Timeline of immunology 5138800 210074782 2008-05-04T09:31:37Z Kpjas 11 minor corrections Timeline of immunology: * [[1798]] - First demonsration of vaccination [[smallpox]] [[vaccination]] ([[Edward Jenner]]) * [[1837]] - First description of the role of microbes in putrefaction and fermentation ([[Theodore Schwann]]) * [[1838]] - Confirmation of the role of yeast in fermentation of sugar to alcohol ([[Charles Cagniard-Latour]]) * [[1840]] - First "modern" proposal of the germ theory of disease ([[Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle|Jakob Henle]]) * [[1850]] - Demonstration of the contagious nature of puerperal fever (childbed fever) ([[Ignaz Semmelweis]]) * [[1857]]-1870 - Confirmation of the role of microbes in fermentation ([[Louis Pasteur]]) * [[1862]] - [[phagocytosis]] ([[Ernst Haeckel]]) * [[1867]] - First aseptic practice in surgery using carbolic acid ([[Joseph Lister]]) * [[1876]] - First demonstration that microbes can cause disease-anthrax ([[Robert Koch]]) * [[1877]] - [[Mast cell]]s ([[Paul Ehrlich]]) * [[1878]] - Confirmation and popularization of the germ theory of disease ([[Louis Pasteur]]) * [[1880]] - 1881 -Theory that bacterial virulence could be attenuated by culture in vitro and used as vaccines. Proposed that live attenuated microbes produced immunity by depleting host of vital trace nutrients. Used to make chicken cholera and anthrax "vaccines" ([[Louis Pasteur]]) * [[1883]] - 1905 - Cellular theory of immunity via phagocytosis by macrophages and microphages (polymorhonuclear leukocytes) ([[Elie Metchnikoff]]) * [[1885]] - Introduction of concept of a "therapeutic vaccination". First report of a live "attenuated" vaccine for rabies ([[Louis Pasteur]]). * [[1888]] - Identification of bacterial toxins (diphtheria bacillus) ([[Pierre Roux]] and [[Alexandre Yersin]]) * [[1888]] - Bactericidal action of blood ([[George Nuttall]]) * [[1890]] - Demonstration of antibody activity against diphtheria and tetanus toxins. Beginning of humoral theory of immunity. ([[Emil von Behring]]) and ([[Shibasaburo Kitasato]]) * [[1891]] - Demonstration of cutaneous (delayed type) hypersensitivity ([[Robert Koch]]) * [[1893]] - Use of live bacteria and bacterial lysates to treat tumors-"Coley's Toxins" ([[William B. Coley]]) * [[1894]] - Bacteriolysis ([[Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer|Richard Pfeiffer]]) * [[1900]] - [[Antibody]] formation theory ([[Paul Ehrlich]]) * [[1901]] - [[blood groups]] ([[Karl Landsteiner]]) * [[1902]] - Immediate hypersensitivity [[anaphylaxis]] ([[Paul Portier]]) and ([[Charles Robert Richet|Charles Richet]]) * [[1903]] - Intermediate hypersensitivity, the "Arthus reaction" ([[Maurice Arthus]]) * [[1903]] - [[Opsonization]] * [[1905]] - "Serum sickness" [[allergy]] ([[Clemens von Pirquet]] and ([[Bela Schick]]) * [[1911]] - 2nd demonstration of filterable agent that caused tumors ([[Peyton Rous]]) * [[1917]] - [[hapten]] ([[Karl Landsteiner]]) * [[1921]] - Cutaneous allergic reactions ([[Carl Prausnitz]] and [[Heinz Küstner]]) * [[1924]] - [[Reticuloendothelial system]] * [[1938]] - [[Antigen]]-Antibody binding hypothesis ([[John Marrack]]) * [[1940]] - Identification of the [[Rh antigen]]s ([[Karl Landsteiner]] and [[Alexander Weiner]]) * [[1942]] - [[Anaphylaxis]] ([[Karl Landsteiner]] and [[Merill Chase]]) * [[1942]] - [[Adjuvant]]s ([[Jules Freund]] and [[Katherine McDermott]]) * [[1944]] - hypothesis of [[allograft]] rejection * [[1946]] - identification of mouse [[Major_histocompatibility_complex|MHC]] (H2) by George Snell and Peter A. Gorer * [[1948]] - antibody production in plasma [[B cell]]s * [[1949]] - growth of polio virus in tissue culture, neutralization with immune sera, and demonstration of attenuation of neurovirulence with