Timeline of entomology - post 1900 3100121 222772605 2008-07-01T01:13:46Z 68.125.57.92 [[Image:Finlay Carlos 1833-1915.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Juan Carlos Finlay]] [[1900]] *[[Walter Reed]], a [[United States Army]] major, was appointed president of a board "to study infectious diseases in [[Cuba]] paying particular attention to yellow fever." He concurred with [[Carlos Finlay]] in idenitifying [[mosquitoes]] as the agent. *[[Ignacio Bolívar|Ignacio Bolívar y Urrutia]] publishes ''y Catálogo sinóptico de los ortópteros de la fauna ibérica''. *[[Kálmán Kertész]] , [[Mario Bezzi]], [[Paul Stein (entomologist)]] and [[Theodor Becker]] published the first part of a [[Palaearctic]] Catalogue of Diptera ''Katalog der Paläarktischen dipteren'' in Budapest. [[1901]] * [[William Francis de Vismes Kane]] ''A catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ireland''-the third (and first comprehensive) catalogue of the Irish macrolepidoptera. *[[Augustus Daniel Imms]] ''General textbook of Entomology'' published. 10th revised edition (1977) still one of the most widely used of all insect texts. *[[Thomas Hunt Morgan]] is the first to conduct genetic research with the fruit fly ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]''. In the Fly Room at [[Columbia University]]. [[1902]] *[[Ronald Ross]] gained [[Nobel Prize for Medicine]] for his discovery that [[malaria]] is carried by mosquitoes.The awarding committee made special mention of the work of [[Giovanni Battista Grassi]] on the life history of the [[Plasmodium]] parasite. *[[Charles W. Woodworth]] ''A List of the Insects of California'' published. *[[Philogene Auguste Galilee Wytsman]] started ''Genera Insectorum'' , a multi-authored series that consisted of 219 issues, the last occurring in 1970. *[[Otto Schmiedeknecht]]''Opuscula Ichneumonologica''. Blankenburg. *[[William Morton Wheeler]] appointed curator of invertebrate zoology in the [[American Museum of Natural History]] , New York [[1905]] *[[Adolfo Lutz]] Beitraege zur Kenntniss der brasilianischen Tabaniden. ''Rev. Soc. Sci. São Paulo'' 1: 19-32, published *[[Raphaël Blanchard]] ''Les moustiques. Histoire naturelle et médicale'' Paris, F.R. de Rudeval, published. [[1906]] *[[Adalbert Seitz]] , ''Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde'' commenced. This vast work on [[Lepidoptera]] was published in German, English and French. It contained colour plates of all important species. [[1907]] *[[William Lundbeck]] ''Diptera Danica. Genera and species of flies Hitherto found in Denmark'' commenced. *[[Herbert Druce]] On Neotropical Lycaenidae, with Descriptions of New Species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. *[[Henry Christopher McCook]] ''Nature's Craftsmen: Popular Studies of Ants and Other Insects''. *[[Lajos Abafi]] ''Magyarország lepkéi'' (butterflies of Hungary)1907 [[1908]] *[[Edmund Reitter]] ''Fauna Germanica - Die Käfer des Deutschen Reiches''commenced. This five volume masterwork remains in use today, almost 100 years from its inception. [[1909]] *[[George Henry Verrall]] ''Stratiomyidae and succeeding families of the Diptera Brachycera of Great Britain''- ''British flies'' published. *[[Carlos Chagas]] observed the peculiar infestation of rural houses in [[Brazil]] with [[Triatoma]], a "kissing" bug, later demonstrating that it was the vector of ''Trypanosoma cruzi'', and he was able to prove experimentally that it could be transmitted to [[marmoset]] monkeys that were bitten by the infected bug. His description of the new disease was to become a classic in medicine and brought him domestic and international distinction. *[[Charles Nicolle]] reasoned that it was most likely [[lice]] that were the vector for [[epidemic