Tick-borne meningoencephalitis
1929332
225954976
2008-07-16T04:57:49Z
Arcadian
104523
nav
{{Infobox_Disease
| Name = Tick-borne meningoencephalitis
| Image =
| Caption =
| DiseasesDB = 29274
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|84||a|80}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|063}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus =
| eMedicineSubj =
| eMedicineTopic =
| MeshID = D004675
}}
{{Taxobox
<!-- Color parameter is not needed -- automatically assigned -->
| name = ''Tick-borne meningoencephalitis virus''
| virus_group = iv
| familia = ''[[Flaviviridae]]''
| genus = ''[[Flavivirus]]''
| species = '''''Tick-borne meningoencephalitis virus'''''
}}
'''Tick-borne meningoencephalitis''' or '''Tick-borne encephalitis''' is a [[tick-borne disease|tick-borne]] [[viral infection]] of the [[central nervous system]] affecting humans as well as most other mammals. The virus can infect the brain ([[encephalitis]]), the membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord ([[meningitis]]) or both ([[meningoencephalitis]]). It is transmitted by the bite of infected [[deer tick]]s or (rarely) through the non-[[pasteurization|pasteurized]] [[milk]] of infected [[cow]]s. Sexual transmission has been documented in mice with vertical transmission to progeny. Sexual transmission with humans has never been documented.
==Etiology==
The responsible virus, '''''Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus''''' ('''TBEV'''), is a member of the genus [[flavivirus]]. Other close relatives include [[Omsk hemorrhagic fever]] virus, [[Kyasanur forest disease]] virus, [[alkhurma virus]], [[louping ill virus]] and the [[langat virus]].
TBE virus has two subtypes:
(a) European subtype (Tick vector: ''Ixodes ricinus'')
(b) Far Eastern subtype (Tick vector: ''Ixodes persulcatus'')
Russia and Europe report between 10-12,000 human cases annually.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The disease is incurable once manifest, but infection can be prevented by [[vaccination]], and the virus can be inactivated, halting disease progression. In humans, the disease is lethal in approximately 1.2% of cases and leaves 15-20% of its survivors with permanent neurological damage.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The former Soviet Union did a great deal of research on all tick borne disease including TBE viruses.
==Diagnosis==
The TBE virus may be present in a seronegative strain or subtype. In such cases a marker for TBE infection is elevated IFN-g in CSF.
==Treatment==
There are four main catgeories of treatment for TBE:{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
* [[Phosphrenyl]], both a therapeutic and prophylactic agent for TBE
* [[interferon]] treatment (like interferon for [[Hepatitis C]])
* antibiotic treatment for possible tickborne coinfections
* [[phytotherapy]]
===Antibiotics===
{{POV-section|date=December 2007}}
Although the TBE virus cannot be eradicated from the body, it can be inactivated.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} It can also be activated.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Unfortunately, certain antibiotics activate the TBE virus while others have no effect. This is important because the TBE virus may be a coinfection with a ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' infection, [[Lyme disease]], which is treated with antibiotics.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Russian scientists studied this matter for years and their findings were as follows: gentamicin exerts no activating effect while streptomycin and ten other antibiotics activate the virus.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} They also found that the TBE virus is almost completely inactivated in mice by certain herbs: ledum, motherwort and blackcurrant.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
==Progressive form and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis==
{{POV-section|date=December 2007}}
