Tin 30042 226156301 2008-07-17T02:03:39Z Arkuat 29003 /* Characteristics */ section title per discussion at [[WP:WikiProject Elements]] {{otheruses1|the metallic chemical element}} {{Elementbox_header | number=50 | symbol=Sn | name=tin | left=[[indium]] | right=[[antimony]] | above=[[germanium|Ge]] | below=[[lead|Pb]] | color1=#cccccc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_series | [[poor metal]]s }} {{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=14 | period=5 | block=p }} {{Elementbox_appearance_img | Sn,50| silvery lustrous gray }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | 118.710[[List of elements by atomic mass|(7)]] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | &#91;[[krypton|Kr]]&#93; 4d<sup>10</sup> 5s² 5p² }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 18, 4 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#cccccb | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_phase | [[solid]] }} {{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | (white) 7.365 }} {{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | (gray) 5.769 }} {{Elementbox_densityliq_gpcm3mp | 6.99 }} {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=505.08 | c=231.93 | f=449.47 }} {{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=2875 | c=2602 | f=4716 }} {{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | (white) 7.03 }} {{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | (white) 296.1 }} {{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | (white)<br />27.112 }} {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 1497 | 1657 | 1855 | 2107 | 2438 | 2893 | comment= }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#cccccc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | tetragonal }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | '''4''', 2<br />([[amphoteric]] oxide) }} {{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 1.96 }} {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies4 | 708.6 | 1411.8 | 2943.0 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | 145 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | 145 }} {{Elementbox_covalentradius_pm | 141 }} {{Elementbox_vanderwaalsrad_pm | 217 }} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#cccccc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_magnetic | no data }} {{Elementbox_eresist_ohmmat0 | 115 n}} {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 66.8 }} {{Elementbox_thermalexpansion_umpmkat25 | 22.0 }} {{Elementbox_speedofsound_rodmpsatrt | (rolled) 2730 }} {{Elementbox_youngsmodulus_gpa | 50 }} {{Elementbox_shearmodulus_gpa | 18 }} {{Elementbox_bulkmodulus_gpa | 58 }} {{Elementbox_poissonratio | 0.36 }} {{Elementbox_mohshardness | 1.5 }} {{Elementbox_brinellhardness_mpa | 51 }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7440-31-5 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#cccccc | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=112 | sym=Sn | na=0.97% | n=62 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=114 | sym=Sn | na=0.66% | n=64 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=115 | sym=Sn | na=0.34% | n=65 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=116 | sym=Sn | na=14.54% | n=66 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=117 | sym=Sn | na=7.68% | n=67 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=118 | sym=Sn | na=24.22% | n=68 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=119 | sym=Sn | na=8.59% | n=69 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=120 | sym=Sn | na=32.58% | n=70 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=122 | sym=Sn | na=4.63% | n=72 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=124 | sym=Sn | na=5.79% | n=74 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=126 | sym=Sn | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=~1 E5 [[year|y]] | dm=[[beta emission|Beta<sup>-</sup>]] | de=0.380 | pn=126 | ps=[[antimony|Sb]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#cccccc | color2=black }} [[Image:tin-symbol.png|thumb|right|75px|The [[alchemy|alchemical]] [[Alchemical symbol|symbol]] for tin]] [[Image:TinOreUSGOV.jpg|thumb|right|Tin ore]] '''Tin''' is a [[chemical element]] with the symbol '''Sn''' ({{lang-la|stannum}}) and [[atomic number]] 50. This silvery, malleable [[poor metal]] that is not easily [[oxidation|oxidized]] in air and resists [[corrosion]], is found in many [[alloy]]s and is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion. Tin is obtained chiefly from the [[mineral]] [[cassiterite]], where it occurs as an [[oxide]]. It can be [[alloy]]ed with [[copper]] to make [[bronze]]. [[Pewter]] alloys contain from 85% up to 99% tin. ==Characteristics== Tin is a malleable, [[ductile]], highly [[crystal]]line, silvery-white [[metal]]; when a bar of tin is bent, a strange crackling sound known as the [[tin cry]] can be heard due to the breaking of the crystals. This metal resists corrosion from [[distilled]], sea and soft [[tap water]], but can be attacked by strong [[acid]]s, [[alkali]]s, and by [[acid salt]]s. Tin acts as a [[catalyst]] when [[oxygen]] is in solution and helps accelerate chemical attack. Tin forms the dioxide SnO<sub>2</sub> when it is heated in the presence of [[air]]. SnO<sub>2</sub>, in turn, is feebly acidic and forms [[stannate]] (SnO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>) salts with [[basic oxide]]s. Tin can be highly polished and is used as a protective coat for other metals in order to prevent corrosion or other chemical action. This metal combines directly with [[chlorine]] and oxygen and displaces [[hydrogen]] from dilute acids. Tin is malleable at ordinary temperatures but is brittle when it is cooled. == Allotropes == Tin's chemical properties fall between those of metals and non-metals, just as the [[semiconductor]]s [[silicon]] and [[germanium]] do. Tin has two [[allotrope]]s at normal pressure and temperature: gray tin and white tin. A third allotrope, called brittle tin, exists at temperatures above 161 &deg;C. Below 13.2 °[[Celsius|C]], it exists as ''gray'' or alpha tin, which has a cubic [[crystal structure]] similar to [[silicon]] and [[germanium]]. Gray tin has no metallic properties at all, is a dull-gray powdery material, and has few uses, other than a few specialized [[semiconductor]] applications. Although the transformation temperature is 13.2 °C, the change does not take place unless the metal is of high purity, and only when the exposure temperature is well below 0 °C.<ref>Mel Schwartz.''[[Encyclopedia of Materials]], Parts and Finishes, 2nd edition'', section ''Tin and Alloys, Properties''. CRC Press,2002.ISBN 1-56676-661-3</ref> This process is known as ''tin disease'' or ''[[tin pest]]''. Tin pest was a particular problem in northern [[Europe]] in the 18th century as [[organ pipes]] made of tin alloy would sometimes be affected during long cold winters. Some sources also say that during [[Napoleon]]'s Russian campaign of 1812, the temperatures became so cold that the tin buttons on the soldiers' uniforms disintegrated, contributing to the defeat of the Grande Armée. The veracity of this story is debatable, because the transformation to gray tin often takes a reasonably long time.<ref>Le Coureur, Penny, and Jay Burreson. ''Napoleon's Buttons: 17 Molecules that Changed History''. New York: Penguin Group USA, 2004.</ref> Commercial grades of tin (99.8%) resist transformation because of the inhibiting effect of the small amounts of bismuth, antimony, lead, and silver present as impurities. Alloying elements such as copper, antimony, bismuth, cadmium, and silver increase its hardness. Tin tends rather easily to form hard, brittle intermetallic phases, which are often undesirable. It does not form wide solid solution ranges in other metals in general, and there are few elements that have appreciable solid solubility in tin. Simple [[Eutectic point| eutectic]] systems,however, occur with bismuth, gallium, lead, thallium, and zinc.