typhus]].He tested his theory by infecting a [[chimpanzee]] with typhus, retrieving the lice from it, and placing it on a healthy chimpanzee. Within 10 days the second chimpanzee had typhus as well. [[Antonio Berlese]] Volume I of ''Gli insetti loro organizzazione, sviluppo, abitudini e rapporti con l’uomo'' (Volume 2 1925). *[[Arnold Pagenstecher]] ''Die geographische Verbreitung der Schmetterlinge''published in [[Jena]].. *Foundation of ''Journal of Entomology'' by [[Charles Fuller Baker]], one of the first revues of [[economic entomology]]. [[1910]] *[[Gilbert John Arrow]] published the first volume of [[Fauna of British India]]: Lamellicornia 1. Cetoniinae and Dynastinae. Arrow wrote five volumes of this classic work. *[[Hans Ferdinand Emil Julius Stichel]] Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. Fam. Riodinidae.published in J. Wytsman ''Genera Insectorum'' 112A completed 1911). *[[Hans Fruhstorfer]] published Family Pieridae in [[Adalbert Seitz]] ''' Macrolepidoptera of the world'' [[1912]] * [[Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius]] wrote Part 39 of ''Catalogus Coleopterorum'' [[Cerambycidae]]: Cerambycinae (1912). Aurivillius worked on world insects. [[1913]] [[Image:Wytsman.Genera.Insectorum.Buprestidae.01.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Plate from Wytsman.Genera.Insectorum.Buprestidae]] *[[Charles Paul Alexander]] ''A synopsis of part of the Neotropical Crane-flies of the subfamily Limnobinae (Tipulidae''). *[[Erwin Lindner]] joined the State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart. *[[Otto Kröber]] Therevidae.''Genera.Ins'' published. [[1914]] * [[Friedrich Georg Hendel]] Die Arten der Platystominen. ''Abh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien'' 8 (1): 1-409, 4 pls. published * [[Filippo Silvestri]] Contribuzione alla conoscenza dei Termitidi e Termitofili dell'Africa occidentale. ''Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia General e Agraria'', Portici. [[1915]] * [[Nathan Banks]]'' A Treatise on the Acarina, Or Mites'' the first comprehensive English handbook on [[mites]]. [[1916]] * The [[Japanese Beetle]], [[Popillia japonica]], was first discovered in the United States in [[Riverton, New Jersey]] during mid-August, 1916. [[1920]] * [[Alfred Kinsey]] became Professor of Entomology at [[Indiana University Bloomington]]. * [[Ernst Jünger]] publishes In ''Stahlgewittern'', The Storm of Steel. * [[Enrico Adelelmo Brunetti]] ''Fauna of British India'' Diptera 1. Brachycera published. * [[Charles Thomas Brues]] ''Insects and Human Welfare'' published. [[1921]] * [[Günther Enderlein]] Über die phyletisch älteren Stratiomyiidensubfamilien (Xylophaginae, Chiromyzinae, Solvinae, Beridinae und Coenomyiinae). ''Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl.'' 10: 150-214 published. [[1923]] *[[Auguste-Henri Forel]] publishes a [[myrmecology|myrmecological]] 5-volume magnum opus, Le Monde Social des Forimis [[1924]] *[[Frederick William Frohawk]] 's ''Natural History of British Butterflies'' published. [[Image:Charles W. Woodworth reading.jpg|thumb|right|Charles W. Woodworth.]] [[1925]] *[[Frank M. Carpenter]] begins work on the [[Elmo, Kansas|Elmo]] [[Permian]] fossil fauna. * [[Josef Fahringer]] ''Opuscula braconolocica'' (4 parts, finished 1937) begun. [[1927]] *[[Ronald A. Senior-White]] and [[Robert Knowles (entomologist)]] ''Malaria: Its Investigation and Control, with Special Reference to Indian Conditions''. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co published. *[[José María Hugo de la Fuente Morales]]Tablas analíticas para la clasificación de los coleópteros de la Península Ibérica. [[Barcelona]] Imprenta Altés, published. *[[Zeno Payne Metcalf]] commenced (as overall editor and author of the Homoptera sections.''General catalogue of the Hemiptera''. Completed 1971. [[1928]] *[[Jan Noskiewicz]] with [[G. Poluszynski]] Embryologische Untersuchungen an Strepsipteren. I. Teil: Embryogenesis der Gattung Stylops Kirby. ''Akad. Umiejetnosci''.. *[[Leopold III of Belgium]] a keen amateur entomologist collects in the [[Dutch East Indies]](1929-1929) *[[Guido Grandi (entomologist)|Guido Grandi]] founded the Institute of Entomology at the [[University of Bologna]] (l'Istituto di Entomologia dell'Università di Bologna). *World’s oldest known [[insect]] , ''[[Rhyniognatha hirsti]]'' named by [[Robert John Tillyard]]. *[[Alexander Kirilow Drenowski]] The Lepidoptera fauna on the high mountains of Bulgaria ''Sbornik bulg. Akad. Nauk''. 23: 1-120, 1 map, published. [[1930]] *[[Camillo Acqua]] ''Il bombice del Gelso:Nello stato normale e patologico nella tecnica dell'allevamento e della riproduzione. (Industria della preparazione del seme Bachi)''-Enc. tela. Casa Ed. di Giuseppe Cesari,published. This was an important contribution to the literature on [[sericulture]]. [[1931]] *[[Georg Hermann Alexander Ochs]] publishes ''Über die Gyriniden-Ausbeute der Deutschen Limnologischen Sunda-Expedition mit einer Übersicht über die Gyriniden-Fauna Javas und Larvenbeschreibungen''. *[[Shonen Matsumura]] 6,000 illustrated Insects of [[Empire of Japan|Japan-Empire]]. [[1932]] *[[A Practical Handbook of British Beetles]] by [[Norman H. Joy]] published by Witherby. *[[Alfred Balachowsky]] ''Étude biologique des coccides du bassin occidental de la Méditerranée'' published in Paris by Lechevalier and Fils. [[1934]] *[[René Malaise]] invents the [[Malaise trap]]. *[[Vincent B. Wigglesworth]], the "Father" of Insect Physiology, wrote the first book on insect phsyiology, ''The Principles of Insect Physiology''. *[[Antoni Władysław Jakubski]] ''Czerwiec polski'' "Polish cochineal". Monograph on the [[Polish cochineal]]. [[1935]] *[[Gerhard Schrader]] discovers the powerful [[insecticide]]s called [[organophosphate]]s *[[Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild|Walter Rothschild]] gives his insect collection, one of the world's largest collections of [[Lepidoptera]] to the [[Natural History Museum]]. [[1936]] *The [[Natural History Museum|Natural History Museum, London]] acquires the [[James John Joicey]] collection of Lepidoptera. [[1938]] *[[Lucien Chopard]] ''La biologie des orthoptères'' (Paul Lechevalier, Paris). *[[Ângelo Moreira da Costa Lima]] commenced ''Insetos do [[Brazil|Brasil]], v. 1-11''.Completed 1960. [[1940]] *[[Vladimir Nabokov]] begins organizing the butterfly collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at [[Harvard University]]. *[[Ruggero Verity]] commenced ''Farfalle,in English Butterflies, of Italia '' (five volumes, 1940-1953). *[[René Jeannel]] ''Faune cavernicole de la France'', in English The Fauna of the Caves of France, published. [[1941]] *[[Zoltán Szilády]] A magyar birodalom legyeinek szinopszisa. VI. Talpaslegyek, Clythidae ([[Platypezidae]]); VIII. [[Lauxaniidae]] [Synopsis of the flies of the Hungarian empire]. [[1942]] *[[Woodhouse, L. G. O.]] & [[George Morrison Reid Henry]]. ''The Butterfly Fauna of Ceylon''. Government Record Office, Colombo [[1943]] *[[André Badonnel]] ''Faune de France. Psocoptères''. Paris. Paul Lechevalier 1943. [[1945]] *[[Edmund Brisco Ford]] ''Butterflies'' published . Seminal introduction to the study of butterflies and their genetics. *[[Cynthia Longfield]] The Odonata of South [[Angola]].'' Arquivos do Museu Bocage'', 16, Lisboa. [[1946]] *[[Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique]] founded. [[1947]] *[[Carlo Alonza]] became director of the Muséum de Gênes. [[1949]] *[[Pierre-Paul Grassé]] ed. [[Traite de Zoologie]] Tome IX. Insectes. Paris, 1949. 