Timeline of psychology 3129664 221603033 2008-06-25T06:52:09Z 1000Faces 2599427 See also section, cleaning up intro which was quite bad This article is a compiled '''timeline of psychology'''. A more general description of the development of the subject of [[psychology]] can be found in the [[history of psychology]] article. A more specific review of important events in the development of [[psychotherapy|talk therapy]] can be found in the [[timeline of psychotherapy]] article. ==Early history== * ca [[1550 BC]] - the [[Ebers papyrus]] briefly mentioned [[clinical depression]]. * ca [[350 BC]] - [[Aristotle]] writes on the ''psuchê'' in '''[[De Anima]]'''. * ca [[100 BC]] - the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] noted the division of human nature into two temperaments. * [[705]] - The first [[psychiatric hospital]]s and insane asylums were set up by [[Islamic medicine|Muslim physicians]] in [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]].<ref name=Syed>Ibrahim B. Syed PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", ''Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'', 2002 (2): 2-9 [7-8]</ref> * ca [[750]] - Psychiatric hospitals were introduced to [[Fes]], [[Morocco]].<ref name=Syed/> * [[800]] - Psychiatric hospitals were introduced to [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]].<ref name=Syed/> * ca [[850]] - [[Al-Kindi]] (Alkindus) developed the use of [[psychotherapy]] and [[music therapy]] in treating mentally ill patients.<ref name=Saoud>{{cite web |url=http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Music2.pdf |title=The Arab Contribution to the Music of the Western World |accessdate=2007-01-12 |format=PDF |author= Saoud, R}}</ref> * ca [[850]] - [[Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari]] developed the idea of using [[clinical psychiatry]] to treat mentally ill patients.<ref name=Amber>Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", ''Journal of Religion and Health'' '''43''' (4): 357-377 [361]</ref> * ca [[900]] - The concepts of [[mental health]] or "mental hygiene" were introduced by [[Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi]]. He also recognized that illnesses can have both psychological and/or physiological causes.<ref name=Talib>Nurdeen Deuraseh and Mansor Abu Talib (2005), "Mental health in Islamic medical tradition", ''The International Medical Journal'' '''4''' (2), p. 76-79.</ref> * ca [[900]] - A form of [[psychotherapy]] was developed by [[al-Razi]] (Rhazes), who was at one time the chief physician of the [[Baghdad]] hospital.<ref name=Syed/> He first recognized the concept of "psychotherapy" and referred to it as ''al-‘ilaj al-[[nafs]]''.<ref>{{Citation |first=Amber |last=Haque |year=2004 |title=Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists |journal=Journal of Religion and Health |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=357-377 [376]}}</ref> * [[1021]] - [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhazen) began to carry out [[experiment]]s in areas related to body and the ''[[nafs]]''. In his ''[[Book of Optics]]'', for example, he examined [[visual perception]] and what we now call [[sensation]], including variations in [[sensitivity]], sensation of [[touch]], [[perception]] of colors, perception of [[darkness]], the psychological explanation of the [[moon illusion]], and [[binocular vision]].<ref name=Khaleefa>Omar Khaleefa (Summer 1999). "Who Is the Founder of Psychophysics and Experimental Psychology?", ''American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences'' '''16''' (2).</ref><ref name=Steffens>Bradley Steffens (2006). ''Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist'', Chapter 5. Morgan Reynolds Publishing. ISBN 1599350246.</ref> * [[1025]] - In ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'', [[Avicenna]] recognized '[[physiological psychology]]' in the treatment of illnesses involving [[emotion]]s, and developed a system for associating changes in the [[pulse]] rate with inner feelings, which is seen as an anticipation of the [[word association]] test.