<ref>Mel Schwartz.''Encyclopedia of Materials, Parts and Finishes, 2nd edition'', section ''Tin and Alloys, Properties''. CRC Press,2002.ISBN 1-56676-661-3</ref> ==Applications== Tin bonds readily to [[iron]], and has been used for coating [[lead]] or zinc and [[steel]] to prevent [[corrosion]]. Tin-plated [[steel]] containers are widely used for [[food preservation]], and this forms a large part of the market for metallic tin. Speakers of British English call them "tins"; Americans call them "[[canning|cans]]" or "tin cans". One thus-derived use of the slang term "[[tinnie]]" or "tinny" means "can of beer". The [[tin whistle]] is so called because it was first mass-produced in tin-plated steel. Other uses: *Some important tin [[alloys]] are [[bronze]], [[bell metal]], [[Babbitt metal]], [[die casting]] alloy, [[pewter]], [[phosphor bronze]], soft [[solder]], and [[White metal]]. *The most important salt formed is [[tin(II) chloride|stannous chloride]], which has found use as a reducing agent and as a [[mordant]] in the calico printing process. Electrically conductive coatings are produced when tin salts are sprayed onto [[glass]]. These coatings have been used in panel lighting and in the production of frost-free [[windshield]]s. *Most metal pipes in a [[pipe organ]] are made of varying amounts of a tin/lead alloy, with 50%/50% being the most common. The amount of tin in the pipe defines the pipe's tone, since tin is the most tonally resonant of all metals. When a tin/lead alloy cools, the lead cools slightly faster and makes a mottled or spotted effect. This metal alloy is referred to as spotted metal. *Window glass is most often made via floating molten [[glass]] on top of molten tin (creating [[float glass]]) in order to make a flat surface (this is called the "[[Pilkington process]]"). *Tin is also used in [[solder]]s for joining [[plumbing|pipe]]s or [[electric circuit]]s, in [[bearing (mechanical)|bearing]] alloys, in glass-making, and in a wide range of tin chemical applications. Although of higher melting point than a [[lead]]-tin alloy, the use of pure tin or tin alloyed with other metals in these applications is rapidly supplanting the use of the previously common lead&ndash;containing alloys in order to eliminate the problems of toxicity caused by lead. *Tin foil was once a common wrapping material for foods and drugs; replaced in the early 20th century by the use of [[aluminium foil]], which is now commonly referred to as ''tin foil''. Hence one use of the slang term "[[tinnie]]" or "tinny" for a small retail package of a drug such as [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] or for a can of beer. *Tin is added to some dental care products ([http://www.crest.com/prohealth/home.jsp Crest Pro Health], [http://www.colgate.com/app/Colgate/US/OC/Products/FromTheDentist/GelKamStannousFluorideGel.cvsp Colgate Gel-Kam]) as [[stannous fluoride]] (SnF<sub>2</sub>). [[Stannous fluoride]] can be mixed with calcium abrasives while the more common [[sodium fluoride]] gradually becomes biologically inactive combined with [[calcium]].<ref>{{cite journal | date = April [[1989]] | journal = Journal of Dentistry | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 47–54 | pmid = 2732364 | title = The State of Fluorides in Toothpastes. | doi = 10.1016/0300-5712(89)90129-2 | author = Hattab, F }}</ref> It has also been shown to be more effective than [[sodium fluoride]] in controlling [[gingivitis]].<ref>{{cite journal | date=[[1995]] | journal = The Journal of Clinical Dentistry | volume = 6 | issue = Special Issue | pages = 54–58 | pmid = 8593194 | title = The clinical effect of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on plaque formation, gingivitis and gingival bleeding: a six-month study. }}</ref> Tin becomes a [[superconductor]] below 3.72 [[kelvin|K]]. In fact, tin was one of the first superconductors to be studied; the [[Meissner effect]], one of the characteristic features of superconductors, was first discovered in superconducting tin crystals. The [[niobium]]-tin compound [[Niobium-tin|Nb<sub>3</sub>Sn]] is commercially used as wires for [[superconducting magnet]]s, due to the material's high [[critical temperature#In Superconductivity|critical