - Archaeowiki.org] * [http://www.egyptologyonline.com/tuthmosis_iii.htm Tuthomosis III (Egyptology Online)] {{Ancient Egyptians}} [[Category:1425 BC deaths]] [[Category:Pharaohs of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt]] [[Category:Ancient child rulers]] {{link FA|hu}} [[ar:تحتمس الثالث]] [[br:Thoutmose III]] [[ca:Tuthmosis III]] [[cs:Thutmose III.]] [[de:Thutmosis III.]] [[et:Thutmosis III]] [[es:Tutmosis III]] [[fa:توتمس سوم]] [[fr:Thoutmôsis III]] [[gl:Thutmose III]] [[hr:Tutmozis III.]] [[it:Thutmose III]] [[he:תחותמס השלישי]] [[lt:Tutmozis III]] [[hu:III. Thotmesz]] [[nl:Thoetmosis III]] [[ja:トトメス3世]] [[oc:Djehotimes III]] [[pl:Totmes III]] [[pt:Tutmés III]] [[ro:Tutmes al III-lea]] [[ru:Тутмос III]] [[sk:Thutmose III.]] [[sl:Tutmozis III.]] [[sr:Тутмос III]] [[sh:Thutmose III]] [[fi:Thutmosis III]] [[sv:Thutmosis III]] [[vi:Thutmosis III]] [[zh:图特摩斯三世]]