Tianjin
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{{Infobox Settlement
|official_name = Municipality of Tianjin
|native_name = 天津市 <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English -->
|nickname =
|settlement_type = [[Municipality of China|Municipality]]<!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)-->
|translit_lang1 = Chinese
|translit_lang1_type = [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]] ([[Pinyin]])
|translit_lang1_info = {{Audio|Zh-Tianjin.ogg|Tiānjīn}}
|motto =
|image_skyline = Tianjin.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = A view of Hedong District
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|image_map = China Tianjin.svg
|mapsize = 275px
|map_caption = Location within China
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|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{PRC}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of China#County level|County-level divisions]]
|subdivision_name1 = 18
|subdivision_type2 = [[Political divisions of China#Township level|Township divisions]]
|subdivision_name2 = 240
|subdivision_type3 =
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|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title = [[Communist Party of China|CPC]] Municipal Secretary
|leader_name = [[Zhang Gaoli]]
|leader_title1 = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name1 = [[Huang Xingguo]]
|leader_title2 =
|leader_name2 =
|leader_title3 =
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|established_title = Settled
|established_date = ca. 340 BC
|established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
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|established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
|established_date3 =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->
|area_footnotes = ([[List of China administrative regions by area|ranked 30th]])
|area_total_km2 = 11760
|area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->
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|population_total = 10240000
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|population_blank1_title =Ranks in China
|population_blank1 =Population: [[List of China administrative regions by population|27th]]; Density:[[List of China administrative regions by population density|12th]]
|population_density_blank1_km2 =
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi =
|population_blank2_title =Major [[Nationalities of China|nationalities]]
|population_blank2= [[Han Chinese|Han]] - 97%<br/>[[Hui people|Hui]] - 2%<br/>[[Manchu]] - 0.6%
|timezone = [[China Standard Time]]
|utc_offset = +8
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|latd=39 |latm=8 |lats= |latNS=N
|longd=117 |longm=11 |longs= |longEW=E
|elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->
|elevation_m =
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|postal_code_type = Postal code
|postal_code = '''3000'''00 - '''3019'''00
|area_code = 22
|blank_name = [[License Plate (China)|License plate prefixes]]
|blank_info = 津A, B, C, D, F, G, H<br>津E (taxis)
|blank1_name = [[ISO 3166-2]]
|blank1_info = CN-12
|blank2_name = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] (2007)
|blank2_info = [[Renminbi|CNY]] 501.4 billion ([[List of China administrative regions by gross domestic product|20th]])
|blank3_name = - per capita
|blank3_info = [[Renminbi|CNY]] 47,972 ([[List of China administrative regions by GDP per capita|3rd]])
|blank4_name = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2005)
|blank4_info = 0.855 ([[List of China administrative divisions by HDI|3rd]]) — <font color="#090">high</font>
|blank5_name = City flower
|blank5_info = [[Chinese rose]]<br/>(''Rosa chinensis'')
|website = {{zh icon}} [http://www.tj.gov.cn/ www.tj.gov.cn]<br/>{{en icon}} [http://www.tj.gov.cn/english www.tj.gov.cn/english]
|footnotes =
}}
{{chinesetext}}
'''{{Audio|zh-Tianjin.ogg|Tianjin}}''' ({{zh-cp |c=天津 |p=Tiānjīn}}; [[Chinese Postal Map Romanization|Postal map spelling]]: ''Tientsin'') is a large city in northern coastal [[People's Republic of China|China]]. Administratively it is a [[municipality (China)|municipality]] that has [[Political divisions of China|provincial-level]] status, reporting directly to the central government. Its urban area is the third largest in China, ranked only after [[Shanghai]] and [[Beijing]].
Tianjin's urban area is located along the [[Hai He]] River. Its ports, some distance away, are located on [[Bohai Gulf]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Tianjin was once home to foreign concessions in the late [[Qing Dynasty]] and early [[Republic of China|Republican]] era. The municipality now incorporates the coastal region of [[Tanggu]], home to the [[Binhai New Area]] and the [[TEDA]] economic development zone. Tianjin Municipality borders [[Hebei]] province to the north, south, and west; the municipality of [[Beijing]] is to the northwest, and [[Bohai Gulf]] to the east.
==History==
{{seealso|Concessions in Tianjin}}
The land where Tianjin lies today was created in historical times by [[sediment]]ation of various rivers entering the sea at [[Bohai Bay]](渤海灣), including the [[Yellow River]], which entered the sea in this area at one point.
The opening of the [[Grand Canal of China]] during the [[Sui Dynasty]] prompted the development of Tianjin into a trading center. Until 1404, Tianjin was called "Zhigu" (直沽), or "Straight Port". In that year, the [[Emperor Yongle of China|Emperor Yongle]] renamed the city ''Tianjin'', literally "Heavenly Ford", to indicate that the [[Emperor of China|Emperor]] (son of heaven) forded the river at that point. This is because he had indeed forded the river at Tianjin while on a campaign to wrest the throne from his nephew. A fort was established at Tianjin, known as "Tianjin Wei" ({{zh-stp|s=天津卫|t=天津衛|p=Tiānjīnwèi}}), meaning "Fort Tianjin".
