Timeline of Western philosophers 743896 225944112 2008-07-16T03:33:50Z Carlon 92620 /* See also */ <br style="clear: both;" /> {| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin:0 auto;" |- style="text-align: center;" | width="30%" | | width="30%" |''Timeline of'' [[Timeline of Eastern philosophers|eastern]] | [[Timeline of Western philosophers|western]] ''philosophers'' |} <br clear="all"> A wide-ranging list of philosophers from the Western traditions of philosophy. Included are not only philosophers (Socrates, Plato), but also those who have had a marked importance upon the philosophy of the day. The list stops at the year 1950, after which philosophers fall into the category of [[Contemporary philosophy]]. == Western & Middle Eastern Philosophers == === Classical Philosophers === ==== 600-500 BCE ==== * [[Thales]] of Miletus ''(ca. 624-546 BCE)''. Of the [[Milesian school]]. Believed that all was made of water. * [[Anaximander]] of Miletus ''(c. 610-546 BCE)''. Of the [[Milesian school]]. Famous for the concept of ''Apeiron'', or "the boundless". * [[Anaximenes of Miletus]] ''(c. 585-525 BCE)''. Of the [[Milesian school]]. Believed that all was made of air. * [[Pythagoras]] of Samos ''(c. approx. 580-500 BCE)''. Of the [[Ionic school]]. Understood the deepest reality to be composed of numbers; believed that souls are immortal. * [[Xenophanes]] of Colophon ''(c. 570-480 BCE)''. Sometimes associated with the [[Eleatic]] school. Politically anti-militant, and epistemically [[skeptic]]al. ==== 500-400 BCE ==== * [[Heraclitus]] of Ephesus ''(c. approx. 535-475 BCE)''. Of the Ionians. Emphasized the mutability of the world, which he understood to be analogous to fire. * [[Parmenides]] of Elea ''(c. 515-450 BCE)''. Of the Eleatics. * [[Anaxagoras]] of Clazomenae ''(c. 500-428 BCE)''. Of the Ionians. [[Atomist]]. * [[Zeno of Elea|Zeno]] ''(c. approx. 490-430 BCE)''. Of the Eleatics. Famous for [[Zeno's paradox]]es. * [[Empedocles]] of Acragas ''(c. 490-430 BCE)''. Believed in metaphysical doctrine of four elements. Advocate of ethical [[vegetarianism]]. * [[Protagoras]] of Abdera ''(c. 481-420 BCE)''. [[Sophist]]. Early advocate of [[relativism]]. * [[Hippias]] ''(middle of the 5th century BCE)''. [[Sophist]]. * [[Gorgias]]. ''(c. 483-375 BCE)''. [[Sophist]]. * [[Socrates]] of Athens ''(ca. 470-399 BCE)''. Emphasized [[virtue ethics]]. In [[epistemology]], understood [[dialectic]] to be central to the pursuit of truth. * [[Leucippus]] of Miletus ''(First half of 5th century BCE)''. [[Atomist]], [[Determinist]]. * [[Democritus]] of Abdera ''(c. 450-370 BCE)''. [[Atomist]]. * [[Archelaus (philosopher)|Archelaus]]. A pupil of Anaxagoras. * [[Melissus of Samos]]. Eleatic. * [[Cratylus]]. * [[Ion of Chios]]. * [[Echecrates]]. * [[Timaeus of Locri]]. ==== 400-300 BCE ==== * [[Aristippus]] of [[Cyrene]] ''(c. 435-366 BCE)''. A [[Cyrenaics|Cyrenaic]]. Advocate of ethical hedonism. * [[Antisthenes]] ''(c. 444-365 BCE)''. Founder of [[Cynic]]ism. Maintained that the wise cannot be fooled. Pupil of Socrates. * [[Xenophon]] ''(c. 427-355 BCE)''. Philosopher of history. * [[Plato]] ''(c. 427-347 BCE)''. Famed for view of the transcendental forms. Advocated [[polity]] governed by philosophers. * [[Diogenes of Sinope]] ''(c. approx. 