Timeline of Western philosophers
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| width="30%" |''Timeline of'' [[Timeline of Eastern philosophers|eastern]] | [[Timeline of Western philosophers|western]] ''philosophers''
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A wide-ranging list of philosophers from the Western traditions of philosophy. Included are not only philosophers (Socrates, Plato), but also those who have had a marked importance upon the philosophy of the day.
The list stops at the year 1950, after which philosophers fall into the category of [[Contemporary philosophy]].
== Western & Middle Eastern Philosophers ==
=== Classical Philosophers ===
==== 600-500 BCE ====
* [[Thales]] of Miletus ''(ca. 624-546 BCE)''. Of the [[Milesian school]]. Believed that all was made of water.
* [[Anaximander]] of Miletus ''(c. 610-546 BCE)''. Of the [[Milesian school]]. Famous for the concept of ''Apeiron'', or "the boundless".
* [[Anaximenes of Miletus]] ''(c. 585-525 BCE)''. Of the [[Milesian school]]. Believed that all was made of air.
* [[Pythagoras]] of Samos ''(c. approx. 580-500 BCE)''. Of the [[Ionic school]]. Understood the deepest reality to be composed of numbers; believed that souls are immortal.
* [[Xenophanes]] of Colophon ''(c. 570-480 BCE)''. Sometimes associated with the [[Eleatic]] school. Politically anti-militant, and epistemically [[skeptic]]al.
==== 500-400 BCE ====
* [[Heraclitus]] of Ephesus ''(c. approx. 535-475 BCE)''. Of the Ionians. Emphasized the mutability of the world, which he understood to be analogous to fire.
* [[Parmenides]] of Elea ''(c. 515-450 BCE)''. Of the Eleatics.
* [[Anaxagoras]] of Clazomenae ''(c. 500-428 BCE)''. Of the Ionians. [[Atomist]].
* [[Zeno of Elea|Zeno]] ''(c. approx. 490-430 BCE)''. Of the Eleatics. Famous for [[Zeno's paradox]]es.
* [[Empedocles]] of Acragas ''(c. 490-430 BCE)''. Believed in metaphysical doctrine of four elements. Advocate of ethical [[vegetarianism]].
* [[Protagoras]] of Abdera ''(c. 481-420 BCE)''. [[Sophist]]. Early advocate of [[relativism]].
* [[Hippias]] ''(middle of the 5th century BCE)''. [[Sophist]].
* [[Gorgias]]. ''(c. 483-375 BCE)''. [[Sophist]].
* [[Socrates]] of Athens ''(ca. 470-399 BCE)''. Emphasized [[virtue ethics]]. In [[epistemology]], understood [[dialectic]] to be central to the pursuit of truth.
* [[Leucippus]] of Miletus ''(First half of 5th century BCE)''. [[Atomist]], [[Determinist]].
* [[Democritus]] of Abdera ''(c. 450-370 BCE)''. [[Atomist]].
* [[Archelaus (philosopher)|Archelaus]]. A pupil of Anaxagoras.
* [[Melissus of Samos]]. Eleatic.
* [[Cratylus]].
* [[Ion of Chios]].
* [[Echecrates]].
* [[Timaeus of Locri]].
==== 400-300 BCE ====
* [[Aristippus]] of [[Cyrene]] ''(c. 435-366 BCE)''. A [[Cyrenaics|Cyrenaic]]. Advocate of ethical hedonism.
* [[Antisthenes]] ''(c. 444-365 BCE)''. Founder of [[Cynic]]ism. Maintained that the wise cannot be fooled. Pupil of Socrates.
* [[Xenophon]] ''(c. 427-355 BCE)''. Philosopher of history.
* [[Plato]] ''(c. 427-347 BCE)''. Famed for view of the transcendental forms. Advocated [[polity]] governed by philosophers.
* [[Diogenes of Sinope]] ''(c. approx. 399-323 BCE)''. [[Cynic]].
* [[Euclid]] ''(c. 325-265 BCE)''. Founder of Euclidean geometry.
* [[Aristotle]] ''(c. 384-322 BCE)''. A polymath whose works ranged across all philosophical fields.