Tianjin was promoted to a [[Zhou (political division)|prefecture]] in 1725. Tianjin County was established under the prefecture in 1731.
In 1856, Chinese soldiers boarded ''The Arrow'', a Chinese-owned ship registered in [[Hong Kong]] flying the British flag and suspected of piracy, smuggling and of being engaged in the opium trade. They captured 12 men and imprisoned them. In response, the [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[France|French]] sent gunboats under the command of Admiral Sir [[Michael Seymour]] to capture the [[Taku forts]] (大沽砲臺) near Tianjin in May 1858. At the end of the first part of the [[Second Opium War]] in June of the same year, the [[Treaties of Tianjin]] were signed, which opened Tianjin to foreign trade. The treaties were ratified by the [[Emperor of China]] in 1860, and Tianjin was formally opened to the outside world. Between 1895 and 1900, [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[France]] were joined by the empires of [[Japan]], [[Germany]] and [[Russia]], and even by countries without other Chinese [[concession (territory)|concession]]s such as [[Austria-Hungary]], [[Italy]] and [[Belgium]], in establishing self-contained [[concessions in Tianjin]], each with its own prisons, schools, barracks and hospitals.
[[Image:Tien Tsin.jpg|thumb|right|250px|An Engraving depicting Tianjin in 1887.]]
The presence of foreign influence in Tianjin was not always peaceful; one of the most serious violent incidents to take place was the [[Tianjin Church Incident]] (天津教案). In June 1870, [[Wanghailou Church]] (T: 望海樓教堂 / S: 望海楼教堂) in Tianjin, built by [[France|French]] [[Roman Catholic]] missionaries one year earlier, was implicated in the kidnapping, death by neglect, and improper burial of Chinese children. It was said in the Chinese population that nuns were making preserves of children's eyes (it seems that the confusion came from jars of pickled small onions seen in the kitchen). On [[June 21]], the [[magistrate]] of Tianjin County initiated a showdown at the church that developed into violent clashes between the church's Christian supporters and non-Christian Tianjin residents. The furious protestors eventually burned down Wanghailou Church and the nearby French consulate. After the incident, France and six other Western nations complained to the [[Qing Dynasty|Qing]] government, which was forced to pay compensation for the incident.
In June 1900, the [[Boxer Rebellion|Boxers]] were able to seize control of much of Tianjin. On [[June 26]], belligerent European forces heading towards [[Beijing]] were stopped by Boxers at nearby [[Langfang]], and were defeated and forced to turn back to Tianjin. The foreign concessions also came under siege for several weeks.
In July 1900, the Eight Nation United Army attacked and occupied Tianjin. They soon established the Tianjin Provisional Government, composed of representatives from each of the occupying forces (Russian, British, Japanese, German, French, American, Austro-Hungarian, and Italian). Tianjin was governed by this council until August 15, 1902 when the city was returned to Qing control. Eminent Qing General [[Yuan Shikai]] headed efforts to remake Tianjin into a modern city, establishing the first modern Chinese police force here.
Tianjin was established as a [[municipality of China]](直轄市) in 1927.
Western nations were permitted to garrison the area to ensure open access to Peking. The British maintained a brigade of two battalions there, and the Italians, French, Japanese, Germans, Russians, and Austro-Hungarians maintained understrength regiments; the United States did not initially participate. During World War I, the German and Austro-Hungarian garrisons were captured and held as Prisoners of War by Allied Forces while the Bolshevik government withdrew the Russian garrison in 1918. In 1920, the remaining participating nations asked the United States to join them, and the US then sent the 15th Infantry Regiment, less one battalion, to Tientsin from the Philippines.
Garrison duty was highly regarded by the troops. General [[George Marshall|George C Marshall]], the "architect of victory" in [[World War II]] when he was the United States Army Chief of Staff, served at Tientsin in the 1920's as Executive Officer of the 15th Infantry. The US withdrew this unit in early 1941 and a US presence was maintained only by the dispatch of a small US Marine Corps contingent from the Embassy Guard at Peking.
On [[July 30]], [[1937]], Tianjin fell to [[Japan]], as part of the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], but was not entirely occupied, as the Japanese for the most part respected foreign concessions until 1941, when the American and British concessions were occupied. In the summer of 1939, there occurred a major crisis in Anglo-Japanese relations with the [[Tientsin Incident]]. On June 14, 1939, the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] surrounded and blockaded the British concession over the refusal of the British authorities to hand over to the Japanese six Chinese who had assassinated a locally prominent Japanese collaborator, and had taken refuge in the British concession. For a time, the 1939 crisis appeared likely to cause an Anglo-Japanese war, especially when reports of the maltreatment by the Japanese Army of British subjects wishing to leave or enter the concession appeared in the British press. The crisis ended when the British Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] was advised by the [[Royal Navy]] and the Foreign Office that the only way to force the Japanese to lift the blockade was to send the main British battle fleet to Far Eastern waters, and that given the current crisis in Europe that it would be inappropriate to send the British fleet out of European waters, thus leading the British to finally turn over the six Chinese, who were then executed by the Japanese. During the Japanese occupation, Tianjin was ruled by the [[North China Executive Committee]], a [[puppet state]] based in [[Beijing]].