399-323 BCE)''. [[Cynic]]. * [[Euclid]] ''(c. 325-265 BCE)''. Founder of Euclidean geometry. * [[Aristotle]] ''(c. 384-322 BCE)''. A polymath whose works ranged across all philosophical fields. * [[Strato of Lampsacus]] (ca. 340 BC–ca. 268 BC). [[Atheist]], [[Materialist]]. * [[Xenocrates]] ''(c. 396-314 BCE)''. Disciple of Plato. * [[Pyrrho]] of Elis ''(c. 360-270 BCE)''. [[Skeptic]]. === [[Hellenistic]] Philosophers === ==== 300-200 BCE ==== * [[Epicurus]] ''(c. 341-270 BCE)''. [[Materialist]] [[Atomist]], [[hedonist]]. * [[Zeno of Citium]] ''(c. 333-264 BCE)''. Founder of [[Stoicism]]. [[Anarchist]]. Held that the acceptance of objectivity allows the overcoming of passions. * [[Timon (philosopher)|Timon]] ''(c. 320-230 BCE)''. [[Pyrrhonist]], [[skeptic]]. * [[Chrysippus]] of Soli ''(c. 280-207 BCE)''. Major figure in [[Stoicism]]. ==== 200-100 BCE ==== *[[Carneades]] ''(c. 214-129 BCE)''. Academic skeptic. Understood [[probability]] as the purveyor of truth. ==== 100-0 BCE ==== *[[Lucretius]] ''(c. 99-55 BCE)''. [[Epicurean]]. === Roman Era Philosophers === ==== 0-100 CE ==== * [[Cicero]] ''(c.106 BCE-43 BCE)'' * [[Philo]] ''(c. 20 BCE-40 CE)''. Believed in the allegorical method of reading texts. * [[Seneca the Younger]] ''(ca. 4 BCE-65 CE)''. [[Stoic]]. ==== 100-200 CE ==== * [[Epictetus]] ''(c.55-135)''. [[Stoic]]. Emphasized ethics of self-determination. * [[Marcus Aurelius]] ''(121-180)''. [[Stoic]]. ==== 200-400 CE ==== * [[Sextus Empiricus]] ''(fl. during the 2nd and possibly the 3rd centuries CE)''. [[Skeptic]], [[Pyrrhonist]]. * [[Plotinus]] ''(ca. 205-270)''. [[Neoplatonist]]. Had a holistic metaphysics. * [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]] ''(c.232-304)''. Student of Plotinus. * [[Iamblichus (philosopher)|Iamblichus of Syria]] ''(ca. 245-325)''. Late [[neoplatonist]]. Espoused [[theurgy]]. * [[Augustine of Hippo]] ''(c. 354-430)''. [[Original Sin]]. Church father. * [[Proclus|Proclus]] ''(c. 412-485)''. [[Neoplatonism|Neoplatonist]]. === Western Medieval Era Philosophers === ==== 500-800 CE ==== * [[Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius|Boethius]] ''(c. 480–524)''. * [[John Philoponus|John Philoponus]] ''(c. 490–570)''. ==== 800-900 CE ==== * [[Al-Kindi]] ''(c. 801-873)''. Major figure in [[Islamic philosophy]]. Influenced by [[Neoplatonism]]. * [[John the Scot]] ''(ca. 815-877)''. [[Pelagian]], [[neoplatonist]], [[pantheist]]. ==== 900-1000 CE ==== * [[Al-Farabi|al-Faràbi]] ''(c. 870-950)''. Major [[Islamic philosopher]]. [[Neoplatonist]]. * [[Saadia Gaon]] ''(c. 882-942)''. * [[al-Razi]] ''(c. 865-925)''. [[Rationalist]]. Major [[Islamic philosopher]]. Held that God creates universe by rearranging pre-existing laws. ==== 