<ref name=Syed-7>Ibrahim B. Syed PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", ''Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'', 2002 (2), p. 2-9 [7].</ref> He also described a number of [[Neuropsychiatry|neuropsychiatric]] conditions, including [[hallucination]], [[insomnia]], [[mania]], [[nightmare]], [[melancholia]], [[dementia]], [[epilepsy]], [[paralysis]], [[stroke]], [[Vertigo (medical)|vertigo]] and [[tremor]].<ref>S Safavi-Abbasi, LBC Brasiliense, RK Workman (2007), "The fate of medical knowledge and the neurosciences during the time of Genghis Khan and the Mongolian Empire", ''Neurosurgical Focus'' '''23''' (1), E13, p. 3.</ref> * ca [[1030]] - [[Al-Biruni]] employed an [[experiment]]al method in examining the concept of [[reaction time]].<ref>[[Muhammad Iqbal]], ''[[The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam]]'', "The Spirit of Muslim Culture" ([[cf.]] [http://www.allamaiqbal.com/works/prose/english/reconstruction] and [http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/MI_RRTI/chapter_05.htm])</ref> * ca [[1150]] - [[Ibn Zuhr]] (Avenzoar) gave the first accurate descriptions on certain [[neurological]] disorders such as [[meningitis]], intracranial [[thrombophlebitis]], and [[mediastinal germ cell tumor]]s.<ref name=Araguz>Martin-Araguz, A.; Bustamante-Martinez, C.; Fernandez-Armayor, Ajo V.; Moreno-Martinez, J. M. (2002). "Neuroscience in al-Andalus and its influence on medieval scholastic medicine", ''Revista de neurología'' '''34''' (9), p. 877-892.</ref> * ca [[1150]] - [[Averroes]] suggested the existence of [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref name=Araguz/> *ca. [[1200]] - [[Maimonides]] wrote about [[neuropsychiatric]] disorders and described [[rabies]] and [[Deadly nightshade|belladonna]] intoxication.<ref name=Araguz/> *[[1270]] - Famous psychiatric hospitals were built in [[Damascus]] and [[Aleppo]] in [[Syria]].<ref name=Syed/> * [[1590]] - Scholastic philosopher [[Rudolph Goclenius]] used the term ''psychology''. Though often regarded as the "origin" of the term, there is conclusive evidence that it was used at least six decades earlier by [[Marko Marulić]]. * [[1672]] - in [[Thomas Willis]]' anatomical treatise "De Anima Brutorum", psychology was described in terms of brain function. ==Nineteenth century== ===1840s=== * [[1844]] - [[Søren Kierkegaard]] published ''[[The Concept of Anxiety]]'', the first exposition on [[anxiety]]. * [[1849]] - Søren Kierkegaard published ''[[The Sickness Unto Death]]'' ===1860s=== * [[1860]] - [[Gustav Theodor Fechner]] wrote ''Elements of Psychophysics'', establishing the subject of [[psychophysics]]. * [[1861]] - [[Paul Broca]] discovered an area in the left [[cerebral hemisphere]] that is important for speech production (now known as [[Broca's area]]), marking the start of [[neuropsychology]]. ===1870s=== * [[1874]] - Wilhelm Wundt published his ''[[Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie]]'' (''Principles of Physiological Psychology''), the first textbook of experimental psychology. * [[ca. 1875]] - William James opened the first experimental psychology laboratory in the United States, though it was intended for classroom demonstration rather than original research. * [[1878]] - [[G. Stanley Hall]] was awarded the first PhD on a psychological topic from Harvard (in philosophy). * [[1879]] - [[Wilhelm Wundt]] opened the first experimental psychology laboratory at the [[University of Leipzig]] in [[Germany]]. ===1880s=== * [[1883]] - [[G. Stanley Hall]] opened the first American experimental psychology research laboratory at Johns Hopkins University. * [[1885]] - [[Hermann Ebbinghaus]] published ''Über das Gedächtnis'', a groundbreaking work where Ebbinghaus describes experiments on himself. * [[1886]] - [[Sigmund Freud]] opened private practice in [[Vienna]]. * [[1887]] - [[Georg Elias Müller]] opened the