On August 9, 1940, all of the British troops in Tianjin were ordered to withdraw. On November 14, 1941 the American [[United States Marine Corps|Marine]] unit stationed in Tianjin was ordered to leave, but before this could be accomplished, the Japanese attacked the United States. The American Marine detachment was defeated and surrendered to the Japanese on December 8, 1941. Only the Italian and French concessions (the local French officials were loyal to [[Vichy France|Vichy]]) were allowed to continue by the Japanese. Japanese occupation lasted until [[August 15]], [[1945]], the surrender of [[Japan]] marking the end of World War II.
[[Image:TianjinPaifang.jpg|thumb|left|Gate monument (''[[paifang]]'') extolling [[Confucius]]]]
After 1945, Tianjin became base to [[United States|American]] forces. In December 1946, the [[rape]] of a Beiping (北平)(now [[Beijing]](北京)) female university student by an American soldier, together with a series of [[rape]]s that had previously occurred in Tianjin, sparked protests in Tianjin that culminated in a demonstration on [[January 1]], [[1947]], involving thousands of students. American troops pulled out of Tianjin in June 1947.
[[Communist Party of China|Communist forces]] took Tianjin on [[January 15]], [[1949]], following a 29-hour long battle. After the communist takeover, Tianjin remained a [[municipality of China]], except between 1958 and 1967, when it became part of [[Hebei]] province and its capital. The [[Tangshan earthquake]] of 1976 killed 23,938 people in Tianjin and wrought heavy damage on the city.
After China began to open up in the late 1970s, Tianjin has seen rapid development, though it is now lagging behind other important cities like [[Shanghai]], [[Beijing]], and [[Guangzhou]]. Tianjin is now home to the [[Binhai New Area]], a [[Pudong]]-like [[special economic zone]] that is supposed to balance out Shanghai's obvious commercial superiority.
[[Image:TianjinJinjie.jpg|thumb|right|Commercial area]]
==Geography==
Tianjin is at the northern end of the [[Grand Canal of China]](大運河), which connects with the [[Huang He]] (黃河)and [[Yangtze River|Yangtze]] (長江)rivers.
Tianjin Municipality is generally flat, and swampy near the coast, but hilly in the far north, where the [[Yanshan Mountains]] (燕山)pass through the tip of northern Tianjin. The highest point in Tianjin is [[Jiushanding Peak]] on the northern border with [[Hebei]], at an altitude of 1078 [[metre|m]].
The [[Hai He]] River(海河) forms within Tianjin Municipality at the confluence of the [[Ziya River]](子牙河), [[Daqing River]](大清河), [[Yongding River]](永定河), [[North Grand Canal]], and [[South Grand Canal]]; and enters the [[Pacific Ocean]] at Tianjin Municipality as well, in [[Dagu District]]. Major reservoirs include the [[Beidagang Reservoir]] in the extreme south (in [[Dagang District]]) and the [[Yuqiao Reservoir]] in the extreme north (in [[Ji County, Tianjin|Ji County]]).
The urban area of Tianjin is found in the south-central part of the Municipality. In addition to the main urban area of Tianjin proper, the coast along the Bohai is lined with a series of port towns, including [[Tanggu]] (塘沽)and [[Hangu]](漢沽).
Tianjin's [[climate]] is a monsoon-influenced [[humid continental climate]] ([[Koppen climate classification]] ''Dwa'') characterized by hot, humid [[summer]]s, due to the [[monsoon]], and dry, cold [[winter]]s, due to the [[Siberia]]n [[anticyclone]]. Average highs in January and July are 2 °C (36 °F) and 31 °C (87 °F) respectively). Spring is windy but dry, and most of the [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] takes place in July and August. Tianjin also experiences occasional spring sandstorms which blow in from the Gobi Desert and may last for several days.
==Administrative divisions==
[[Image:Modern buildings in Tianjin Economic_Technological Development Area_ Tianjin_ China.JPG|right|240px|thumbnail|Modern buildings in Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA)]]
[[Image:Haihe1.jpg|right|240px|thumbnail|A view of [[Hai He]] in Tianjin.]]
{{seealso|List of administrative divisions of Tianjin}}
Tianjin is divided into 18 [[Political divisions of China#County level|county-level divisions]], including 15 [[district of China|districts]] and 3 [[county of China|counties]].
Six of the districts govern the urban area of Tianjin:
* [[Heping District, Tianjin|Heping District]] ([[Simplified Chinese]]: 和平区; [[Hanyu Pinyin]]: Hépíng Qū)
* [[Hexi District]] (河西区 Héxī Qū)
* [[Hebei District]] (河北区 Héběi Qū)
* [[Nankai District]] (南开区 Nánkāi Qū)
* [[Hedong District]] (河东区 Hédōng Qū)
* [[Hongqiao District]] (红桥区 Hōngqiáo Qū)
Three of the districts govern towns and harbours along the seacoast:
* [[Tanggu District]] (塘沽区 Tánggū Qū)
* [[Hangu District, Tianjin|Hangu District]] (汉沽区 Hàngū Qū)
* [[Dagang District]] (大港区 Dàgǎng Qū)
* These districts collectively make up the economic development zone of [[Binhai New Area|Binhai]].