1000-1100 CE ==== * [[Ibn Sina]] (Avicenna) ''(c. 980-1037)''. Major [[Islamic philosopher]]. * [[Ibn Gabirol]] (Avicebron) ''(c. 1021-1058)''. [[Jewish philosopher]]. * [[Anselm of Canterbury|Anselm]] ''(c. ~1034–1109)''. [[Christian philosopher]]. Produced ontological argument for the existence of God. * [[al-Ghazali]] ''(c. 1058-1111).'' [[Islamic philosopher]]. [[mysticism|Mystic]]. ==== 1100-1200 CE ==== * [[Peter Abelard]] ''(c. 1079-1142)''. [[Scholasticism|Scholastic]] philosopher. Dealt with problem of universals. * [[Abraham ibn Daud]] ''(ca. 1110-1180)''. [[Jewish philosophy]]. * [[Peter Lombard]] ''(c. 1100-1160)''. [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic]]. * [[Averroes]] (Ibn Rushd, "The Commentator") ''(c. 1126-December 10, 1198)''. [[Islamic philosopher]]. * [[Maimonides]] ''(c. 1135-1204)''. [[Jewish philosophy]]. * [[St Francis of Assisi]] ''(c. 1182-1226)''. [[Ascetic]]. ==== 1200-1300 CE ==== * [[Robert Grosseteste]] ''(c. 1175-1253)''. * [[Albert the Great]] ''(c. 1193-1280)''. Early [[Empiricist]]. * [[Roger Bacon]] ''(c. 1214-1294)''. [[Empiricist]], [[mathematician]]. * [[Thomas Aquinas]] ''(c. 1221-1274)''. [[Christian philosopher]]. * [[Bonaventure]] ''(c. 1225-1274)''. [[Franciscan]]. * [[Sigerus of Brabant|Siger]] ''(c. 1240-1280s)''. [[Averroist]]. * [[Boetius of Dacia]]. [[Averroist]], [[Aristotelian]]. ==== 1300-1400 CE ==== * [[Duns Scotus]] ''(c. 1266-1308)''. [[Franciscan]], [[Scholasticism|Scholastic]]. * [[Meister Eckhart]] ''(c. 1260-1328)''. [[Pantheist]], [[mysticism|mystic]]. * [[John Wycliffe]] ''(c.1320-1384)''. * [[Marsilius of Padua]] ''(c. 1270-1342)''. Understood chief function of state as mediator. * [[William of Ockham]] ''(c. 1288-1348)''. [[Franciscan]]. [[Scholasticism|Scholastic]]. [[Nominalist]], creator of [[Ockham's razor]]. * [[Gersonides]] ''(c. 1288-1344)''. [[Jewish philosopher]]. * [[Jean Buridan]] ''(c. 1300-1358)''. [[Nominalist]]. * [[Hasdai Crescas]] ''(c. 1340-~1411)''. [[Jewish philosopher]]. ==== 1400-1500 CE ==== * [[Nicholas of Cusa]] ''(c. 1401-1464)''. [[Christian philosopher]]. * [[Lorenzo Valla]] ''(c. 1406-August 1, 1457)''. [[Humanism|Humanist]], critic of scholastic logic. * [[Pico della Mirandola]] ''(c. 1463-1494)''. Renaissance [[Humanism|humanist]]. === Early Modern Philosophers === ==== 1500-1550 CE ==== * [[Desiderius Erasmus]] ''(c. 1466-1536)''. [[Humanism|Humanist]], advocate of [[free will]]. * [[Niccolò Machiavelli]] ''(c. 1469-1527)''. [[Political realism]]. * [[Copernicus]] ''(c. 1473-1543)''. * [[Thomas More|Sir Thomas More]] ''(c. 1478-1535)''. [[Humanism|Humanist]], created term "utopia". * [[Petrus Ramus]] ''(c. 1515-1572)''. * [[Martin Luther]] ''(c. 1483-1546)''. Major [[Western Christian]] [[theologian]]. ==== 1550-1600 CE ==== * [[Teresa of Avila]] ''(c. 1515-1582)''. [[Spanish mystic]]. * [[Michel de Montaigne]] ''(c. 1533-1592)''. [[Humanism|Humanist]], [[skeptic]]. * [[Giordano Bruno]] ''(c. 1548-1600)''. Advocate of [[heliocentrism]]. * [[Francisco Suarez]] ''(c. 1548-1617)''. Politically proto-liberal. * [[John Calvin]] ''(c. 1509-1564)''. Major [[Western Christian]] theologian. * [[Pierre Charron]] ''(c. 1541-1603)''. ==== 1600-1650 CE ==== * [[Marin Mersenne]] ''(c. 1588-1648)''. [[Cartesian]]. * [[Francis Bacon (philosopher)|Francis Bacon]] ''(c. 1561-1626)''. [[Empiricist]]. * [[Hugo Grotius]] ''(c. 1583-1645)''. [[Natural law]] theorist. * [[Galileo Galilei]] ''(c. 1564-1642)''. Heliocentrist. * [[Herbert of Cherbury]]. Nativist. * [[Pierre Gassendi]] ''(c. 1592-1655)''. [[Mechanicism]]. [[Empiricist]]. * [[Elizabeth of Bohemia]] ''(c. 1618-1680)''. Non-[[dualist]]. * [[Queen Kristina]] ''(c. 1626-1689)''. * [[René Descartes]] ''(c. 1596-1650)''. [[Heliocentrism]], [[dualism]], [[rationalism]]. * [[Pierre de Fermat]] ''(c. 1601-1665)''. [[Probability]] theorist. * [[Robert Filmer]] ''(c. 1588-1653)''. ==== 1650-1700 CE ==== * [[Thomas Hobbes]] ''(c. 1588-1679)''. Political [[Political realism|realist]]. * [[Joseph Glanvill]] ''(c. 1636-1680)''. * [[Arnold Geulincx]] ''(c. 1624-1669)''. Important [[occasionalist]] theorist. * [[Blaise Pascal]] ''(c. 1623-1662)''. Physicist, scientist. Noted for [[Pascal's wager]]. * [[Henry More]] ''(c. 1614-1687)''. * [[Geraud Cordemoy]]. Dualist. * [[Pierre Nicole]] ''(c. 1625-1695)''. * [[Ralph Cudworth]] ''(c. 1617-1688)''. [[Cambridge Platonist]]. * [[Margaret Cavendish]] ''(c. 1623-1673)''. [[Materialist]], [[feminist]]. * [[Antoine Arnauld]] ''(c. 1612-1694)''. * [[Richard Cumberland (philosopher)|Richard Cumberland]] ''(c. 1631-1718)''. Early proponent of [[utilitarianism]]. * [[Jacques Rohault]].(c.1617-1672) [Cartesian] * [[Simon Foucher]] ''(c. 1644-1696)''. [[Skeptic]]. * [[Robert Boyle]] ''(c. 1627-1691)''. * [[Nicolas Malebranche]] ''(c. 1638-1715)''. [[Cartesian]]. * [[Samuel von Pufendorf]] ''(c. 1632-1694)''. [[Social contract]] theorist. * [[Baruch Spinoza]] ''(c. 1632-1677)''. * [[Isaac Newton]] ''(c. 1643-1727)''. * [[Anne Conway]] ''(c. 1631-1679)''. * [[Pierre Régis]]. * [[John Locke]] ''(c. 1632-1704)''. Major [[Empiricist]]. Political philosopher. * [[Damaris Masham]]. * [[John Toland]] ''(c. 1670-1722)''. * [[Pierre Bayle]] ''(c. 1647-1706)''. [[Pyrrhonist]]. * [[Madeline de Souvré]]. ==== 1700-1750 CE ==== * [[Samuel Clarke]] ''(c. 1675-1729)''. * [[Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury]] ''(c. 1671-1713)''. * [[John Norris (philosopher)|John Norris]] ''(c. 1657-1711)''. [[Malebranchian]]. * [[Gottfried Leibniz]] ''(c. 1646-1716)''. Co-inventor of the [[calculus]]. * [[George Berkeley]] ''(c. 1685-1753)''. [[Idealist]], [[empiricist]]. * [[Catherine Cockburn]] ''(c. 1679-1749)''. * [[Giambattista Vico]] ''(c. 1668-1744)''. * [[Bernard Mandeville]] ''(c. 1670-1733)''. * [[Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)|Francis Hutcheson]] ''(c. 1694-1746)''. Proto-[[utilitarian]]. * [[Joseph Butler]] ''(c. 1692-1752)''. * [[Christian Wolff (philosopher)|Christian Wolff]] ''(c. 