Tick-borne meningoencephalitis 1929332 225954976 2008-07-16T04:57:49Z Arcadian 104523 nav {{Infobox_Disease | Name = Tick-borne meningoencephalitis | Image = | Caption = | DiseasesDB = 29274 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|84||a|80}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|063}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeshID = D004675 }} {{Taxobox <!-- Color parameter is not needed -- automatically assigned --> | name = ''Tick-borne meningoencephalitis virus'' | virus_group = iv | familia = ''[[Flaviviridae]]'' | genus = ''[[Flavivirus]]'' | species = '''''Tick-borne meningoencephalitis virus''''' }} '''Tick-borne meningoencephalitis''' or '''Tick-borne encephalitis''' is a [[tick-borne disease|tick-borne]] [[viral infection]] of the [[central nervous system]] affecting humans as well as most other mammals. The virus can infect the brain ([[encephalitis]]), the membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord ([[meningitis]]) or both ([[meningoencephalitis]]). It is transmitted by the bite of infected [[deer tick]]s or (rarely) through the non-[[pasteurization|pasteurized]] [[milk]] of infected [[cow]]s. Sexual transmission has been documented in mice with vertical transmission to progeny. Sexual transmission with humans has never been documented. ==Etiology== The responsible virus, '''''Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus''''' ('''TBEV'''), is a member of the genus [[flavivirus]]. Other close relatives include [[Omsk hemorrhagic fever]] virus, [[Kyasanur forest disease]] virus, [[alkhurma virus]], [[louping ill virus]] and the [[langat virus]]. TBE virus has two subtypes: (a) European subtype (Tick vector: ''Ixodes ricinus'') (b) Far Eastern subtype (Tick vector: ''Ixodes persulcatus'') Russia and Europe report between 10-12,000 human cases annually.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The disease is incurable once manifest, but infection can be prevented by [[vaccination]], and the virus can be inactivated, halting disease progression. In humans, the disease is lethal in approximately 1.2% of cases and leaves 15-20% of its survivors with permanent neurological damage.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The former Soviet Union did a great deal of research on all tick borne disease including TBE viruses. ==Diagnosis== The TBE virus may be present in a seronegative strain or subtype. In such cases a marker for TBE infection is elevated IFN-g in CSF. ==Treatment== There are four main catgeories of treatment for TBE:{{Fact|date=February 2007}} * [[Phosphrenyl]], both a therapeutic and prophylactic agent for TBE * [[interferon]] treatment (like interferon for [[Hepatitis C]]) * antibiotic treatment for possible tickborne coinfections * [[phytotherapy]] ===Antibiotics=== {{POV-section|date=December 2007}} Although the TBE virus cannot be eradicated from the body, it can be inactivated.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} It can also be activated.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Unfortunately, certain antibiotics activate the TBE virus while others have no effect. This is important because the TBE virus may be a coinfection with a ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' infection, [[Lyme disease]], which is treated with antibiotics.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Russian scientists studied this matter for years and their findings were as follows: gentamicin exerts no activating effect while streptomycin and ten other antibiotics activate the virus.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} They also found that the TBE virus is almost completely inactivated in mice by certain herbs: ledum, motherwort and blackcurrant.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} ==Progressive form and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis== {{POV-section|date=December 2007}} The TBE virus is a slow virus; it can take decades to become fulminant.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} This is termed the '''Progressive Form of the TBE Virus''' ('''PFTBE'''). In 1983 in Russia, a follow-up study was done of patients 2-22 years after having acute TBE. PFTBE was found in 68%, the "overwhelming majority" of these developing ALS, [[Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The first isolation of a TBE virus connected with ALS was in 1975 when 70% of the ALS cases in Hamburg, Germany were found to have had contact with this virus.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} In 1978, ALS was reproduced in laboratory animals by inoculation of the Schu virus, a TBE flavivirus, taken from the CSF of a patient with ALS.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} In regard to the sexual and vertical transmission of the TBE virus, it is thought provoking that conjugal and familial ALS have both been documented.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} ===References=== * {{cite journal | author = Günther G, Haglund M | title = Tick-borne encephalopathies : epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. | journal = CNS Drugs | volume = 19 | issue = 12 | pages = 1009–32 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16332143}} * {{cite journal | author=Gerlinskaya L, Bakhvalova1 V, Morozova1 O, 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[[Category:Encephalitis]] [[Category:Viral diseases]] [[Category:Flaviviruses]] [[cs:Klíšťová encefalitida]] [[da:TBE]] [[de:Frühsommer-Meningoenzephalitis]] [[eo:Fru-Somera Meningo-Encefalito]] [[nl:Frühsommer Meningo Encephalitis]] [[pl:Kleszczowe zapalenie mózgu]] [[ru:Клещевой энцефалит]] [[sk:Kliešťová encefalitída]] [[fi:Puutiaisaivokuume]] [[sv:TBE]]