Four of the districts govern satellite towns and rural areas close to the urban center:
* [[Jinnan District]] (津南区 Jīnnán Qū)
* [[Dongli District, Tianjin|Dongli District]] (东丽区 Dōnglì Qū)
* [[Xiqing District]] (西青区 Xīqīng Qū)
* [[Beichen District]] (北辰区 Běichén Qū)
Two of the districts as well as the three counties govern towns and rural areas further away from the urban center:
* [[Baodi District]] (宝坻区 Bǎodǐ Qū) — Baodi County before 2001
* [[Wuqing District]] (武清区 Wǔqīng Qū) — Wuqing County before 2000
* [[Ji County]] (蓟县 Jì Xiàn)
* [[Jinghai County]] (静海县 Jìnghǎi Xiàn) [http://www.jinghairen.com] {{zh icon}}
* [[Ninghe County]] (宁河县 Nínghé Xiàn)
In addition, the [[Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area]] (TEDA) is not a formal level of administration, but nevertheless enjoys rights similar to a regular district.
These districts and counties are further subdivided, as of [[December 31]], [[2004]], into 240 [[Political divisions of China#Township level|township-level divisions]], including 120 [[town of China|town]]s, 18 [[township of China|township]]s, 2 [[ethnic township]]s and 100 [[subdistrict]]s.
==Politics==
{{main|Politics of Tianjin}}
The politics of Tianjin is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in the [[mainland China]].
The [[Mayor of Tianjin]] is the highest ranking official in the People's Government of Tianjin. Since Tianjin is a [[municipality of China|centrally administered municipality]], the mayor occupies the same level in the order of precedence as [[province of China|provincial]] governors. However, in the city's dual party-government governing system, the mayor has less power than the Tianjin [[Communist Party of China]] Municipal Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Tianjin [[CPC Party chief]]".
==Economy==
The nominal GDP for Tianjin was 433.8 billion yuan (US$54.4 billion) in 2006, a year-on-year increase of 14.4%. [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english//02/content_.htm]
In 2006, per capita GDP was 40,961 yuan. The [[secondary sector of industry|manufacturing sector]] was the largest (53.2%) and fastest-growing (19.8%) sector of Tianjin's economy. Urban [[disposable income]] per capita was 14,283 yuan, a [[real price|real]] increase of 13% from the previous year. Rural [[pure income]] per capita was 7,942 yuan, a [[real price|real]] increase of 13% from the previous year.
Farmland takes up about 40% of Tianjin Municipality's total area. [[Wheat]], [[rice]], and [[maize]] are the most important crops. [[Fishing]] is important along the coast. Tianjin is also an important industrial base. Major industries include [[petrochemical]] industries, [[textile]]s, [[automobile|car]] manufacturing, mechanical industries, and [[metalworking]].
Tianjin Municipality also has deposits of about 1 billion [[tonne]]s of [[petroleum]], with [[Dagang District]] containing important [[oilfield]]s. [[Salt]] production is also important, with [[Changlu Yanqu]] being one of China's most important salt production areas. [[Geothermal energy]] is another resource of Tianjin. Deposits of [[manganese]] and [[boron]] under Tianjin were the first to be found in China.
[[Airbus|EADS Airbus]] will be opening an assembly plant for its [[Airbus A320|A320 series]] airliners, to be operational in 2009. [[AVIC I]] and [[AVIC II]] will be EADS' local partners for the site, to which subassemblies will be sent from plants around the world.<ref name="eads_20061026_pr">"[http://www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/06_10_26_agreement_A320_FAL_China.html Airbus signs framework agreement with Chinese consortium on A320 Final Assembly Line in China]." [[Airbus|EADS Airbus]] official press release. [[October 26]], [[2006]].</ref>
==Demographics==
At the end of 2004, the population of Tianjin Municipality was 10.24 million, of which 9.33 million were holders of Tianjin ''[[hukou]]'' (permanent residence). Among Tianjin permanent residents, 5.56 million were urban, and 3.76 million were rural. [http://www.stats-tj.gov.cn/2004gb.htm]
The majority of Tianjin residents are [[Han Chinese]]. [[List of Chinese nationalities|Minorities]] include [[Hui people|Hui]], [[Koreans]], [[Manchu]]s, and [[Mongol]]s.