* [[Strato of Lampsacus]] (ca. 340 BC–ca. 268 BC). [[Atheist]], [[Materialist]].
* [[Xenocrates]] ''(c. 396-314 BCE)''. Disciple of Plato.
* [[Pyrrho]] of Elis ''(c. 360-270 BCE)''. [[Skeptic]].
=== [[Hellenistic]] Philosophers ===
==== 300-200 BCE ====
* [[Epicurus]] ''(c. 341-270 BCE)''. [[Materialist]] [[Atomist]], [[hedonist]].
* [[Zeno of Citium]] ''(c. 333-264 BCE)''. Founder of [[Stoicism]]. [[Anarchist]]. Held that the acceptance of objectivity allows the overcoming of passions.
* [[Timon (philosopher)|Timon]] ''(c. 320-230 BCE)''. [[Pyrrhonist]], [[skeptic]].
* [[Chrysippus]] of Soli ''(c. 280-207 BCE)''. Major figure in [[Stoicism]].
==== 200-100 BCE ====
*[[Carneades]] ''(c. 214-129 BCE)''. Academic skeptic. Understood [[probability]] as the purveyor of truth.
==== 100-0 BCE ====
*[[Lucretius]] ''(c. 99-55 BCE)''. [[Epicurean]].
=== Roman Era Philosophers ===
==== 0-100 CE ====
* [[Cicero]] ''(c.106 BCE-43 BCE)''
* [[Philo]] ''(c. 20 BCE-40 CE)''. Believed in the allegorical method of reading texts.
* [[Seneca the Younger]] ''(ca. 4 BCE-65 CE)''. [[Stoic]].
==== 100-200 CE ====
* [[Epictetus]] ''(c.55-135)''. [[Stoic]]. Emphasized ethics of self-determination.
* [[Marcus Aurelius]] ''(121-180)''. [[Stoic]].
==== 200-400 CE ====
* [[Sextus Empiricus]] ''(fl. during the 2nd and possibly the 3rd centuries CE)''. [[Skeptic]], [[Pyrrhonist]].
* [[Plotinus]] ''(ca. 205-270)''. [[Neoplatonist]]. Had a holistic metaphysics.
* [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]] ''(c.232-304)''. Student of Plotinus.
* [[Iamblichus (philosopher)|Iamblichus of Syria]] ''(ca. 245-325)''. Late [[neoplatonist]]. Espoused [[theurgy]].
* [[Augustine of Hippo]] ''(c. 354-430)''. [[Original Sin]]. Church father.
* [[Proclus|Proclus]] ''(c. 412-485)''. [[Neoplatonism|Neoplatonist]].
=== Western Medieval Era Philosophers ===
==== 500-800 CE ====
* [[Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius|Boethius]] ''(c. 480–524)''.
* [[John Philoponus|John Philoponus]] ''(c. 490–570)''.
==== 800-900 CE ====
* [[Al-Kindi]] ''(c. 801-873)''. Major figure in [[Islamic philosophy]]. Influenced by [[Neoplatonism]].
* [[John the Scot]] ''(ca. 815-877)''. [[Pelagian]], [[neoplatonist]], [[pantheist]].
==== 900-1000 CE ====
* [[Al-Farabi|al-Faràbi]] ''(c. 870-950)''. Major [[Islamic philosopher]]. [[Neoplatonist]].
* [[Saadia Gaon]] ''(c. 882-942)''.
* [[al-Razi]] ''(c. 865-925)''. [[Rationalist]]. Major [[Islamic philosopher]]. Held that God creates universe by rearranging pre-existing laws.
==== 1000-1100 CE ====
* [[Ibn Sina]] (Avicenna) ''(c. 980-1037)''. Major [[Islamic philosopher]].
* [[Ibn Gabirol]] (Avicebron) ''(c. 1021-1058)''. [[Jewish philosopher]].
* [[Anselm of Canterbury|Anselm]] ''(c. ~1034–1109)''. [[Christian philosopher]]. Produced ontological argument for the existence of God.
* [[al-Ghazali]] ''(c. 1058-1111).'' [[Islamic philosopher]]. [[mysticism|Mystic]].