1679-1754)''. [[Determinist]], [[rationalist]]. * [[John Gay (philosopher)]]. * [[David Hume]] ''(c. 1711-1776)''. [[Empiricist]], [[skeptic]]. * [[Julien La Mettrie]] ''(c. 1709-1751)''. [[Materialist]], genetic [[determinist]]. * [[David Hartley (philosopher)|David Hartley]] ''(c. 1705-1757)''. * [[Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu]] ''(c. 1689-1755)''. [[Skeptic]], [[Humanism|humanist]]. ==== 1750-1800 CE ==== * [[Etienne de Condillac]]. * [[Richard Price]] ''(c. 1723-1791)''. Political liberal. * [[Jean d'Alembert]] ''(c. 1717-1783)''. * [[Voltaire]] ''(c. 1694-1778)''. * [[Denis Diderot]] ''(c. 1713-1784)''. * [[John Wesley]] ''(c. 1703-1791)''. * [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] ''(c. 1712-1778)''. [[Social contract]] political philosopher. * [[Baron d'Holbach]] ''(c. 1723-1789)''. [[Materialist]], [[atheist]]. * [[Claude Adrien Helvétius]] ''(1715-1771)''. [[Utilitarian]]. * [[Adam Smith]] ''(c. 1723-1790)''. Economic theorist, member of [[Scottish Enlightenment]]. * [[Thomas Jefferson]] ''(c. 1743-1826)''. Liberal political philosopher. * [[Thomas Reid]] ''(c. 1710-1796)''. Member of Scottish Enlightenment, founder of Scottish Common Sense philosophy. * [[G.E. Lessing]] ''(c. 1729-1781)''. * [[Edmund Burke]] ''(c. 1729-1797)''. Conservative political philosopher. * [[Immanuel Kant]] ''(c. 1724-1804),''. [[Deontologist]], proponent of synthetic a priori truths. * [[Mary Wollstonecraft]] ''(c. 1759-1797)''. Feminist. * [[Jeremy Bentham]] ''(c. 1748-1832)''. Utilitarian, hedonist. * [[Moses Mendelssohn]] ''(c. 1729-1786)''. Member of the [[Haskalah|Jewish Enlightenment]]. * [[Sylvain Maréchal]] (c. August 15, 1750—January 18, 1803) [[Anarcho-communist]] ,[[Deist]] * [[Dugald Stewart]] ''(c. 1753-1828)''. * [[William Godwin]] ''(c. 1756-1836)''. Anarchist, utilitarian. * [[Friedrich Schiller]] ''(c. 1759-1805)''. * [[William Paley]] ''(c. 1743-1805)''. * [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]] ''(c. 1762-1814)''. === Modern Philosophers === ==== 1800-1850 CE ==== * [[Joseph de Maistre]] ''(c. 1753-1821)'' [[Conservatism|Conservative]] * [[Madame de Staël]] ''(c. 1766-1817)''. * [[F.W.J. von Schelling]] ''(c. 1775-1854)''. [[German idealist]]. * [[Friedrich Schleiermacher]] ''(c. 1768-1834)''. [[Hermeneutician]]. * [[P.S. de Laplace]] ''(c. 1749-1827)''. [[Determinist]]. * [[G.W.F. Hegel]] ''(c. 1770-1831)''. [[German idealist]]. * [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] ''(c. 1744-1829)''. Early evolutionary theorist. * [[Comte de Saint-Simon]] ''(c. 1760-1825)''. [[Socialist]]. * [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] ''(c. 1788-1860)''. Pessimist. * [[Richard Whately]] ''(c. 1787-1863)''. * [[Charles Babbage]] ''(c. 1791-1871)''. * [[John Austin (legal philosophy)|John Austin]] ''(c. 1790-1859)''. [[Legal positivist]], [[utilitarian]]. * [[Auguste Comte]] ''(c. 1798-1857)''. [[Social philosopher]], [[positivist]]. * [[William Whewell]] ''(c. 1794-1866)''. * [[James