temperature]] (18 K) and critical magnetic field (25 [[Tesla (unit)|T]]). A superconducting magnet weighing only a couple of [[kilogram]]s is capable of producing magnetic fields comparable to a conventional [[electromagnet]] weighing tons. == History == Tin ([[Old English]]: ''tin'', [[Old Latin]]: ''plumbum candidum'' ("white lead"), [[Old German]]: ''tsin'', [[Late Latin]]: ''stannum'') is one of the earliest metals known and was used as a component of [[bronze]] from antiquity. Because of its hardening effect on [[copper]], tin was used in bronze implements as early as [[3,500 BC]]. A shipwreck at Uluburun, Turkey dating to 1336 BC contains a shipment of tin, perhaps originating in Afghanistan.<ref>Martin Ewans. ''Afghanistan''. Harper Collins, 2001. ISBN 0-06-050508-7</ref> European tin mining is believed to have started in [[Cornwall]] and [[Devon]] (esp. [[Dartmoor tin-mining|Dartmoor]]) in [[Classical antiquity|Classical times]], and a thriving tin trade developed with the civilizations of the [[Mediterranean]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://romans.etrusia.co.uk/whyinvade.php |title=Why Claudius invaded Britain |accessdate=2007-01-12 |last=Wake |first=H. |date=2006-04-07 |format=HTML |work=Etrusia - Roman History |language=English }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://romanhistory.20m.com/project1c.htm |title=The Romano-British Amphora Trade to 43 A.D: An Overview |accessdate=2007-01-12 |last=McKeown |first=James |date=1999-01 |format=HTML |language=English }}</ref>. However the lone metal was not used until about 600 BC. The last Cornish Tin Mine, at [[South Crofty]] near [[Camborne]] closed in 1998 bringing 4,000 years of mining in Cornwall to an end, but as of 2007 increased demand from China may lead to its re-opening. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/leo_hickman/2007/11/the_return_of_tin.html |title=The Return of Tin |accessdate=2007-12-04 |last=Hickman |first=Leo |date=2007-11-30 |format=HTML |language=English }}</ref>. The word "tin" has cognates in many [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] and [[Celtic languages]]. The [[American Heritage Dictionary]] speculates that the word was borrowed from a pre-[[Indo-European language]]. The later name "stannum" and its [[Romance language|Romance]] derivatives come from the lead-silver alloy of the same name for the finding of the latter in ores; the former "stagnum" was the word for a stale pool or puddle. In modern times, the word "tin" is often improperly used as a generic phrase for any silvery metal that comes in sheets. Most everyday materials that are commonly called "tin", such as [[aluminium foil]], [[beverage can]]s, corrugated building sheathing and [[tin can]]s, are actually made of [[steel]] or [[aluminium]], although tin cans (tinned cans) do contain a thin coating of tin to inhibit rust. Likewise, so-called "tin [[toy]]s" are usually made of steel, and may or may not have a coating of tin to inhibit rust. The original [[Ford Model T]] was known colloquially as the '''Tin Lizzy'''. ==Occurrence== [[Image:Tin (mined)2.PNG|thumb|right|Tin output in 2005]] In 2007, the [[People's Republic of China]] was the largest producer of tin, with 43% of the world's share, followed by [[Indonesia]] and [[Peru]], reports the [[USGS]].<ref>[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/tin/mcs-2008-tin.pdf US Geological Survey - Mineral Commodity Summary - Tin 2008]</ref> Tin is produced by reducing the [[ore]] with [[coal]] in a [[reverberatory furnace]]. This metal is a relatively scarce element with an abundance in the [[Earth]]'s [[crust (geology)|crust]] of about 2 [[part per million|ppm]], compared with 94 ppm for zinc, 63 ppm for copper, and 12 ppm for lead. Most of the world's tin is produced from [[placer mining|placer]] deposits. The only [[mineral]] of commercial importance as a source of tin is [[cassiterite]] (Sn[[oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>), although small quantities of tin are recovered from complex [[sulfide]]s such as [[stannite]], [[cylindrite]], [[franckeite]], [[canfieldite]], and [[teallite]]. Secondary, or scrap, tin is also an important source of the metal. [[Tasmania]] hosts some deposits of historical importance, most notably [[Mount Bischoff]] and [[Renison Bell]]. New deposits are also reported to be in southern [[Mongolia]]. It is estimated that, at current consumption rates, the Earth will run out of tin in 40 years.