==== 1100-1200 CE ====
* [[Peter Abelard]] ''(c. 1079-1142)''. [[Scholasticism|Scholastic]] philosopher. Dealt with problem of universals.
* [[Abraham ibn Daud]] ''(ca. 1110-1180)''. [[Jewish philosophy]].
* [[Peter Lombard]] ''(c. 1100-1160)''. [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic]].
* [[Averroes]] (Ibn Rushd, "The Commentator") ''(c. 1126-December 10, 1198)''. [[Islamic philosopher]].
* [[Maimonides]] ''(c. 1135-1204)''. [[Jewish philosophy]].
* [[St Francis of Assisi]] ''(c. 1182-1226)''. [[Ascetic]].
==== 1200-1300 CE ====
* [[Robert Grosseteste]] ''(c. 1175-1253)''.
* [[Albert the Great]] ''(c. 1193-1280)''. Early [[Empiricist]].
* [[Roger Bacon]] ''(c. 1214-1294)''. [[Empiricist]], [[mathematician]].
* [[Thomas Aquinas]] ''(c. 1221-1274)''. [[Christian philosopher]].
* [[Bonaventure]] ''(c. 1225-1274)''. [[Franciscan]].
* [[Sigerus of Brabant|Siger]] ''(c. 1240-1280s)''. [[Averroist]].
* [[Boetius of Dacia]]. [[Averroist]], [[Aristotelian]].
==== 1300-1400 CE ====
* [[Duns Scotus]] ''(c. 1266-1308)''. [[Franciscan]], [[Scholasticism|Scholastic]].
* [[Meister Eckhart]] ''(c. 1260-1328)''. [[Pantheist]], [[mysticism|mystic]].
* [[John Wycliffe]] ''(c.1320-1384)''.
* [[Marsilius of Padua]] ''(c. 1270-1342)''. Understood chief function of state as mediator.
* [[William of Ockham]] ''(c. 1288-1348)''. [[Franciscan]]. [[Scholasticism|Scholastic]]. [[Nominalist]], creator of [[Ockham's razor]].
* [[Gersonides]] ''(c. 1288-1344)''. [[Jewish philosopher]].
* [[Jean Buridan]] ''(c. 1300-1358)''. [[Nominalist]].
* [[Hasdai Crescas]] ''(c. 1340-~1411)''. [[Jewish philosopher]].
==== 1400-1500 CE ====
* [[Nicholas of Cusa]] ''(c. 1401-1464)''. [[Christian philosopher]].
* [[Lorenzo Valla]] ''(c. 1406-August 1, 1457)''. [[Humanism|Humanist]], critic of scholastic logic.
* [[Pico della Mirandola]] ''(c. 1463-1494)''. Renaissance [[Humanism|humanist]].
=== Early Modern Philosophers ===
==== 1500-1550 CE ====
* [[Desiderius Erasmus]] ''(c. 1466-1536)''. [[Humanism|Humanist]], advocate of [[free will]].
* [[Niccolò Machiavelli]] ''(c. 1469-1527)''. [[Political realism]].
* [[Copernicus]] ''(c. 1473-1543)''.
* [[Thomas More|Sir Thomas More]] ''(c. 1478-1535)''. [[Humanism|Humanist]], created term "utopia".
* [[Petrus Ramus]] ''(c. 1515-1572)''.
* [[Martin Luther]] ''(c. 1483-1546)''. Major [[Western Christian]] [[theologian]].
==== 1550-1600 CE ====
* [[Teresa of Avila]] ''(c. 1515-1582)''. [[Spanish mystic]].
* [[Michel de Montaigne]] ''(c. 1533-1592)''. [[Humanism|Humanist]], [[skeptic]].
* [[Giordano Bruno]] ''(c. 1548-1600)''. Advocate of [[heliocentrism]].
* [[Francisco Suarez]] ''(c. 1548-1617)''. Politically proto-liberal.
* [[John Calvin]] ''(c. 1509-1564)''. Major [[Western Christian]] theologian.
* [[Pierre Charron]] ''(c. 1541-1603)''.