[[Image:TianjinDrumTower.jpg|thumb|right|Drum tower]]
{| class="wikitable"
! align=center colspan=3 | Ethnic groups in Tianjin, 2000 census
|-
! [[Nationalities of China|Nationality]] !! Population !! Percentage
|-
| [[Han Chinese|Han]] || 9,581,775 || 97.29%
|-
| [[Hui people|Hui]] || 172,357 || 1.75%
|-
| [[Manchu]] || 56,548 || 0.57%
|-
| [[Mongol]] || 11,331 || 0.12%
|-
| [[Korean people|Korean]] || 11,041 || 0.11%
|-
| [[Zhuang]] || 4055 || 0.041%
|-
| [[Tujia]] || 3677 || 0.037%
|}
Excludes members of the [[People's Liberation Army]] in active service.<br/>
Source: Department of Population, Social, Science and Technology Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics of China (國家統計局人口和社會科技統計司) and Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China (國家民族事務委員會經濟發展司), eds. ''Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China'' (《2000年人口普查中國民族人口資料》). 2 vols. Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House (民族出版社), 2003. (ISBN )
==Media==
[[Tianjin People's Broadcasting Station]] is the major radio station in Tianjin. Broadcasting in nine channels, it serves most of [[North China]], part of [[East China|East]] and [[Northeast China]], reaching an audience of over 100 million.[http://www.radiotj.com/dtjj/index.htm] {{zh icon}}
[[Tianjin Television]], the local television station, broadcasts in nine channels. It also boasts a paid [[digital television|digital]] channel, featuring [[home improvement]] programs.[http://tjtv.enorth.com.cn/system/2003/10/27/.shtml] {{zh icon}} Both the radio and television stations are now branches of the Tianjin Film, Radio and Television Group, established in October of 2002.[http://news.enorth.com.cn/system/2002/10/28/.shtml] {{zh icon}}
Major local newspapers include the [[Tianjin Daily]] and [[Jin Wan Bao]](literally, tonight newspaper), which are the flagship papers of [[Tianjin Daily Newspaper Group]] and [[Jinwan Mass Media Group]], respectively.
==Culture==
[[Image:TianjinMachangdao.jpg|thumb|right|Street of Tianjin]]
People from urban Tianjin speak [[Tianjin dialect]], which comes under the [[Mandarin (linguistics)|Mandarin]] subdivision of [[Chinese spoken language|spoken Chinese]]. Despite its proximity to [[Beijing]], [[Tianjin dialect]] sounds quite different from [[Beijing dialect]], which provides the basis for [[Putonghua]], official spoken language of the [[People's Republic of China]].
[[Tianjin cuisine]] places a heavy focus on [[seafood]], due to Tianjin's proximity to the sea. Prominent menus include the [[Eight Great Bowls]] (八大碗), a combination of eight mainly meat dishes. It can be further classified into several varieties, including the rough (粗), smooth (S: 细 / T: 細), and high (高). The [[Four Great Stews]] (四大扒) refers actually to a very large number of stews, including chicken, duck, seafood, beef, and mutton.
Tianjin also has several famous [[snack]] items. [[Goubuli]] (狗不理包子) is a traditional brand of ''[[baozi]]''(包子) (steamed buns with filling) that is famous throughout China. [[Guifaxiang]] (S: 桂发祥麻花 / T: 桂發祥麻花) is a traditional brand of ''[[mahua (food)|mahua]]'' (麻花)(twisted dough sticks). [[Erduoyan]] (耳朵眼炸糕) is a traditional brand of fried rice cakes.
Tianjin is a respected home base of [[Beijing opera]], one of the most prestigious forms of [[Chinese opera]].
[[Ma Sanli]] (馬三立)(1914 - 2003), an ethnic [[Hui people|Hui]] and longtime resident of Tianjin, is paramountly respected in China for his ''[[xiangsheng]]''(相聲), a hugely popular form of Chinese entertainment similar to [[stand-up comedy]]. Ma Sanli delivered some of his ''xiangsheng'' in the [[Tianjin dialect]](天津話).
[[Yangliuqing]] (Green Willows), a town about 15 [[kilometer|km]] west of Tianjin's urban area and the seat of Tianjin's [[Xiqing District]], is famous for its popular [[Chinese New Year]]-themed, traditional-style, colourful [[wash]] [[painting]]s (楊柳青年畫). Tianjin is also famous for [[Zhang's clay figurine]]s (S: 泥人张 / T: 泥人張) which are a type of colourful figurine depicting a variety of vivid characters, and Tianjin's [[Wei's kite]]s (S: 风筝魏 / T: 風箏魏), which can be folded to a fraction of their full sizes, are noted for portability.
===Stereotypes===
People from Tianjin are [[stereotype]]d to be eloquent, humorous, open, and unfettered. There is a term for the stereotype of the always-eloquent and sometimes-humorous Tianjin native: ''[[weizuizi|wèizuǐzi]]'' (S: 卫嘴子 / T: 衛嘴子), which translates roughly as "the Tianjin mouth". This stereotype is perhaps partially the result of [[Ma Sanli]]'s reputation (see "Culture" section above).
== Transportation ==
[[Image:TianjinHebeiqu.jpg|thumb|200px|Tianjin North Railway Station]]
:''Main article: [[Transportation in Tianjin]]''
=== Metro ===
The [[Tianjin Metro]] is currently under heavy expansion from 3 lines to 9 lines. 3 lines are currently operating both in the city and the Binhai
=== Rail ===
There are several railway stations in the city, [[Tianjin Railway Station]] being the principal one. It was built in 1888, initially, the station was located at Wangdaozhuang (S: 旺道庄 / T: 旺道莊). The station was later moved to [[Laolongtou]] (S: 老龙头 / T: 老龍頭) on the banks of the [[Hai He]] River in 1892, so the station was renamed [[Laolongtou Railway Station]]. The station was rebuilt from scratch in 1988. The rebuilding work began on [[April 15]], [[1987]] and was finished on [[October 1]], [[1988]]. The Tianjin Railway Station is also locally called the 'East Station', due to its geographical position. In January 2007 the station began another long-term restructuring project to modernize the facility and as part of the larger Tianjin transportation hub project involving [[Tianjin metro]] lines 2, 3, and 9 as well as the Tianjin-Beijing High-speed rail.