repetitive passage ([[John Enders]]) and ([[Thomas Weller]]) and ([[Frederick Robbins]]) * [[1949]] - immunological tolerance hypothesis * [[1951]] - vaccine against [[yellow fever]] * [[1953]] - [[Graft-versus-host disease]] * [[1953]] - [[immunological tolerance]] hypothesis * [[1957]] - [[Clonal selection theory]] ([[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]]) * [[1957]] - Discovery of [[interferon]] * [[1958]]-1962 - Discovery of human leukocyte antigens * [[1959]]-1962 - Discovery of antibody structure * [[1959]] - Discovery of [[lymphocyte]] circulation ([[James Gowans]]) * [[1960]] - Discovery of lymphocyte "blastogenic transformation" and proliferation in response to mitogenic lectins-phytohemagglutinin (PHA) ([[Peter Nowell]]) * [[1961]]-1962 Discovery of [[thymus]] involvement in [[cellular immunity]] ([[Jacques Miller]]) * [[1961]]- Demonstration that glucocorticoids inhibit PHA-induced lymphocyte proliferation ([[Peter Nowell]]) * [[1963]] - Development of the plaque assay for the enumeration of antibody-forming cells in vitro ([[Niels Kaj Jerne|Niels Jerne]]) ([[Albert Nordin]]) * [[1964]]-1968 T and B cell cooperation in immune response * [[1965]] - Discovery of the first lymphocyte mitogenic activity, "blastogenic factor" ([[Shinpei Kamakura]]) and ([[Louis Lowenstein]]) ([[J. Gordon]]) and ([[L.D. MacLean]]) * [[1965]] - Discovery of "immune interferon" (gamma interferon) ([[E.F. Wheelock]]) * [[1965]] - Secretory [[immunoglobulin]]s * [[1967]] - Identification of [[IgE]] as the reaginic antibody ([[Kimishige Ishizaka]]) * [[1968]] - Passenger leukocytes identified as significant immunogens in allograft rejection ([[William L. Elkins]] and [[Ronald D. Guttmann]]) * [[1969]] - The lymphocyte cytolysis Cr51 release assay ([[Theodore Brunner]]) and ([[Jean-Charles Cerottini]]) * [[1971]] - Peter Perlmann and [[Eva Engvall]] at [[Stockholm University]] invented [[ELISA]] * [[1972]] - Structure of the antibody molecule * [[1974]] - T-cell restriction to [[MHC|major histocompatibility complex]] ([[Rolf Zinkernagel]] and ([[Peter Doherty]]) * [[1975]] - Generation of the first [[monoclonal antibodies]] ([[Georges Köhler]]) and ([[César Milstein]]) * [[1976]] - Identification of somatic recombination of [[immunoglobulin]] genes ([[Susumu Tonegawa]]) * [[1979]] - Generation of the first monoclonal T cells ([[Kendall A. Smith]]) * [[1980]]-1983 - Discovery and characterization of the first interleukins, 1 and 2 [[IL-1]] [[IL-2]] ([[Kendall A. Smith]]) * [[1981]] - Disovery of the IL-2 receptor [[IL2R]] ([[Kendall A. Smith]]) * [[1983]] - Discovery of the T cell antigen receptor [[TCR]] ([[Ellis Reinherz]]) ([[Philippa Marrack]]) and ([[John Kappler]]) ([[James Allison]]) * [[1983]] - Discovery of [[HIV]] ([[Luc Montagnier]]) * [[1984]] - The first single cell analysis of lymphocyte proliferation ([[Doreen Cantrell]]) and ([[Kendall A. Smith]]) * [[1985]]-1987 - Identification of genes for the T cell receptor * [[1986]] - [[Hepatitis B]] vaccine produced by [[genetic engineering]] * [[1986]] - Th1 vs Th2 model of [[T helper cell]] function ([[Timothy Mosmann]]) * [[1988]] - Discovery of biochemical initiators of T-cell activation: CD4- and CD8-p56lck complexes ([[Christopher E. Rudd]]) * [[1990]] - [[Gene therapy]] for [[Severe_combined_immunodeficiency|SCID]] * [[1994]] - 'Danger' model of [[immunological tolerance]] ([[Polly Matzinger]]) * [[1995]] - Regulatory T cells ([[Shimon Sakaguchi]]) * [[1996]]-1998 - Identification of [[Toll-like receptor]]s * [[2001]] - Discovery of [[FOXP3]] - the gene directing [[regulatory T cell]] development * [[2005]] - Development of [[human papillomavirus]] vaccine ([[Ian Frazer]]) {{History of biology}} [[category:Immunology| ]] [[Category:History of biology]]