==== 1600-1650 CE ====
* [[Marin Mersenne]] ''(c. 1588-1648)''. [[Cartesian]].
* [[Francis Bacon (philosopher)|Francis Bacon]] ''(c. 1561-1626)''. [[Empiricist]].
* [[Hugo Grotius]] ''(c. 1583-1645)''. [[Natural law]] theorist.
* [[Galileo Galilei]] ''(c. 1564-1642)''. Heliocentrist.
* [[Herbert of Cherbury]]. Nativist.
* [[Pierre Gassendi]] ''(c. 1592-1655)''. [[Mechanicism]]. [[Empiricist]].
* [[Elizabeth of Bohemia]] ''(c. 1618-1680)''. Non-[[dualist]].
* [[Queen Kristina]] ''(c. 1626-1689)''.
* [[René Descartes]] ''(c. 1596-1650)''. [[Heliocentrism]], [[dualism]], [[rationalism]].
* [[Pierre de Fermat]] ''(c. 1601-1665)''. [[Probability]] theorist.
* [[Robert Filmer]] ''(c. 1588-1653)''.
==== 1650-1700 CE ====
* [[Thomas Hobbes]] ''(c. 1588-1679)''. Political [[Political realism|realist]].
* [[Joseph Glanvill]] ''(c. 1636-1680)''.
* [[Arnold Geulincx]] ''(c. 1624-1669)''. Important [[occasionalist]] theorist.
* [[Blaise Pascal]] ''(c. 1623-1662)''. Physicist, scientist. Noted for [[Pascal's wager]].
* [[Henry More]] ''(c. 1614-1687)''.
* [[Geraud Cordemoy]]. Dualist.
* [[Pierre Nicole]] ''(c. 1625-1695)''.
* [[Ralph Cudworth]] ''(c. 1617-1688)''. [[Cambridge Platonist]].
* [[Margaret Cavendish]] ''(c. 1623-1673)''. [[Materialist]], [[feminist]].
* [[Antoine Arnauld]] ''(c. 1612-1694)''.
* [[Richard Cumberland (philosopher)|Richard Cumberland]] ''(c. 1631-1718)''. Early proponent of [[utilitarianism]].
* [[Jacques Rohault]].(c.1617-1672) [Cartesian]
* [[Simon Foucher]] ''(c. 1644-1696)''. [[Skeptic]].
* [[Robert Boyle]] ''(c. 1627-1691)''.
* [[Nicolas Malebranche]] ''(c. 1638-1715)''. [[Cartesian]].
* [[Samuel von Pufendorf]] ''(c. 1632-1694)''. [[Social contract]] theorist.
* [[Baruch Spinoza]] ''(c. 1632-1677)''.
* [[Isaac Newton]] ''(c. 1643-1727)''.
* [[Anne Conway]] ''(c. 1631-1679)''.
* [[Pierre Régis]].
* [[John Locke]] ''(c. 1632-1704)''. Major [[Empiricist]]. Political philosopher.
* [[Damaris Masham]].
* [[John Toland]] ''(c. 1670-1722)''.
* [[Pierre Bayle]] ''(c. 1647-1706)''. [[Pyrrhonist]].
* [[Madeline de Souvré]].
==== 1700-1750 CE ====
* [[Samuel Clarke]] ''(c. 1675-1729)''.
* [[Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury]] ''(c. 1671-1713)''.
* [[John Norris (philosopher)|John Norris]] ''(c. 1657-1711)''. [[Malebranchian]].
* [[Gottfried Leibniz]] ''(c. 1646-1716)''. Co-inventor of the [[calculus]].
* [[George Berkeley]] ''(c. 1685-1753)''. [[Idealist]], [[empiricist]].
* [[Catherine Cockburn]] ''(c. 1679-1749)''.
* [[Giambattista Vico]] ''(c. 1668-1744)''.
* [[Bernard Mandeville]] ''(c. 1670-1733)''.
* [[Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)|Francis Hutcheson]] ''(c. 1694-1746)''. Proto-[[utilitarian]].
* [[Joseph Butler]] ''(c. 1692-1752)''.
* [[Christian Wolff (philosopher)|Christian Wolff]] ''(c. 1679-1754)''. [[Determinist]], [[rationalist]].