<ref>{{cite journal | date=[[May 26]], [[2007]] | journal = New Scientist | volume = 194 | issue = 2605 | pages = 38–39 | issn = 0262 4079 | title = How Long Will it Last? }}</ref> However Lester Brown has suggested tin could run out within 20 years based on an extremely conservative extrapolation of 2% growth per year.<ref name="Brown">Brown, Lester ''Plan B 2.0'', New York: W.W. Norton, 2006. p. 109</ref> However this is offset by the increased use of secondary, or scrap tin, as a readily available source of the metal. ''See also [[:Category:Tin minerals]]'' == Isotopes == {{main|isotopes of tin}} Tin is the element with the greatest number of stable isotopes (ten), which is probably related to the fact that 50 is a "[[Magic number (physics)|magic number]]" of protons. 28 additional unstable isotopes are known, including the "[[Magic number (physics)#Doubly magic|doubly magic]]" tin-100 (<sup>100</sup>Sn) (discovered in 1994)<ref>{{cite journal | author=Phil Walker | title=Doubly Magic Discovery of Tin-100 | journal=Physics World | volume=7 | issue=June | year=1994 |url=http://physicsworldarchive.iop.org/index.cfm?action=summary&doc=7%2F6%2Fphwv7i6a24%40pwa-xml&qt= }}</ref>. ==Compounds== For discussion of Stannate compounds (SnO<sub>3</sub><sup>2<nowiki>&minus;</nowiki></sup>) see [[Stannate]]. For Stannite (SnO<sub>2</sub><sup><nowiki>&minus;</nowiki></sup>) see [[Stannite]]. See also [[Stannous hydroxide]] (Sn(OH)<sub>2</sub>), [[Stannic acid]] (Stannic Hydroxide - Sn(OH)<sub>4</sub>), [[Tin dioxide]] (Stannic Oxide - SnO<sub>2</sub>), [[Tin(II) oxide]] (Stannous Oxide - SnO), [[Tin(II) chloride]] (SnCl<sub>2</sub>), [[Tin(IV) chloride]] (SnCl<sub>4</sub>) ''see also [[:category:Tin compounds]]'' ==See also== *[[International Tin Council]] *[[Stannary]] *[[Tinning]] *[[Cassiterides]] *[[Tin pest]] *[[Whisker (metallurgy)]] (tin whiskers) *[[Terne]] ==References== {{reflist}} *[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/50.html Los Alamos National Laboratory: Tin] ==External links== {{Commons|Tin}} {{wiktionary|tin}} *[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Sn/index.html WebElements.com &ndash; Tin] *[http://www.theodoregray.com/PeriodicTable/Elements/050/index.s7.html Theodore Gray's Wooden Periodic Table Table]: Tin samples and castings *[http://www.basemetals.com/html/sninfo.htm Base Metals: Tin] {{clear}} {{compact periodic table}} [[Category:Chemical elements]] [[Category:Poor metals]] [[Category:Tin]] <!-- interwiki --> [[af:Tin]] [[ar:قصدير]] [[ast:Estañu]] [[ay:Chayanta]] [[az:Qalay]] [[bn:টিন]] [[zh-min-nan:Sn (goân-sò͘)]] [[be:Волава]] [[bs:Kalaj]] [[bg:Калай]] [[ca:Estany (element)]] [[cv:Тăхлан]] [[ceb:Tansan]] [[cs:Cín]] [[co:Stagnu]] [[cy:Tun]] [[da:Tin]] [[de:Zinn]] [[et:Tina]] [[el:Κασσίτερος]] [[es:Estaño]] [[eo:Stano]] [[eu:Eztainu]] [[fa:قلع]] [[fr:Étain]] [[fur:Stagn]] [[ga:Stán]] [[gv:Stainney]] [[gl:Estaño]] [[hak:Siak]] [[ko:주석 (원소)]] [[hy:Անագ]] [[hi:त्रपु]] [[hr:Kositar]] [[io:Stano]] [[id:Timah]] [[is:Tin]] [[it:Stagno]] [[he:בדיל]] [[kn:ತವರ]] [[ka:კალა (ელემენტი)]] [[kw:Sten]] [[sw:Stani]] [[ht:Eten]] [[ku:Pîl (metal)]] [[la:Stannum]] [[lv:Alva]] [[lb:Zënn]] [[lt:Alavas]] [[jbo:tinci]] [[hu:Ón]] [[ml:വെളുത്തീയം]] [[mr:टिन]] [[nah:Amochitl]] [[nl:Tin (element)]] [[ja:スズ]] [[no:Tinn (grunnstoff)]] [[nn:Grunnstoffet tinn]] [[oc:Estanh]] [[uz:Qalay]] [[nds:Tinn]] [[pl:Cyna]] [[pt:Estanho]] [[ro:Staniu]] [[qu:Chayanta]] [[ru:Олово]] [[sa:त्रपु]] [[scn:Stagnu]] [[simple:Tin]] [[sk:Cín]] [[sl:Kositer]] [[sr:Калај]] [[sh:Kalaj]] [[fi:Tina]] [[sv:Tenn]] [[ta:வெள்ளீயம்]] [[te:తగరము]] [[th:ดีบุก]] [[vi:Thiếc]] [[tg:Қалъ]] [[tr:Kalay]] [[uk:Олово]] [[ur:قلع]] [[yi:צין]] [[zh-yue:錫]] [[zh:锡]]