second German experimental psychology research laboratory in [[Göttingen]]. * [[1887]] - [[George Trumbull Ladd]] ([[Yale]]) published ''[[Elements of Physiological Psychology]]'', the first American textbook to include a substantial amount of information on the new experimental form of the discipline. * [[1887]] - [[James McKeen Cattell]] founded an experimental psychology laboratory at the [[University of Pennsylvania]], only the 3rd in the United States (including [[William James]]' [[Harvard]] lab). * [[1887]] - [[G. Stanley Hall]] founded the ''[[American Journal of Psychology]]'' with a $500 contribution supplied by [[Robert Pearsall Smith]] of the [[American Society for Psychical Research]]. * [[1888]] - [[William Lowe Bryan]] founded the United States' 4th experimental psychology laboratory at [[Indiana University Bloomington|Indiana University]]. * [[1888]] - [[Joseph Jastrow]] founded the United States' 5th experimental psychology laboratory at the [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]]. * [[1888]] - [[G. Stanley Hall]] leaves [[Johns Hopkins University|Johns Hopkins]] for the presidency of the newly-founded [[Clark University]]. * [[1889]] - [[James Mark Baldwin]] publishes the first volume of his ''[[Handbook of Psychology]]'' ("Sense and Intellect"). * [[1889]] - [[Edmund Clark Sanford]], a former student of [[G. Stanley Hall]], founded the United States' 6th experimental psychology laboratory at Clark University. * [[1889]] - William Noyes founded the United States' 7th experimental psychology laboratory at the [[McLean Asylum]] in Waverley, Mass. *[[1889]] - [[Harry Kirke Wolfe]] founded the United States' 8th experimental psychology laboratory at the [[University of Nebraska]]. ===1890s=== * [[1890]] - [[William James]] published ''[[Principles of Psychology]]''. * [[1890]] - [[James Hayden Tufts]] founded the United States' 9th experimental psychology laboratory at the [[University of Michigan]]. * [[1890]] - [[G. T. W. Patrick]] founded the United States' 10th experimental psychology laboratory at the [[University of Iowa]]. * [[1890]] - [[James McKeen Cattell]] left Pennsylvania for [[Columbia University]] where he founded the United States' 11th experimental psychology. * [[1890]] - [[James Mark Baldwin]] founded the first permanent experimental psychology laboratory in the British Empire at the [[University of Toronto]]. * [[1891]] - [[Frank Angell]] founded the United States' 12th experimental psychology laboratory at the [[Cornell University]]. * [[1891]] - [[Mary Whiton Calkins]] founded the United States' 13th experimental psychology laboratory, the first by a woman, at [[Wellesley College]]. * [[1892]] - [[G. Stanley Hall]] founded the [[American Psychological Association]] (APA). * [[1892]] - [[Edward Bradford Titchener]] takes a professorship at [[Cornell University]], replacing [[Frank Angell]] who has left for [[Stanford University]]. * [[1892]] - [[Edward Wheeler Scripture]] founded the experimental psychology laboratory at [[Yale University]], the 19th in United States. * [[1892-1893]] - [[Charles A. Strong]] opened the experimental psychology laboratory at the [[University of Chicago]], the 20th in the United States, at which [[James Rowland Angell]] conducted the first experiments of [[functional psychology|functionalism]] in the 1896. * [[1894]] - [[James McKeen Cattell]] and [[James Mark Baldwin]] found the ''[[Psychological Review]]'' to compete with [[Granville Stanley Hall|Hall]]'s ''[[American Journal of Psychology]]'' * [[1896]] - The first psychological clinic was opened at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] by [[Lightner Witmer]]. Although often celebrated as marking the birth of [[clinical psychology]], Witmer's clinic was focused primarily on educational matters. * [[1896]] - [[Edward B. Titchener]], student of [[Wilhelm Wundt]] and originator of the terms "[[structuralism]]" and "[[functional psychology|functionalism]]," published his ''[[An Outline of