* [[John Gay (philosopher)]].
* [[David Hume]] ''(c. 1711-1776)''. [[Empiricist]], [[skeptic]].
* [[Julien La Mettrie]] ''(c. 1709-1751)''. [[Materialist]], genetic [[determinist]].
* [[David Hartley (philosopher)|David Hartley]] ''(c. 1705-1757)''.
* [[Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu]] ''(c. 1689-1755)''. [[Skeptic]], [[Humanism|humanist]].
==== 1750-1800 CE ====
* [[Etienne de Condillac]].
* [[Richard Price]] ''(c. 1723-1791)''. Political liberal.
* [[Jean d'Alembert]] ''(c. 1717-1783)''.
* [[Voltaire]] ''(c. 1694-1778)''.
* [[Denis Diderot]] ''(c. 1713-1784)''.
* [[John Wesley]] ''(c. 1703-1791)''.
* [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] ''(c. 1712-1778)''. [[Social contract]] political philosopher.
* [[Baron d'Holbach]] ''(c. 1723-1789)''. [[Materialist]], [[atheist]].
* [[Claude Adrien Helvétius]] ''(1715-1771)''. [[Utilitarian]].
* [[Adam Smith]] ''(c. 1723-1790)''. Economic theorist, member of [[Scottish Enlightenment]].
* [[Thomas Jefferson]] ''(c. 1743-1826)''. Liberal political philosopher.
* [[Thomas Reid]] ''(c. 1710-1796)''. Member of Scottish Enlightenment, founder of Scottish Common Sense philosophy.
* [[G.E. Lessing]] ''(c. 1729-1781)''.
* [[Edmund Burke]] ''(c. 1729-1797)''. Conservative political philosopher.
* [[Immanuel Kant]] ''(c. 1724-1804),''. [[Deontologist]], proponent of synthetic a priori truths.
* [[Mary Wollstonecraft]] ''(c. 1759-1797)''. Feminist.
* [[Jeremy Bentham]] ''(c. 1748-1832)''. Utilitarian, hedonist.
* [[Moses Mendelssohn]] ''(c. 1729-1786)''. Member of the [[Haskalah|Jewish Enlightenment]].
* [[Sylvain Maréchal]] (c. August 15, 1750—January 18, 1803) [[Anarcho-communist]] ,[[Deist]]
* [[Dugald Stewart]] ''(c. 1753-1828)''.
* [[William Godwin]] ''(c. 1756-1836)''. Anarchist, utilitarian.
* [[Friedrich Schiller]] ''(c. 1759-1805)''.
* [[William Paley]] ''(c. 1743-1805)''.
* [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]] ''(c. 1762-1814)''.
=== Modern Philosophers ===
==== 1800-1850 CE ====
* [[Joseph de Maistre]] ''(c. 1753-1821)'' [[Conservatism|Conservative]]
* [[Madame de Staël]] ''(c. 1766-1817)''.
* [[F.W.J. von Schelling]] ''(c. 1775-1854)''. [[German idealist]].
* [[Friedrich Schleiermacher]] ''(c. 1768-1834)''. [[Hermeneutician]].
* [[P.S. de Laplace]] ''(c. 1749-1827)''. [[Determinist]].
* [[G.W.F. Hegel]] ''(c. 1770-1831)''. [[German idealist]].
* [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] ''(c. 1744-1829)''. Early evolutionary theorist.
* [[Comte de Saint-Simon]] ''(c. 1760-1825)''. [[Socialist]].
* [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] ''(c. 1788-1860)''. Pessimist.
* [[Richard Whately]] ''(c. 1787-1863)''.
* [[Charles Babbage]] ''(c. 1791-1871)''.
* [[John Austin (legal philosophy)|John Austin]] ''(c. 1790-1859)''. [[Legal positivist]], [[utilitarian]].
* [[Auguste Comte]] ''(c. 1798-1857)''. [[Social philosopher]], [[positivist]].
* [[William Whewell]] ''(c. 1794-1866)''.
* [[James Mill]] ''(c. 1773-1836)''. [[Utilitarian]].