Mill]] ''(c. 1773-1836)''. [[Utilitarian]]. * [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|P.J. Proudhon]] ''(c. 1809-1865)''. [[Anarchist]]. * [[Bernard Bolzano]] ''(c. 1781-1848)''. * [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] ''(c. 1803-1882)''. [[Abolitionist]], [[egalitarian]], [[Humanism|humanist]]. * [[Ludwig Feuerbach]] ''(c. 1804-1872)''. * [[Augustus De Morgan]] ''(c. 1806-1871)''. [[Logician]]. * [[Charles Darwin]] ''(c. 1809-1882)''. * [[Margaret Fuller]] ''(c. 1810-1850)''. [[Egalitarian]]. * [[Søren Kierkegaard]] ''(c. 1813-1855)''. [[Existentialist]]. * [[Henry David Thoreau]] ''(c. 1817-1862)''. [[Pacifist]]. ==== 1850-1900 CE ==== * [[Sojourner Truth]] ''(c. 1797–1883)''. Egalitarian. * [[Karl Marx]] ''(c. 1818-1883)''. [[Socialist]], ,[[Atheist]] formulated historical materialism. * [[Harriet Taylor Mill]] ''(c. 1807-1858).'' Egalitarian, utilitarian. * [[Friedrich Engels]] ''(c. 1820-1895)''. Egalitarian, dialectical materialist. * [[Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet]] ''(c. 1788-1856)''. * [[J. S. Mill]] ''(c. 1806-1873)''. Utilitarian. * [[Rudolf Lotze]]. * [[Herbert Spencer]] ''(c. 1820-1903)''. Nativism, libertarianism, social Darwinism. * [[John Venn]] ''(c. 1834-1923)''. * [[Susan B. Anthony]] ''(c. 1820-1906)''. Feminist. * [[Mikhail Bakunin]] ''(c. 1814-1876)''. Revolutionary anarchist. * [[Franz Brentano]] ''(c. 1838-1917)''. Phenomenologist. * [[Henry Sidgwick]] ''(c. 1838-1900)''. Rationalism, utilitarianism. * [[Richard Dedekind]] ''(c. 1831-1916)''. * [[William Kingdon Clifford|W. K. Clifford]] ''(c. 1845-1879)''. Evidentialist. * [[Charles Peirce]] ''(c. 1839-1914)''. [[Pragmatist]]. * [[Edward Caird]] ''(c. 1835-1908)''. Idealist. * [[Ernst Mach]] ''(c. 1838-1916)''. Philosopher of science, influence on logical positivism. * [[T.H. Green]] ''(c. 1836-1882)''. British idealist. * [[Gottlob Frege]] ''(c. 1848-1925)''. Influential analytic philosopher. * [[Wilhelm Dilthey]] ''(c. 1833-1911)''. * [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] ''(c. 1844-1900)''. Naturalistic philosopher, influence on Existentialism. * [[Charles Lutwidge Dodgson]] (Lewis Carroll) ''(c. 1832-1898)''. * [[Bernard Bosanquet (philosopher)|Bernard Bosanquet]] ''(c. 1848-1923)''. Idealist. * [[Giuseppe Peano]] ''(c. 1858-1932)''. * [[Elizabeth Stanton]] ''(c. 1815-1902)''. Egalitarian. * [[David George Ritchie]] ''(c. 1853–1903)''. Idealist. * [[Émile Durkheim]] ''(c. 1858–1917)''. [[Social philosopher]]. * [[William James]] ''(c. 1842-1910)''. Pragmatist. * [[Josiah Royce]] ''(c. 1855-1916)''. Idealist. * [[F.H. Bradley]] ''(c. 1846-1924) ''. Idealist. * [[Vilfredo Pareto]] ''(c. 1848-1923)''. [[Social philosopher]]. * [[Thorstein Veblen]] ''(c. 1857-1929)''. [[Social philosopher]]. * [[Sigmund Freud]] ''(c. 1856-1939)''. Creator of [[psychodynamic]] [[philosophy of mind]]. * [[Max Weber]] ''(c. 1864-1920)''. Social philosopher. * [[Henri Bergson]] ''(c. 1859-1941)''. * [[John