1118 p. [[1950]] *[[Maynard Jack Ramsay]] becomes Port Entomologist on [[Staten Island]]. *[[Mahadeva Subramania Mani]] founded the School of Entomology at [[Agra]], India. [[1951]] *Work on [[Sterile insect technique]] begun by American entomologists [[Raymond Bushland]] and [[Edward Knipling]]. For their achievement, they jointly received the 1992 [[World Food Prize]]. *[[Sakae Tamura (nature photographer)|Sakae Tamura]] ''Konchū no seitai: Raika shashinshū'' (昆虫の生態:ライカ写眞集) or Closeups on Insects. Tokyo: Seibundo-Shinkosha *[[Torkel Weis-Fogh]] pioneered studies of insect flight with [[August Krogh]]. [[1952]] *[[Bernard Kettlewell]] begins research into the influence of industrial melanism on natural selection in moths. [[1953]] *[[Willi Hennig]] publishes ''Grundzüge einer Theorie der phylogenetischen Systematik''in [[Berlin]]. This was followed by ''Kritische Bemerkungen zum phylogenetischen System der Insekten''in 1953 and Phylogenetic Systematics in 1966. In these works Hennig founded [[cladistics]]. *[[Sydney Skaife]] ''African Insect Life'' published. [[1954]] *[[Grigorij Jakovlevitsch Bey-Bienko]] ''Insecta: Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae. Fauna SSSR''. [[1955]] *World programme for [[malaria]] eradication begins. Finally abandoned [[1969]]. *[[Roy Albert Crowson]]'s ''The natural classification of the families of Coleoptera'' is published. This is a classic monograph. [[1957]] [[Clodoveo Carrión Mora]] died in Ecuador. Mora was a leading figure entomology of 20th century entomology in South America. [[Image:Clodoveo Carrión.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Clodoveo Carrión Mora in 1925]] [[1960]] *[[Czesław Bieżanko]] publishes ''Álbum iconográfico dos Lepidópteros coletados por Biezanko. Papilionidae''. *[[Marta Grandi]] ''Ephemeroidea''. ''Fauna d'Italia'' [[1961]]&ndash;65 *Genetic code is cracked. DNA was discovered by [[Friedrich Miescher]] in [[1868]], recognized as the bearer of genetic information in [[1943]] and revealed as a double helix by [[Rosalind Franklin]] in [[1952]]. This leads to radical revision of the higher taxonomy of the Insecta. [[Image:DNA123.png|thumb|right|125px|Space-filling model of a section of DNA molecule.]] [[1964]] *Morris Rockstein’s edited series&mdash;3 vols.&mdash;''The Physiology of Insecta'' *[[Takashi Shirozu]] ''Butterflies of Japan Illustrated in Colour'' published in Tokyo by Hokuryu-kan. [[1965]] *[[Nikolaj Sergejevitsch Borchsenius]] Essay on the classification of the armoured scale insects (Homoptera, [[ Coccoidea]] , Diaspididae). (In Russian.) ''Entomologicheskoe Obozrenye'' 44: 208-214. [[1966]] *First international [[IUCN Red List|Red Lists]] of endangered species were published. [[1967]] *[[Richard E. Blackwelder]] ''Taxonomy: a Text and Reference Book'' John. Wiley and Sons, New York, published. [[1968]] *[[David Allan Young]] ''Taxonomic Study of the Cicadellinae (Homoptera: [[Cicadellidae]]'') commenced. Finished 1986. [[1969]] *Reg Chapman’s textbook appears&mdash;''The Insects-Structure and Function''. American Elsevier, N.Y. *[[International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology]] established. [[1971]] *[[Maximilian Fischer]] ''Index of [[Entomophagous]] Insects''. Le Francois, Paris. [[1973]] *[[Karl von Frisch]] awarded [[Nobel Prize]] for pioneering work on insect behaviour. [[Warwick Estevam Kerr]] Evolution of the population structure in bees. ''Genetics'' 79: 73–84. [[1976]] *[[Anastase Alfieri]] ''The Coleoptera of Egypt'' published. [[1981]] *Robert Michael Pyle published The [[National Audubon Society]] ''Field Guide to North American Butterflies''. Knopf. [[1984]] *[[Árpád Soós]] and [[Lazlo Papp]] begin editing ''Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera''.1984 - 1992. *[[Justin O. Schmidt]] publishes first paper on the [[Schmidt Sting Pain Index]]. [[1985]] *[[Murray S. Blum]] ''Fundamentals of Insect Physiology''. New York: Wiley, 1985. *[[Gerald A. Kerkut]] and L. I. Gilbert ''Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry & Pharmacology''. [[1987]] *[[Stephen Taber III]] ''Breeding Super Bee''. Ohio: AI Root Co, 1987. [[1989]] *[[Forensic entomology|Forensic entomologist]] [[Mark Benecke]] joins the [[punk rock]] band "Die Blonden Burschen" , The Blonde Boys. Many past entomologists were also musical. [[1990]] *Hölldobler B. and [[E. O. Wilson]] publish ''The [[Ants]]'' *Low cost [[Scanning electron microscope]] came into general use [[Image:Golden insect 01 Pengo.jpg|thumb|230px|An insect coated in gold, having been prepared for viewing with a scanning electron microscope.]] [[1991]] * Naumann, I. D., P. B. Carne, J. F. Lawrence, E. S. Nielsen, J. P. Spradberry, R. W. Taylor, M. J. Whitten and M. J. Littlejohn, eds. The Insects of Australia: A Textbook for Students and Research Workers. Volume I and II. Second Edition. Carlton, Victoria, Melbourne University Press. [[1993]] *Edward Grumbine, ''Ghost Bears: Exploring the Biodiversity Crisis'' reflects growing concerns. Insects are major indicators of environmental destruction and impending mass extinction. [[1994]] * Hoy, M. ''Insect molecular genetics''. An introduction to principles and applications. * [[Vladimir Nikolayevich Beklemiwev]] Методология систематики (Methodology of systematics).KMK Scientific Press Ltd. [[1995]] *[[Yuri Petrovich Korshunov]] and [[Pavel Yunievich Gorbunov]] ''Butterflies of the Urals, Siberia and Far East'' published. [[1996]] *[[Microcosmos]] released in France. [[1997]] *[[Perry Adkisson]] receives [[World Food Prize]] for his work on [[Integrated Pest Management]]. [[1998]] *[[Paul R. Ehrlich]] publishes ''Betrayal of Science and Reason: How Anti-Environment Rhetoric Threatens Our Future'' (1998, co-authored with his wife) *[[Phylocode]] proposed following a meeting at [[Harvard University]]. [[1999]] *[[Ebbe Schmidt Nielsen]] instrumental in setting up the [[Global Biodiversity Information Facility]] [[2000]] *[[Loïc Matile]] ''Diptères d'Europe Occidentale'' Tomes 1 and 2 ''Atlas d'Entomologie''.Editions N. Boubée.Paris. [[2001]] *First volume of [[American Beetles]] published.[[Ross H. Arnett, Jr.]] and [[Michael C. Thomas]]. <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Beetles-1.jpg|right|thumb]] --> [[2002]] [[Alex Rasnitsyn]] with [[D.L.J. Quicke]] ''History of Insects''. Kluwer Academic Publishers. [[2004]] *Gilbert, L.I. (ed.). 2004. ''Comprehensive molecular insect science'', 7 vols. Elsevier Pergamon, published in St. Louis *A paper in ''[[Science]]'' found that [[Culex pipiens]] mosquitoes existed in two populations in Europe, one which bites birds and one which bites humans. In North America 40% of Culex pipiens were found to be hybrids of the two types which bite both birds and humans, providing a vector for [[West Nile virus]]. This is thought to provide an explanation of why the West Nile disease has spread more quickly in North America than Europe. [[2005]] * The [[Insect Biocontrol Laboratory]] at the [[Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center]] in the United States develops [[DNA fingerprinting]] tools that match hard-to-identify [[larva]]e to adults that have been positively identified. *[[Michael S. Engel]] and [[David Grimaldi]] ''Evolution of the Insects'' published. ==See also== *[[Timeline of entomology]] &mdash; for a list of other available time periods *[[List of entomologists]] [[Category:Entomology]] [[Category:Zoology timelines|Entomology post 1900]]