* [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|P.J. Proudhon]] ''(c. 1809-1865)''. [[Anarchist]].
* [[Bernard Bolzano]] ''(c. 1781-1848)''.
* [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] ''(c. 1803-1882)''. [[Abolitionist]], [[egalitarian]], [[Humanism|humanist]].
* [[Ludwig Feuerbach]] ''(c. 1804-1872)''.
* [[Augustus De Morgan]] ''(c. 1806-1871)''. [[Logician]].
* [[Charles Darwin]] ''(c. 1809-1882)''.
* [[Margaret Fuller]] ''(c. 1810-1850)''. [[Egalitarian]].
* [[Søren Kierkegaard]] ''(c. 1813-1855)''. [[Existentialist]].
* [[Henry David Thoreau]] ''(c. 1817-1862)''. [[Pacifist]].
==== 1850-1900 CE ====
* [[Sojourner Truth]] ''(c. 1797–1883)''. Egalitarian.
* [[Karl Marx]] ''(c. 1818-1883)''. [[Socialist]], ,[[Atheist]] formulated historical materialism.
* [[Harriet Taylor Mill]] ''(c. 1807-1858).'' Egalitarian, utilitarian.
* [[Friedrich Engels]] ''(c. 1820-1895)''. Egalitarian, dialectical materialist.
* [[Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet]] ''(c. 1788-1856)''.
* [[J. S. Mill]] ''(c. 1806-1873)''. Utilitarian.
* [[Rudolf Lotze]].
* [[Herbert Spencer]] ''(c. 1820-1903)''. Nativism, libertarianism, social Darwinism.
* [[John Venn]] ''(c. 1834-1923)''.
* [[Susan B. Anthony]] ''(c. 1820-1906)''. Feminist.
* [[Mikhail Bakunin]] ''(c. 1814-1876)''. Revolutionary anarchist.
* [[Franz Brentano]] ''(c. 1838-1917)''. Phenomenologist.
* [[Henry Sidgwick]] ''(c. 1838-1900)''. Rationalism, utilitarianism.
* [[Richard Dedekind]] ''(c. 1831-1916)''.
* [[William Kingdon Clifford|W. K. Clifford]] ''(c. 1845-1879)''. Evidentialist.
* [[Charles Peirce]] ''(c. 1839-1914)''. [[Pragmatist]].
* [[Edward Caird]] ''(c. 1835-1908)''. Idealist.
* [[Ernst Mach]] ''(c. 1838-1916)''. Philosopher of science, influence on logical positivism.
* [[T.H. Green]] ''(c. 1836-1882)''. British idealist.
* [[Gottlob Frege]] ''(c. 1848-1925)''. Influential analytic philosopher.
* [[Wilhelm Dilthey]] ''(c. 1833-1911)''.
* [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] ''(c. 1844-1900)''. Naturalistic philosopher, influence on Existentialism.
* [[Charles Lutwidge Dodgson]] (Lewis Carroll) ''(c. 1832-1898)''.
* [[Bernard Bosanquet (philosopher)|Bernard Bosanquet]] ''(c. 1848-1923)''. Idealist.
* [[Giuseppe Peano]] ''(c. 1858-1932)''.
* [[Elizabeth Stanton]] ''(c. 1815-1902)''. Egalitarian.
* [[David George Ritchie]] ''(c. 1853–1903)''. Idealist.
* [[Émile Durkheim]] ''(c. 1858–1917)''. [[Social philosopher]].
* [[William James]] ''(c. 1842-1910)''. Pragmatist.
* [[Josiah Royce]] ''(c. 1855-1916)''. Idealist.
* [[F.H. Bradley]] ''(c. 1846-1924) ''. Idealist.
* [[Vilfredo Pareto]] ''(c. 1848-1923)''. [[Social philosopher]].
* [[Thorstein Veblen]] ''(c. 1857-1929)''. [[Social philosopher]].
* [[Sigmund Freud]] ''(c. 1856-1939)''. Creator of [[psychodynamic]] [[philosophy of mind]].
* [[Max Weber]] ''(c. 1864-1920)''. Social philosopher.
* [[Henri Bergson]] ''(c. 1859-1941)''.
