Tourism 29789 225739272 2008-07-15T04:26:12Z Chicago god 112915 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/119.95.136.243|119.95.136.243]] to last version by Excirial (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]]) {{Refimprove|date=June 2008}} {{Redirect|Tourist}} [[Image:Peru Machu Picchu Sunrise 2.jpg|180px|thumb|[[Machu Picchu]] in [[Cuzco]], [[Peru]], one of the most visited destinations in [[South America]].]] [[Image:All Gizah Pyramids.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Giza pyramid complex|Giza Pyramids]], [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]].]] [[Image:Alhambra view.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Alhambra]], in [[Granada]] ([[Spain]]), one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe.]] [[Image:Parthenon.JPG|thumb|180px|[[Parthenon]] in [[Athens]], [[Greece]] is the most visited ancient monument in Europe.]] [[Image:Rio de Janeiro Helicoptero 47 Feb 2006.jpg|right|thumb|[[Rio de Janeiro]], the most visited destination in [[Brazil]] by international tourists.<ref name="EMBRATUR06">{{cite web |url=http://200.189.169.141/site/arquivos/dados_fatos/Anuario/anuario_estatistico_2006_pdf.pdf |author=EMBRATUR |year=2006 |title=Anúario Estatístico Volume 33 2006 |publisher=Ministério do Turismo |accessdate=2008-06-27|language=Portuguese}}</ref>]] [[Image:Paris 06 Eiffelturm 4828.jpg|right|thumb| [[Paris]] and [[France]] have remained, respectively, the most visited city and country<ref>{{Cite web | year = 2007 | url=http://unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/unwto_barom07_2_en.pdf|title = World Tourism Barometer (p.8)|publisher = World Tourism Organization|accessdate=2008-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | year = 2007| title= Key facts on tourism 2007 Edition | url= http://www.tourisme.gouv.fr/fr/z2/stat/chiffres/att00009212/ccles_gb.pdf |author= Tourism Directorate (France)|accessadte=2008-03-29}}</ref> in recent years.]]'''Tourism''' is [[travel]] for predominantly [[recreational]] or [[leisure]] purposes or the provision of services to support this leisure travel. The [[World Tourism Organization]] defines '''tourists''' as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited". Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. In 2006, there were over 846 million international tourist arrivals.<ref name="WTO2007">{{Cite web | year = 2007 | url=http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/highlights/highlights_07_eng_hr.pdf|title = UNWTO Tourism Highlights, Edition 2007| publisher = World Tourism Organization|accessdate=2008-03-29}}</ref> Tourism is vital for many countries such as [[Egypt]], [[Thailand]] and many island nations such as [[Fiji]], due to the large intake of money for businesses with their goods and services and the opportunity for employment in the [[service industry|service industries]] associated with tourism. These service industries include [[transport]]ation services such as cruise ships and taxis, accommodation such as hotels and entertainment venues, and other [[hospitality industry]] services such as resorts. == Definition == Hunziker and Krapf, in 1941, defined tourism as "the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity."<ref name="1941define">{{cite book | title= Grundriss der allgemeinen Fremdenverkehrslehre | author=Werner Hunziker and Kurt | id=OCLC # 69064371| year = 1941}}</ref> In 1976, the Tourism Society of England defined it as "Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes." {{Fact|date=June 2008}} In 1981, International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism<ref>{{cite web|title=The AIEST, its character and aims |url=http://www.aiest.org/org/idt/idt_aiest.nsf/en/index.html|author=International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism|accessdate=2008-03-29}}</ref> defined Tourism in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home environment. The [[United Nations]] classified three forms of tourism in 1994 in its Recommendations on Tourism Statistics: Domestic tourism, which involves residents of the given country traveling