[[Tianjin West Railway Station]] and [[Tianjin North Railway Station]] are also major railway stations in Tianjin. There is also [[Tanggu Railway Station]] is located in the important port area of [[Tanggu District]], and [[TEDA Railway Station]] located in [[TEDA]], to the north of Tanggu. There are several other railway stations in the city that do not handle passenger traffic.
Construction on a [[Beijing-Tianjin high-speed rail]] began on July 4, 2005, and is scheduled to be completed by August 2008.
The following [[Rail transport in the People's Republic of China|rail lines]] go through Tianjin:
* [[Jingshan Railway]], from [[Beijing]] to [[Shanhai Pass]]
* [[Jinpu Railway]], from Tianjin to [[Pukou District]], [[Nanjing]]
* [[Jinji Railway]], from Tianjin urban area to [[Ji County, Tianjin|Ji County]], Tianjin
* [[Jinba Railway]], from Tianjin to [[Bazhou]], [[Hebei]]
=== Roads and expressways ===
Some spots in Tianjin, including roads and bridges, have names from Dr. [[Sun Yat-Sen]]'s [[Three Principles of the People]] (for example, Minquan Gate on Zhonghuan Road). Names harkening back to the era of the [[Republic of China]] on the mainland also appear (e.g. Beiyang Road). Many roads in Tianjin are named after a Chinese province or city. Also, Tianjin is unlike [[Beijing]], in that very few roads run parallel to the major four [[compass]] directions.
Tianjin has three ring roads. Unlike Beijing, the Inner and Middle Ring Roads are not closed, traffic-controlled roadways and some often have traffic light intersections. The Outer Ring Road is the closest thing to a highway-level ring road, although traffic is often chaotic and sometimes more than chaotic.
* [[Inner Ring Road (Tianjin)|Inner Ring Road ''(neihuan)'']]
* [[Middle Ring Road (Tianjin)|Middle Ring Road ''(zhonghuan)'']]
* [[Outer Ring Road (Tianjin)|Outer Ring Road ''(waihuan)'']]
Tianjin's roads often finish in ''dao'' (道 avenue), ''xian'' (S: 线 / T: 線) line, more used for highways and through routes) and ''lu'' (路 road). ''Jie'' (街 street) is rare. As Tianjin's roads are rarely in a cardinal compass direction, ''jing'' (S: 经 / T: 經) roads and ''wei'' (S: 纬 / T: 緯) roads often appear, which attempt to run more directly north-south and east-west, respectively.
The following seven [[expressways of China]] run in or through Tianjin:
* [[Jingjintang Expressway]], from [[Beijing]], through Tianjin's urban area, to [[Tanggu District]] / [[Tianjin Economic Development Area|TEDA]]
* [[Jinghu Expressway]], from Jinjing Gonglu Bridge to [[Shanghai]] (together with [[Jingjintang Expressway]], this is the expressway from [[Beijing]] to [[Shanghai]])
* [[Jingshen Expressway]], through [[Baodi District]] on its way from [[Beijing]] to [[Shenyang]]
* [[Tangjin Expressway]], from [[Tanggu District]], Tianjin, to [[Tangshan]], [[Hebei]] ''-- known in Tianjin as the Jintang Expressway''
* [[Baojin Expressway]], from [[Beichen District]], Tianjin, to [[Baoding]], [[Hebei]] ''-- known in Tianjin as the Jinbao Expressway''
* [[Jinbin Expressway]], from Zhangguizhuang Bridge to Hujiayuan Bridge, both within Tianjin
* [[Jinji Expressway]], from central Tianjin to [[Jixian]] County
The following six [[China National Highway]]s pass through Tianjin:
* [[China National Highway 102]], through [[Ji County]], Tianjin on its way from [[Beijing]] to [[Harbin]]
* [[China National Highway 103]], from [[Beijing]], through Tianjin's urban area, to [[Tanggu District]]
* [[China National Highway 104]], from [[Beijing]], through Tianjin Municipality, to [[Fuzhou]]
* [[China National Highway 105]], from [[Beijing]], through Tianjin Municipality, to [[Macau]]
* [[China National Highway 112]], circular highway around Beijing, passes through Tianjin Municipality
* [[China National Highway 205]], from [[Shanhaiguan]], [[Hebei]], through Tianjin Municipality, to [[Guangzhou]]
The expressways are sometimes closed due to dense fog particularly in the Autumn and Spring.
{{Roads and Expressways of Tianjin}}
=== Air ===
[[Tianjin Binhai International Airport]] (ZBTJ) is located to the east of the urban area, in [[Dongli District]].
=== Public transit ===
The Tianjin tram network was awarded to a Belgian company in 1904 and opened in 1906. It was the first city-wide tramway system in China. There were 402 bus lines in the city as of 2004. [http://210.72.46.26/2005nj/tjgb.htm]{{zh icon}}
Construction work on the [[Tianjin Metro]] started on [[July 4]], [[1970]]. It was the second metro to be built in China and commenced service in 1984. The total length of track is 7.4 kilometers. The metro service was suspended on [[October 9]], [[2001]] and is currently being rebuilt. This new metro is now called [[Tianjin Metro Line 1]]. It was opened to the public in June 2006. The track was extended to 26.188 kilometers and there will be a total of 22 stations. Previously, there were 8 stations. Several new metro lines are planned. Construction work on Line 2 and Line 3 are ongoing.