* [[John Dewey]] ''(c. 1859-1952)''. [[Pragmatist]].
* [[Alexius Meinong]] ''(c. 1853-1920)''. Logical realist.
* [[Cook Wilson]].
* [[Henri Poincaré]] ''(c. 1854-1912)''.
* [[Pierre Duhem]] ''(c. 1861-1916)''.
* [[Edmund Husserl]] ''(c. 1859-1938)''. Founder of [[phenomenology]].
* [[Samuel Alexander]] ''(c. 1859-1938)''. Perceptual realist.
* [[Jane Addams]] ''(c. 1860-1935)''. [[Pragmatist]].
* [[Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison]] ''(c. 1856-1931)''.
* [[G.E. Moore]] ''(c. 1873-1958)''. Common sense theorist, ethical non-naturalist.
* [[Benedetto Croce]] ''(c. 1866-1952)''.
* [[Carl Jung]] ''(c. 1875-1961)''. Founded [[analytical psychology]].
* [[Emma Goldman]] ''(c. 1869-1940)''. [[Anarchist]].
* [[Hans Vaihinger]] ''(c. 1852-1933)''. Specialist in [[counterfactual]]s.
* [[Rosa Luxemburg]] ''(c. 1870-1919)''. [[Marxist]] political philosopher.
* [[Miguel de Unamuno]] ''(c. 1864-1936)''.
* [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] ''(c. 1857-1913)''. Linguistic [[structuralist]].
* [[J. M. E. McTaggart]] ''(c. 1866-1925)''. Idealist.
* [[George Herbert Mead]] ''(c. 1863-1931)''. [[Pragmatist]], [[symbolic interactionist]].
* [[Alfred North Whitehead]] ''(c. 1861-1947)''. [[Logician]].
* [[Martin Buber]] ''(c. 1878-1965)''. Jewish philosopher, [[existentialist]].
==== 1900-2000 CE ====
* [[George Santayana]] ''(c. 1863-1952)''. [[Pragmatist]], [[naturalist]]; known for many [[aphorisms]]
* [[Bertrand Russell]] ''(c. 1872-1970)''. [[Atheist]], [[socialist]], extremely influential
* [[Giovanni Gentile]] ''(c. 1875-1944)''. Idealist and [[Fascist]] philosopher
* [[Georg Lukács]] ''(c. 1885-1971)''. [[Marxist]] philosopher.
* [[C. D. Broad]] ''(c. 1887-1971)''.
* [[Arthur Oncken Lovejoy|A.O. Lovejoy]] ''(c. 1873-1962)''.
* [[W.D. Ross]] ''(c. 1877-1971)''. [[Deontologist]].
* [[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin]] ''(c. 1881-1955)''. Christian [[evolutionist]].
* [[Nikolai Berdyaev]] ''(c. 1874-1948)''. [[Existentialist]].
* [[Heidegger|Martin Heidegger]] ''(c. 1889-1976)''. Phenomenologist.
* [[Hans Kelsen]] ''(c. 1881-1973)''. [[Legal positivist]].
* [[Moritz Schlick]] ''(c. 1882-1936)''. Founder of [[Vienna Circle]], [[logical positivism]].
* [[Otto Neurath]] ''(c. 1882-1945)''. Member of [[Vienna Circle]].
* [[Frank P. Ramsey]] ''(c. 1903-1930)''. Proposed [[redundancy theory of truth]].
* [[Ernst Cassirer]] ''(c. 1874-1945)''.
* [[Nicolai Hartmann]] ''(c. 1882-1950)''.
* [[Karl Barth]] ''(c. 1886-1968)''.
* [[Kurt Gödel]] ''(c. 1906-1978)''. Vienna Circle.
* [[Ralph Barton Perry]] ''(c. 1876-1957)''.
* [[Antonio Gramsci]] ''(c. 1891-1937)''. [[Marxist]] philosopher.
* [[Roman Ingarden]] ''(c. 1893-1970)''. Perceptual realist, phenomenalist.
* [[C.I. Lewis]] ''(c. 1883-1964)''. Conceptual pragmatist.