Dewey]] ''(c. 1859-1952)''. [[Pragmatist]]. * [[Alexius Meinong]] ''(c. 1853-1920)''. Logical realist. * [[Cook Wilson]]. * [[Henri Poincaré]] ''(c. 1854-1912)''. * [[Pierre Duhem]] ''(c. 1861-1916)''. * [[Edmund Husserl]] ''(c. 1859-1938)''. Founder of [[phenomenology]]. * [[Samuel Alexander]] ''(c. 1859-1938)''. Perceptual realist. * [[Jane Addams]] ''(c. 1860-1935)''. [[Pragmatist]]. * [[Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison]] ''(c. 1856-1931)''. * [[G.E. Moore]] ''(c. 1873-1958)''. Common sense theorist, ethical non-naturalist. * [[Benedetto Croce]] ''(c. 1866-1952)''. * [[Carl Jung]] ''(c. 1875-1961)''. Founded [[analytical psychology]]. * [[Emma Goldman]] ''(c. 1869-1940)''. [[Anarchist]]. * [[Hans Vaihinger]] ''(c. 1852-1933)''. Specialist in [[counterfactual]]s. * [[Rosa Luxemburg]] ''(c. 1870-1919)''. [[Marxist]] political philosopher. * [[Miguel de Unamuno]] ''(c. 1864-1936)''. * [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] ''(c. 1857-1913)''. Linguistic [[structuralist]]. * [[J. M. E. McTaggart]] ''(c. 1866-1925)''. Idealist. * [[George Herbert Mead]] ''(c. 1863-1931)''. [[Pragmatist]], [[symbolic interactionist]]. * [[Alfred North Whitehead]] ''(c. 1861-1947)''. [[Logician]]. * [[Martin Buber]] ''(c. 1878-1965)''. Jewish philosopher, [[existentialist]]. ==== 1900-2000 CE ==== * [[George Santayana]] ''(c. 1863-1952)''. [[Pragmatist]], [[naturalist]]; known for many [[aphorisms]] * [[Bertrand Russell]] ''(c. 1872-1970)''. [[Atheist]], [[socialist]], extremely influential * [[Giovanni Gentile]] ''(c. 1875-1944)''. Idealist and [[Fascist]] philosopher * [[Georg Lukács]] ''(c. 1885-1971)''. [[Marxist]] philosopher. * [[C. D. Broad]] ''(c. 1887-1971)''. * [[Arthur Oncken Lovejoy|A.O. Lovejoy]] ''(c. 1873-1962)''. * [[W.D. Ross]] ''(c. 1877-1971)''. [[Deontologist]]. * [[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin]] ''(c. 1881-1955)''. Christian [[evolutionist]]. * [[Nikolai Berdyaev]] ''(c. 1874-1948)''. [[Existentialist]]. * [[Heidegger|Martin Heidegger]] ''(c. 1889-1976)''. Phenomenologist. * [[Hans Kelsen]] ''(c. 1881-1973)''. [[Legal positivist]]. * [[Moritz Schlick]] ''(c. 1882-1936)''. Founder of [[Vienna Circle]], [[logical positivism]]. * [[Otto Neurath]] ''(c. 1882-1945)''. Member of [[Vienna Circle]]. * [[Frank P. Ramsey]] ''(c. 1903-1930)''. Proposed [[redundancy theory of truth]]. * [[Ernst Cassirer]] ''(c. 1874-1945)''. * [[Nicolai Hartmann]] ''(c. 1882-1950)''. * [[Karl Barth]] ''(c. 1886-1968)''. * [[Kurt Gödel]] ''(c. 1906-1978)''. Vienna Circle. * [[Ralph Barton Perry]] ''(c. 1876-1957)''. * [[Antonio Gramsci]] ''(c. 1891-1937)''. [[Marxist]] philosopher. * [[Roman Ingarden]] ''(c. 1893-1970)''. Perceptual realist, phenomenalist. * [[C.I. Lewis]] ''(c. 1883-1964)''. Conceptual pragmatist. * [[Gaston Bachelard]] ''(c. 1884-1962)''. * [[A.J. Ayer]] ''(c. 1910-1989)''. Logical positivist, emotivist. * [[Friedrich Waismann]] ''(c. 1896-1959)''. Vienna Circle. Logical positivist. * [[Jacques