The TBE virus is a slow virus; it can take decades to become fulminant.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} This is termed the '''Progressive Form of the TBE Virus''' ('''PFTBE'''). In 1983 in Russia, a follow-up study was done of patients 2-22 years after having acute TBE. PFTBE was found in 68%, the "overwhelming majority" of these developing ALS, [[Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The first isolation of a TBE virus connected with ALS was in 1975 when 70% of the ALS cases in Hamburg, Germany were found to have had contact with this virus.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} In 1978, ALS was reproduced in laboratory animals by inoculation of the Schu virus, a TBE flavivirus, taken from the CSF of a patient with ALS.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} In regard to the sexual and vertical transmission of the TBE virus, it is thought provoking that conjugal and familial ALS have both been documented.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
===References===
* {{cite journal | author = Günther G, Haglund M | title = Tick-borne encephalopathies : epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. | journal = CNS Drugs | volume = 19 | issue = 12 | pages = 1009–32 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16332143}}
* {{cite journal | author=Gerlinskaya L, Bakhvalova1 V, Morozova1 O, <!-- missing surname for "NA" --> | title=Sexual transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus in laboratory mice | journal=Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine | volume=123 | issue=3 | pages=283–4 | year=1997 | month=March | id=ISSN 0007-4888 /573-8221 {{DOI|10.1007/BF02445427}} | doi=10.1007/BF02445427 }}
* {{cite journal | author = Pogodina V, Bochkova N, Dzhivanian T, Levina L, Karganova G, Riasova R, Sergeeva V, Lashkevich V | title = [The phenomenon of antigenic defectiveness in naturally circulating strains of the tick-borne encephalitis virus and its possible connection to seronegative forms of the disease] | journal = Vopr Virusol | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 103–7 | year = | pmid = 1441427}}
* {{cite journal | author = Kondrusik M, Zajkowska J, Pancewicz S, Swierzbińska R, Grygorczuk S, Hermanowska-Szpakowicz T | title = [Interferon gamma concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with tick-borne encephalitis] | journal = Neurol Neurochir Pol | volume = 39 | issue = 2 | pages = 109–13 | year = 2005 | month=Mar-Apr | pmid = 15871055}}
* {{cite journal | author = Umanekiĭ K, Dekonenko E | title = [Structure of progressive forms of tick-borne encephalitis] | journal = Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova | volume = 83 | issue = 8 | pages = 1173–9 | year = 1983 | pmid = 6414202}}
* {{cite journal | author = Müller W, Hilgenstock F | title = An uncommon case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with isolation of a virus from the CSF. | journal = J Neurol | volume = 211 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–23 | year = 1975 | pmid = 56428 | doi = 10.1007/BF00312460}}
* {{cite journal | author=Müller W, Schaltenbrand G | title= [Attempts to reproduce amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in laboratory animals by inoculation of Schu virus isolated from a patient with apparent ALS] | journal= Laboratorium voor medische Microbiologie der Rijksuniversiteit, Leiden, The Netherlands | year=1978 | month=27 January}}
* {{cite journal | author = Kuno G, Artsob H, Karabatsos N, Tsuchiya K, Chang G | title = Genomic sequencing of deer tick virus and phylogeny of powassan-related viruses of North America. | journal = Am J Trop Med Hyg | volume = 65 | issue = 5 | pages = 671–6 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11716135}}
* {{cite journal | author = Naumov R | title = [Tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme disease: the epizootiological parallels and monitoring] | journal = Med Parazitol (Mosk) | volume = | issue = | pages = 20–6 | year = 1999 | month=Apr-Jun | pmid = 10703201}}
* {{cite journal | author = Krylova N, Leonova G | title = [Comparative in vitro study of the effectiveness of various immunomodulating substances in tick-borne encephalitis] | journal = Vopr Virusol | volume = 46 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–8 | year = 2001 | month=Jan-Feb | pmid = 11233283}}
* {{cite journal | author = Ozherelkov S, Timofeev A, Novikova G, Deeva A, Narovlianskiĭ A, Sanin A, Pronin A | title = [Protective effect of a new antiviral preparation of phosprenyl in experimental tick-borne encephalitis] | journal = Vopr Virusol | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–7 | year = 2000 | month=Jan-Feb | pmid = 10695042}}