There is also a light railway line in the city, the [[Binhai Mass Transit]] line. The line runs between downtown Tianjin and [[TEDA]] (Tianjin Economic Development Area) in the seaside region. The eastern part of the line began service on [[March 28]], [[2004]]. The western part of the line is scheduled to be completed in 2006.
[[Image:New Tram in Tianjin.jpg|thumb|200px|Tram]]
There is also a guided rail tram system in TEDA, called [[TEDA Modern Guided Rail Tram]].
==Tourism==
[[Image:MazuTemple.jpg|thumb|A [[Mazu]] Temple in Tianjin]]
[[Image:Tianjin_Gulou_Street_Drum_Tower.jpg|thumb|Gulou Shopping Street and Drum Tower]]
[[Image:Ancient_Culture_Street_entrance_.jpg|thumb|Entrance to Ancient Culture Street]]
'''''Sights within the Tianjin urban area include:'''''
*[[Luzutang]] ([[Boxer Rebellion]] Museum)
*[[Guwan Shichang]] 古玩市场 (Antique Market)
*[[Guwenhua Jie]] 古文化街 (Ancient Culture Street)
*[[Wen Miao]] 文庙 (Confucious Temple)
*[[Shuishang Gongyuan]] 水上公园 (Water Park)
*TV Tower (天津电视塔)
*[[Shijia Dayuan]] 杨柳青:石家大院 (Shi Family Residence)
*[[Temple of Great Compassion]] 大悲禅院 (Dabeiyuan)
*[[Tianhougong]](天后宫)
*[[Wanghailou Church]], site of the 1870 [[Tianjin Massacre]] 望海楼教堂
*[[Xikai Church]] 西开天主教堂
*[[Zhou Enlai]] Memorial Hall 周恩来纪念馆
'''
''Sights outside the Tianjin urban area, but within the municipality, include:'''''
*[[Fort Dagukou]], [[Qing Dynasty]]-era cannon battlement 大沽口
*[[Huangyaguan]] Great Wall 黄崖关
*[[Mount Panshan]]盘山:京东第一山
==Sports teams==
Sports teams based in Tianjin include:
[[Chinese Football Association Super League]]
* [[Tianjin Teda FC]] (天津泰达俱乐部)
[[China Baseball Association]]
* [[Tianjin Lions]]
[[China Women Volleyball League]]
* [[Tianjin Bridgestone Women Volleyball Team]]
==Education==
===Colleges and universities===
Under the national Ministry of Education:
*[[Tianjin University]] (天津大学) (founded 1895, first university in China)
*[[Nankai University]] (南开大学) (founded 1919)
Under the national Civil Aviation Authority:
*[[Civil Aviation University of China]] (中国民航大学)
[[Image:TFLU4.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Tianjin Foreign Language University]]
Under the government of Hebei Province:
*[[Hebei University of Technology]] (河北工业大学) (founded 1903)
Under the municipal government:
*[[Tianjin Academy of Fine Arts]] (天津美术学院)
*[[Tianjin Agricultural College]] (天津农学院)
*[[Tianjin Conservatory of Music]] (天津音乐学院)
*[[Tianjin Foreign Studies University]] (天津外国语大学)
*[[Tianjin Institute of Physical Education]] (天津体育学院)
*[[Tianjin Medical University]] (天津医科大学)
*[[Tianjin Normal University]] (天津师范大学)
*[[Tianjin Polytechnic University]] (天津工业大学)
*[[Tianjin University of Commerce China]] (天津商业大学)
*[[Tianjin University of Finance & Economics]] (天津财经大学)
*[[Tianjin University of Science & Technology]] (天津科技大学)
*[[Tianjin University of Technology]] (天津理工大学)
*[[Tianjin University of Technology and Education]] (天津职业技术师范学院)
*[[Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine]] (天津中医药大学)
*[[Tianjin Urban Construction Institute]] (天津城市建设学院)
Foreign institutions:
*The [[Florida International University]] [[Florida International University Tianjin Center|Tianjin Center]], opened in 2006 as a cooperative venture between the municipal government and the [[Miami, Florida|Miami]]-based university.
Note: Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.