Maritain]] ''(c. 1882-1973)''. Human rights theorist. * [[José Ortega y Gasset]] ''(c. 1883-1955)''. Philosopher of History. * [[Alfred Tarski]] ''(c. 1901-1983)''. Created T-Convention in semantics. * [[Rudolf Carnap]] ''(c. 1891-1970''). Vienna Circle. Logical positivist. * [[H.L.A. Hart]] ''(c. 1907-1992)''. [[Legal positivism]]. * [[W.V. Quine|Willard van Orman Quine]] ''(c. 1908-2000)''. * [[Brand Blanshard]] ''(c. 1892-1987)''. * [[E. Nagel]] ''(c. 1901-1985)''. Logical positivist. * [[Karl Popper]] ''(c. 1902-1994)''. Falsificationist. * [[Ernest Addison Moody]] ''(c. 1903-1975)''. * [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] ''(c. 1905-1980)''. Humanism, [[existentialism]]. * [[Gilbert Ryle]] ''(c. 1900-1976)''. * [[H.H. Price]]. * [[Susanne Langer]] ''(c. 1895-1985)''. * [[Albert Camus]] ''(c. 1913-1960)''. [[Absurdism|Absurdist]]. * [[Mortimer Adler]] ''(c. 1902-2001)''. * [[Karl Jaspers]] ''(c. 1883-1969)''. [[Existentialist]]. * [[C.L. Stevenson]] ''(c. 1908-1979)''. * [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] ''(c. 1889-1951)''. Vienna Circle. Logical positivist. * [[Theodor Adorno]] ''(c. 1903-1969)''. [[Frankfurt School]]. * [[Alan Turing]] ''(c. 1912-1954)''. Functionalist in philosophy of mind. * [[H.A. Prichard]] ''(c. 1871-1947)''. Moral intuitionist. * [[Gabriel Marcel]] ''(c. 1889-1973)''. Christian [[existentialist]]. * [[Herbert Marcuse]] (''1898-1979''). [[Frankfurt School]]. * [[Simone Weil]] ''(c. 1909-1943)''. * [[Simone de Beauvoir]] ''(c. 1908-1986)''. [[Existentialist]], feminist. * [[Frantz Fanon]] (''c. 1925-1961)''. * [[John Howard Yoder]] ''(c. 1927-1997) ''. Pacifist. * [[John Rawls]] (''1921-2002''). [[Liberalism|Liberal]]. * [[Robert Nozick]] (''1938-2002''). [[Libertarianism|Libertarian]]. * [[Richard Rorty]] (''1931-2007''). [[Pragmatism]], [[Postanalytic philosophy]]. * [[Jacques Derrida]] (''1930-2004''). [[Deconstruction]]. * [[Michel Foucault]] (''1926-1984''). [[Structuralism]], [[Post-structuralism]], [[Postmodernism]]. == See also == * From this point in time forward, see [[Contemporary philosophy]]. * [[Category:21st century philosophers]]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:21st_century_philosophers == References == * {{cite journal|title=Timeline of Western Philosophers|author=Kemerling, Garth|date=2002}} http://www.philosophypages.com * {{cite journal|title=Chronological List of Western Philosophers|author=LaFave, Sandra|date=2006}} http://instruct.westvalley.edu/lafave/CRONLIST.htm * {{cite book|title=Wisdom of the West|author=Russell, Bertrand|date=MCMLIX|publisher=Rathbone Books, Ltd.|location=London}} == External links == *[http://jewishintellectualtimeline.com/ Jewish Intellectual Timeline], a parallel history of Jewish and non-Jewish intellectual ideas {{Philosophy topics}} [[Category:Timelines of philosophers|Western philosophers]] [[Category:Philosophy-related lists]] [[fa:فهرست فیلسوفان غربی]] [[ro:Linie temporală a filozofilor occidentali]]