* {{cite journal | author = Malenko G, Pogodina V | title = [The search for antibiotics not exerting activating action in the persistence of the tick-borne encephalitis virus] | journal = Vopr Virusol | volume = 34 | issue = 2 | pages = 197–200 | year = . 1989 | month=Mar-Apr | pmid = 2788330}}
* {{cite journal | author = Pogodina V, Malenko G, Karmysheva V, Frolova M | title = [Effect of gentamicin on persistence of tick-borne encephalitis] | journal = Vopr Virusol | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 35–9 | year = 1999 | month=Jan-Feb | pmid = 10190241}}
* {{cite journal | author = Malenko G, Pogodina V, Frolova M, Ivannikova T | title = [Strategy for choosing antibiotics for treating bacterial infections associated with chronic tick-borne encephalitis] | journal = Vopr Virusol | volume = 41 | issue = 3 | pages = 138–41 | year = 1996 | month=May-Jun | pmid = 8928510}}
* {{cite journal | author = Votiakov V, Mishaeva N, Protas I, Ierusalimskiĭ A, Shutov A, Kovalenko V, Kichkil'deev N, Samoĭlova T, Drakina S, Zgirovskaia A | title = [The efficacy of lincomycin in tick-borne encephalitis] | journal = Klin Med (Mosk) | volume = 70 | issue = 1 | pages = 65–7 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1608216}}
* {{cite journal | author = Dzhivanian T, Korolev M, Lisak V, Karganova G, Kashtanova G | title = [Action of tunicamycin on the infectivity and protein synthesis of the tick-borne encephalitis virus] | journal = Vopr Virusol | volume = 32 | issue = 6 | pages = 690–6 | year = 1987 | month=Nov-Dec | pmid = 3445586}}
* {{cite journal | author = Malenko G, Pogodina V, Karmysheva V | title = [Streptomycin--an activator of persisting tick-borne encephalitis virus] | journal = Vopr Virusol | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 217–23 | year = 1984 | month=Mar-Apr | pmid = 6730440}}
* {{cite journal | author = Fokina G, Frolova T, Roĭkhel' V, Pogodina V | title = [Experimental phytotherapy of tick-borne encephalitis] | journal = Vopr Virusol | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 18–21 | year = 1991 | month=Jan-Feb | pmid = 1858353}}
* {{cite journal | author = Corcia P, Jafari-Schluep H, Lardillier D, Mazyad H, Giraud P, Clavelou P, Pouget J, Camu W | title = A clustering of conjugal amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in southeastern France. | journal = Arch Neurol | volume = 60 | issue = 4 | pages = 553–7 | year = 2003 | month=Apr | pmid = 12707069 | doi = 10.1001/archneur.60.4.553}}
* {{cite journal | author = Rachele M, Mascia V, Tacconi P, Dessi N, Marrosu F, Giagheddu M | title = Conjugal amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a report on a couple from Sardinia, Italy. | journal = Ital J Neurol Sci | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 97–100 | year = 1998 | month= Apr | pmid = 10935845 | doi = 10.1007/BF02427565}}
* {{cite journal | author = Poloni M, Micheli A, Facchetti D, Mai R, Ceriani F, Cattalini C | title = Conjugal amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: toxic clustering or change? | journal = Ital J Neurol Sci | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 109–12 | year = 1997 | month=Apr | pmid = 9239532 | doi = 10.1007/BF01999572}}
* {{cite journal | author = Camu W, Cadilhac J, Billiard M | title = Conjugal amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a report on two couples from southern France. | journal = Neurology | volume = 44 | issue = 3 Pt 1 | pages = 547–8 | year = 1994 | month= Mar | pmid = 8145930}}
* {{cite journal | author = Cornblath D, Kurland L, Boylan K, Morrison L, Radhakrishnan K, Montgomery M | title = Conjugal amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: report of a young married couple. | journal = Neurology | volume = 43 | issue = 11 | pages = 2378–80 | year = 1993 | month=Nov | pmid = 8232960}}
==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://wwwn.cdc.gov/travel/yellowBookCh4-Tickborne.aspx Tickborne encephalitis] at [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]
{{Viral diseases}}
{{Tick-borne diseases}}
[[Category:Encephalitis]]
[[Category:Viral diseases]]
[[Category:Flaviviruses]]
[[cs:Klíšťová encefalitida]]
[[da:TBE]]
[[de:Frühsommer-Meningoenzephalitis]]
[[eo:Fru-Somera Meningo-Encefalito]]
[[nl:Frühsommer Meningo Encephalitis]]
[[pl:Kleszczowe zapalenie mózgu]]
[[ru:Клещевой энцефалит]]
[[sk:Kliešťová encefalitída]]
[[fi:Puutiaisaivokuume]]
[[sv:TBE]]