only within this country; Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the given country; and Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country. The UN also derived different categories of tourism by combining the 3 basic forms of tourism: Internal tourism, which comprises domestic tourism and inbound tourism; National tourism, which comprises domestic tourism and outbound tourism; and International tourism, which consists of inbound tourism and outbound tourism. ''Intrabound tourism'' is a term coined by the [[Korea Tourism Organization]] and widely accepted in Korea. {{Fact|date=April 2008}} Intrabound tourism differs from domestic tourism in that the former encompasses policymaking and implementation of national tourism policies.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} Recently, the tourism industry has shifted from the promotion of inbound tourism to the promotion of intrabound tourism because many countries are experiencing tough competition for inbound tourists. Some national policymakers have shifted their priority to the promotion of intrabound tourism to contribute to the local economy. Examples of such campaigns include "See America" in the [[United States]], "Malaysia Truly Asia" in [[Malaysia]], "Get Going Canada" in [[Canada]], "Wow Philippines" in the [[Philippines]], "Uniquely Singapore" in [[Singapore]], "100% Pure New Zealand" in [[New Zealand]] and "Incredible India" in [[India]]. == World tourism statistics and rankings== === Most visited countries === {{main|World Tourism rankings}} The [[World Tourism Organization]],<ref name="WTO2007"/> recognizes ten countries as the most visited in 2006 by number of travellers. Most are on the [[Europe|European continent]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" ! Rank||Country||Continent||International tourist<br /> arrivals (2006) |- |1||{{flag|France}}||Europe||align="right"|79.1 million |- |2||{{flag|Spain}}||Europe||align="right"|58.5 million |- |3||{{flag|United States}}||North America||align="right"|51.1 million |- |4||{{flag|China}}||Asia||align="right"|49.6 million |- |5||{{flag|Italy}}||Europe||align="right"|41.1 million |- |6||{{flag|United Kingdom}}||Europe||align="right"|30.1 million |- |7||{{flag|Germany}}||Europe||align="right"|23.6 million |- |8||{{flag|Mexico}}||North America||align="right"|21.4 million |- |9||{{flag|Austria}}||Europe||align="right"|20.3 million |- |10||{{flag|Russia}}||Europe||align="right"|20.1 million |} === International tourism receipts === The [[World Tourism Organization]],<ref name="WTO2007"/> recognizes the following 10 countries as the top ten tourism earners for the year 2006. It is noticeable that most of them are on the [[Europe|European continent]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" ! Rank||Country||Continent||International <br/>Tourism<br />Receipts <br/>(2006) |- |1||{{flag|United States}}||North America||align="right"|$85.7 billion |- |2||{{flag|Spain}}||Europe||align="right"|$51.1 billion |- |3||{{flag|France}}||Europe||align="right"|$42.9 billion |- |4||{{flag|Italy}}||Europe||align="right"|$38.1 billion |- |5||{{flag|China}}||Asia||align="right"|$33,9 billion |- |6||{{flag|United Kingdom}}||Europe||align="right"|$33.7 billion |- |7||{{flag|Germany}}||Europe||align="right"|$32.8 billion |- |8||{{flag|Australia}}||Oceania||align="right"|$17.8 billion |- |9||{{flag|Turkey}}||Asia/Europe||align="right"|$16.9 billion |- |10||{{flag|Austria}}||Europe||align="right"|$16.7 billion |} === International tourism top spenders=== The [[World Tourism Organization]],<ref name="WTO2007"/> recognizes the following 10 countries as the top ten biggest spenders on international tourism for the year 2006. A study by [[Dresdner Bank]] study<ref>[http://www.touristikreport.de/rd/archiv/5568.php Touristik report. January 2008 (German)]</ref> forecasted that for 2008 Germans and Europeans in general will continue to be the top spenders because of the strength of the [[Euro]] against the [[US dollar]], with strong demand for the US in favor of other destinations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monthly