===High schools===
[[Image:School42.JPG|thumb|300px|Tianjin No. 42 High School, part of the Hexi District]]
*[[Nankai High School]] (南开中学) City's Top 5
*[http://www.tjyz.org/ No. 1 High School] (第一中学) City's Top 5
*[[Tianjin No. 3 Middle School]] (天津市第三中学)
*[http://www.tjsyzx.cn/ Shiyan High School] (实验中学) City's Top 5
*[http://www.xinhuaedu.cn/ Xinhua High School] (新华中学) City's Top 5
*[[Yaohua High School]] (耀华中学) City's Top 5
==Sister cities==
{| class="wikitable"
! City
! Country
! Sister city since:
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Japan.svg|25px]] [[Kobe, Hyogo|Kobe]]
|[[Japan]]
|[[June 24]], [[1973]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|25px]] [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]]
|[[United States]]
|[[February 10]], [[1980]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|25px]] [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|25px]] [[Greenville, South Carolina|Greenville]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Rishon LeZion]]
|[[Israel]]
|
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Australia.svg|25px]] [[Melbourne]]
|[[Australia]]
|[[May 5]], [[1980]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Japan.svg|25px]] [[Yokkaichi, Mie|Yokkaichi]]
|[[Japan]]
|[[October 28]], [[1980]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|25px]] [[Sarajevo]]
|[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
|[[May 28]], [[1981]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of France.svg|25px]] [[Nord-Pas de Calais]]
|[[France]]
|[[October 10]], [[1984]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Italy.svg|25px]] [[Milan]]
|[[Italy]]
|[[May 9]], [[1985]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|25px]] [[Groningen (city)|Groningen]]
|[[Netherlands]]
|[[September 12]], [[1985]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Japan.svg|25px]] [[Chiba, Chiba|Chiba]]
|[[Japan]]
|[[May 7]], [[1986]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Georgia.svg|25px]] [[Kutaisi]]
|[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|25px]] [[Plovdiv Region]]
|[[Bulgaria]]
|[[October 15]], [[1989]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Turkey.svg|25px]] [[İzmir]]
|[[Turkey]]
|[[September 23]], [[1991]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg|25px]] [[Abidjan]]
|[[Côte d'Ivoire]]
|[[September 26]], [[1992]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Mongolia.svg|25px]] [[Ulaanbaatar]]
|[[Mongolia]]
|[[September 27]], [[1992]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Ukraine.svg|25px]] [[Kharkiv]]
|[[Ukraine]]
|[[June 14]], [[1993]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Sweden.svg|25px]] [[Jönköping Municipality|Jönköping]]
|[[Sweden]]
|[[September 23]], [[1993]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of South Korea.svg|25px]] [[Incheon]]
|[[South Korea]]
|[[December 7]], [[1993]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Poland.svg|25px]] [[Łódź]]
|[[Poland]]
|[[October 1]], [[1994]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Brazil.svg|25px]] [[Rio de Janeiro State]]
|[[Brazil]]
|[[April 18]], [[1995]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Brazil.svg|25px]] [[Amazonas State, Brazil|Amazonas State]]
|[[Brazil]]
|[[October 20]], [[1997]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Vietnam.svg|25px]] [[Haiphong]]
|[[Vietnam]]
|[[January 8]], [[1999]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of Finland.svg|25px]] [[Turku]]
|[[Finland]]
|[[August 17]], [[2000]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag of North Korea.svg|25px]] [[Nampo]]
|[[North Korea]]
|[[August 11]], [[2002]]
|-
||[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|25px]] [[Clarence, New York|Clarence]]
|[[United States]]
|[[November 10]], [[2001]]
|}
== Astronomical phenomena ==
At {{coor dm|39|07.5|N|117|11.7|E}}, the previous total [[solar eclipse]] was [[solar eclipse of 1277-Oct-28]] occurred on [[October 28]] [[1277]], the next total [[solar eclipse]] will be [[solar eclipse of 2187-Jul-06]] occurring on [[July 6]] [[2187]].
Total solar eclipses from 1001 to 3000 are:
* 1277-Oct-28 13:21 CST
* 2187-Jul-06 17:13 CST
* 2415-Apr-10 10:49 CST
* 2636-May-27 05:09 CST
* 2762-Aug-12 09:43 CST
Annular solar eclipses from 1001 to 3000 are:
* 1189-Feb-17 11:37 CST
* 1292-Jan-21 13:30 CST
* 1665-Jan-16 16:42 CST
* 1802-Aug-28 15:48 CST
* 2118-Mar-22 15:33 CST
* 2439-Jun-12 07:52 CST
* 2686-Sep-10 07:12 CST
* 2739-Apr-30 08:41 CST
* 2894-Dec-18 14:38 CST
Wikisource has [[oldwikisource:Solar eclipses as seen from Tianjin|an article]] about solar eclipses as seen from Tianjin from 2001 to 3000.
==See also==
* 天津 ("Celestial ford") is also the name of an [[Asterism (astronomy)|asterism]] in the [[Chinese constellation]] of [[Girl (Chinese constellation)|Girl Mansion]] (女宿)
* [[Gao Lingwen]], founder of Tianjin's first public school
* [[List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population]]
* American, British, French, Italian, Belgian, Russian and Japanese [[Concessions in Tianjin]]
* [[List of laojiaos in Tianjin municipality]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
* Ruth Rogaski. Hygienic Modernity: Meanings of Health and Disease in Treaty-Port China. University of California Press, 2004.
==External links==
{{commonscat|Tianjin}}
*[http://www.tj.gov.cn/ Tianjin Government website]
*{{wikitravel}}
{{Template group
|list =
{{Tianjin}}
{{Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Major cities of Greater China}}
{{Most populous cities in the People's Republic of China}}
}}
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[[Category:Cities in China]]
[[Category:Concession territories]]
[[Category:Independent cities]]
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