* [[Gaston Bachelard]] ''(c. 1884-1962)''.
* [[A.J. Ayer]] ''(c. 1910-1989)''. Logical positivist, emotivist.
* [[Friedrich Waismann]] ''(c. 1896-1959)''. Vienna Circle. Logical positivist.
* [[Jacques Maritain]] ''(c. 1882-1973)''. Human rights theorist.
* [[José Ortega y Gasset]] ''(c. 1883-1955)''. Philosopher of History.
* [[Alfred Tarski]] ''(c. 1901-1983)''. Created T-Convention in semantics.
* [[Rudolf Carnap]] ''(c. 1891-1970''). Vienna Circle. Logical positivist.
* [[H.L.A. Hart]] ''(c. 1907-1992)''. [[Legal positivism]].
* [[W.V. Quine|Willard van Orman Quine]] ''(c. 1908-2000)''.
* [[Brand Blanshard]] ''(c. 1892-1987)''.
* [[E. Nagel]] ''(c. 1901-1985)''. Logical positivist.
* [[Karl Popper]] ''(c. 1902-1994)''. Falsificationist.
* [[Ernest Addison Moody]] ''(c. 1903-1975)''.
* [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] ''(c. 1905-1980)''. Humanism, [[existentialism]].
* [[Gilbert Ryle]] ''(c. 1900-1976)''.
* [[H.H. Price]].
* [[Susanne Langer]] ''(c. 1895-1985)''.
* [[Albert Camus]] ''(c. 1913-1960)''. [[Absurdism|Absurdist]].
* [[Mortimer Adler]] ''(c. 1902-2001)''.
* [[Karl Jaspers]] ''(c. 1883-1969)''. [[Existentialist]].
* [[C.L. Stevenson]] ''(c. 1908-1979)''.
* [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] ''(c. 1889-1951)''. Vienna Circle. Logical positivist.
* [[Theodor Adorno]] ''(c. 1903-1969)''. [[Frankfurt School]].
* [[Alan Turing]] ''(c. 1912-1954)''. Functionalist in philosophy of mind.
* [[H.A. Prichard]] ''(c. 1871-1947)''. Moral intuitionist.
* [[Gabriel Marcel]] ''(c. 1889-1973)''. Christian [[existentialist]].
* [[Herbert Marcuse]] (''1898-1979''). [[Frankfurt School]].
* [[Simone Weil]] ''(c. 1909-1943)''.
* [[Simone de Beauvoir]] ''(c. 1908-1986)''. [[Existentialist]], feminist.
* [[Frantz Fanon]] (''c. 1925-1961)''.
* [[John Howard Yoder]] ''(c. 1927-1997) ''. Pacifist.
* [[John Rawls]] (''1921-2002''). [[Liberalism|Liberal]].
* [[Robert Nozick]] (''1938-2002''). [[Libertarianism|Libertarian]].
* [[Richard Rorty]] (''1931-2007''). [[Pragmatism]], [[Postanalytic philosophy]].
* [[Jacques Derrida]] (''1930-2004''). [[Deconstruction]].
* [[Michel Foucault]] (''1926-1984''). [[Structuralism]], [[Post-structuralism]], [[Postmodernism]].
== See also ==
* From this point in time forward, see [[Contemporary philosophy]].
* [[Category:21st century philosophers]]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:21st_century_philosophers
== References ==
* {{cite journal|title=Timeline of Western Philosophers|author=Kemerling, Garth|date=2002}} http://www.philosophypages.com
* {{cite journal|title=Chronological List of Western Philosophers|author=LaFave, Sandra|date=2006}} http://instruct.westvalley.edu/lafave/CRONLIST.htm
* {{cite book|title=Wisdom of the West|author=Russell, Bertrand|date=MCMLIX|publisher=Rathbone Books, Ltd.|location=London}}
== External links ==
*[http://jewishintellectualtimeline.com/ Jewish Intellectual Timeline], a parallel history of Jewish and non-Jewish intellectual ideas
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[[Category:Timelines of philosophers|Western philosophers]]
[[Category:Philosophy-related lists]]
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[[ro:Linie temporală a filozofilor occidentali]]