Psychology]]''. * [[1898]] - [[Edward Thorndike]] described the [[Law of effect]]. ==Twentieth century== ===1900s=== * [[1900]] - [[Sigmund Freud]] published 'Interpretation of Dreams' marking the beginning of [[Psychoanalytic]] Thought. * [[1903]] - [[John B. Watson]] graduated from the University of Chicago. His dissertation on rat behavior has been described as a "classic of developmental psychobiology" by historian of psychology, [[Donald Dewsbury]]. * [[1904]] - [[Charles Spearman]] published the article ''General Intelligence'' in the ''[[American Journal of Psychology]]'', introducing the [[General intelligence factor|''g'' factor]] theory of [[intelligence (trait)|intelligence]]. * [[1905]] - [[Alfred Binet]] and [[Theodore Simon]] created the '''Binet-Simon scale''' to identify students needing extra help, marking the start for standardized [[psychological testing]]. * [[1906]] - The Journal of [[Abnormal Psychology]] was founded by [[Morton Prince]]. * [[1909]] - [[Sigmund Freud]] lectured at [[Clark University]]. ===1910s=== * [[1911]] - [[Alfred Adler]] left Freud's Psychoanalytic Group to form his own school of thought, accusing Freud of overemphasizing sexuality and basing his theory on his own childhood. * [[1912]] - [[Max Wertheimer]] published ''Experimental Studies of the Perception of Movement'', considered the founding article of [[Gestalt psychology]] * [[1913]] - [[Carl Jung]] departed from Freudian views and developed his own theories citing Freud's inability to acknowledge [[religion]] and [[spirituality]]. His new school of thought became known as [[Analytical Psychology]]. * [[1913]] - [[Jacob L. Moreno]] applied [[Group therapy|Group Psychotherapy]] methods in Vienna. His new methods, which emphasised spontanaeity and interaction, later became known as [[Psychodrama]] and [[Sociometry]]. * [[1913]] - [[John B. Watson]] published ''[[Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It]]'', sometimes known as "The Behaviorist Manifesto". ===1920s=== * [[1920]] - [[John B. Watson]] and [[Rosalie Rayner]] conducted the [[Little Albert experiment]], using [[classical conditioning]] to make a young boy afraid of white rats. * [[1921]] - [[Jacob L. Moreno]] conducted the first large scale public [[Psychodrama]] session at the Komoedienhaus, Vienna. He moves to New York in 1925. * [[1928]] - [[Jean Piaget]]'s book ''Judgement and Reasoning in the Child'' is published. ===1930s=== * [[1934]] - [[Lev Vygotsky]]'s ''Thought and Language'' (a.k.a. ''Thinking and Speech'') is first published (''in Russian'') * [[1938]] - [[B.F. Skinner]] published his first major work, ''The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis'', introducing [[behavior analysis]]. ===1940s=== * [[1942]] - [[Carl Rogers]] published 'Counseling and Psychotherapy' suggesting that respect and a non-judgmental approach to therapy is the foundation for effective treatment of [[mental health]] issues. * [[1943]] - [[Abraham Maslow]] described his [[Maslow's hierarchy of needs|hierarchy of needs]] in the paper ''A Theory of Human Motivation'', published in [[Psychological Review]] * [[1945]] - The ''[[Journal of Clinical Psychology]]'' was founded. * [[1949]] - [[Boulder Conference]] outlined [[scientist-practitioner model]] of clinical psychology, looking at the [[Master's degree|M.D.]] versus [[Doctorate|Ph.D.]] used by medical providers and researchers, respectively. ===1950s=== * [[1950]] - [[Rollo May]] published ''The Meaning of Anxiety''. * [[1951]] - [[Carl Rogers]] published his major work, [[Client-Centered Therapy]]. * [[1951]] - In the [[Asch conformity experiments]], [[Solomon Asch]] demonstrated the power of [[conformity]] in groups. * [[1951]] - [[Lee Cronbach]] wrote about his measure of [[reliability]], now known as [[Cronbach's alpha]]. * [[1952]] - The [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] (DSM) was published by The American Psychiatric Association marking the beginning of modern mental illness classification. * [[1953]] - [[B.F. Skinner]] outlined [[behavioral therapy]], lending support for behavioral psychology via research in the literature. * [[1953]] - [[Code of Ethics for Psychologists]] was developed by the American Psychological Association. * [[1954]] - [[Abraham Maslow]] helped to found [[Humanistic psychology]] and later developed his famous [[Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Hierarchy of Needs]]. * [[1955]] - [[Lee Cronbach]] published ''Construct Validity in Psychological Tests'', popularizing the concept of [[Construct validity]]. * [[1956]] - [[Rollo May]] published ''[[Existence (book)|Existence]]'', promoting [[Existential psychology]]. * [[1956]] - [[Leon Festinger]] proposed his theory of [[Cognitive dissonance]] * [[1959]] - [[Noam Chomsky]] published his review of [[B.F. Skinner]]'s ''[[Verbal Behavior]]'', an event seen as by many as the start of the [[Cognitive revolution]]. * [[1959]] - [[Lawrence Kohlberg]] wrote his doctoral dissertation, outlining his [[Kohlberg's stages of moral development|stages of moral development]]. ===1960s=== * [[1961]] - In the [[Bobo doll experiment]], [[Albert Bandura]] studied behavioral patterns of [[aggression]]. * [[1963]] - [[Stanley Milgram]] described his study of obedience to authority, now known as the [[Milgram experiment]]. * [[1967]] - [[Aaron Beck]] published a psychological model of [[clinical depression|depression]] suggesting that thoughts play a significant role in the development and maintenance of depression. * [[1968]] - [[DSM-II]] was published by the [[American Psychiatric Association]]. * [[1968]] - First [[Doctor of Psychology]] (Psy.D.) professional degree program in Clinical Psychology was established in the Department of Psychology at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]]. * [[1969]] - [[California School of Professional Psychology]] was established as the first freestanding school of professional psychology. * [[1969]] - The ''Journal of [[Transpersonal psychology|Transpersonal Psychology]]'' was initiated by [[Abraham Maslow]], [[Stanislav Grof]] and [[Anthony Sutich]] * [[1969]] - [[John Bowlby]] published his [[Attachment theory]]. * [[1969]] - [[Harry Harlow]] published his experiment on [[affection]] development in [[rhesus monkey]]s. * [[1969]] - [[Joseph Wolpe]] published ''The Practice of Behavior Therapy''. ===1970s=== * [[1971]] - The [[Stanford prison experiment]], conducted by [[Philip Zimbardo]] and others at [[Stanford University]], studied the human response to captivity. The experiment quickly got out of hand and was ended early. * [[1971]] - [[Martin Shubik]] demonstrated the [[Dollar auction]] experiment, illustrating irrational choices. * [[1973]] - [[Vail Conference]] of Graduate Educators in Psychology endorsed the [[scholar-practitioner model|scholar-practitioner training model]]. * [[1978]] - [[Mary Ainsworth]] published a book about her work on [[Attachment theory]] and the [[Attachment theory#The Strange Situation|Strange Situation]] experiment. ===1980s=== * [[1980]] - [[DSM-III]] published by the [[American Psychiatric Association]]. * [[1983]] - [[Howard Gardner]] published ''Frames of Mind'', introducing his [[theory of multiple intelligences]] * [[1982]] - [[Carol Gilligan]] published "In a Different Voice" brought to life feminist psychology * [[1987]] - [[Erik Erikson]] published ''The Life Cycle Completed'', expanding on his [[Erikson's stages of psychosocial development|stage theory of psychosocial development]]. ===1990s=== * [[1994]] - [[DSM-IV]] published by the [[American Psychiatric Association]]. * [[1997]] - [[Belenkey, Clinchy, Goldberger, and Tarule]] published [[Women's Ways of Knowing]] ==See also== * [[History of psychology]] * [[Psychology]] * [[Timeline of psychotherapy]] ==References== * [http://allpsych.com/timeline.html AllPsyc Online] [[Category:History of psychology]] [[Category:Psychology lists]] [[Category:Social science timelines|Psychology]] [[is:Ágrip af sögu sálfræðinnar]] [[nl:Tijdlijn psychologie]]