Market Report: Germany |date=February 2008 |publisher=Tourism Australia |language= |url=http://www.tourism.australia.com/content/MRRs/2008/Germany_MMR_Feb08.pdf |accessdate=2008-06-27}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" ! Rank||Country||Continent||International <br/>Tourism<br/>Expenditures<br/>([[World Tourism Organization|UNWTO]] 2006) || International <br/>Tourism<br/>Expenditures<br/>([[Dresdner Bank|Dresdner]] 2008)<br/> -expected- <br/> |- |1||{{flag|Germany}}||Europe ||align="right"|$74.8 billion ||align="right"|$84.7 billion |- |2||{{flag|United States}}||North America ||align="right"|$72.0 billion ||align="right"|$74.2 billion |- |3||{{flag|United Kingdom}}||Europe ||align="right"|$63.1 billion ||align="right"|$70.6 billion |- |4||{{flag|France}}||Europe ||align="right"|$32.2 billion ||align="right"|$34.1 billion |- |5||{{flag|Japan}}||Asia ||align="right"|$26.9 billion ||align="right"|$26.6 billion |- |6||{{flag|China}}||Asia ||align="right"|$24.3 billion ||align="right"|$28.0 billion |- |7||{{flag|Italy}}||Europe ||align="right"|$23.1 billion ||align="right"|$27.3 billion |- |8||{{flag|Canada}}||North America ||align="right"|$20.5 billion ||align="right"|$23.1 billion |- |9||{{flag|Russia}}||Europe ||align="right"|$18.8 billion ||align="right"|$23.0 billion |- |10||{{flag|South Korea}}||Asia ||align="right"|$18.2 billion ||align="right"|$22.0 billion |} === Most visited attractions=== [[Image:Washington DC Oct 2005 Obelisco 25.JPG|right|thumb|[[National Mall|National Mall & Memorial Parks]], [[Washington, D.C.]].]] [[Image:GreatWallNearBeijingWinter.jpg|right|thumb|[[Great Wall of China]], [[China]].]] [[Image:Colosseum in Rome, Italy - April 2007.jpg|right|thumb|[[Colosseum]], [[Rome]], [[Italy]].]] [[Image:Taj Mahal in March 2004.jpg|right|thumb|[[Taj Mahal]], [[Agra]], [[India]].]] ''Forbes Traveller'' released a ranking of the world's 50 most visited tourist attractions in 2007, including both international and domestic tourists.<ref>{{Cite web | year = 2007 | url=http://www.forbestraveler.com/best-lists/most-visited-tourist-attractions-story.html|title = Top 50 Most Visited Tourist Attractions | date= 2007-04-25| author = Forbes Traveller|accessdate=2008-03-29}} </ref> The following are the Top 10 attractions, followed by some other famous sites included within the list of the 50 most visited:<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://thehopefultraveler.blogspot.com/2007_07_29_archive.html|title = Forbes Traveler 50 Most Visited Tourist Attractions | date= 2007-07-29|author = The Hopeful Traveler|accessdate=2008-03-29}} See the complete Top 50 list at this website</ref> It is noticeable that 4 out of the top 5, and 6 out of the top 10, are in the [[North America|North America continent]]. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" |- align=center | bgcolor="#ccffcc"|World's <br /> ranking|| bgcolor="#ccffcc"| Tourist attraction|| bgcolor="#ccffcc"| City and country|| bgcolor="#ccffcc"| Number of <br /> visitors<br />(millions) |- |1|| [[Times Square]] || [[New York City]], {{USA}} ||align="center"|35 |- |2|| [[National Mall|National Mall & Memorial Parks]]||[[Washington, D.C.]], {{USA}}|| align="center"|25 |- |3|| [[Walt Disney World]]'s [[Magic Kingdom]]||[[Lake Buena Vista]], [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|‎‎left|20px|]] [[USA]]|| align="center"|16.6 |- |4|| [[Trafalgar Square]]||[[London]], {{UK}}|| align="center"|15 |- |5||[[Disneyland Park (Anaheim)|Disneyland]]||[[Anaheim]], [[California|CA]], {{USA}}||align="center"|14.7 |- |6||[[Niagara Falls]] ||[[Ontario]], {{CAN}} & [[New York|N.Y.]], [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|‎‎left|20px|]] [[USA]]|| align="center"|14 |- |7||[[Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco, California|Fisherman's Wharf]] & [[Golden Gate National Recreation Area|Golden Gate Natl. R. Area]]||[[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]],[[California|CA]], {{USA}}|| align="center"|13 |- |8||[[Tokyo Disney Resort|Tokyo Disneyland]] & [[Tokyo DisneySea]]||[[Tokyo]], {{JPN}}||align="center"|12.9 |- |9||[[Notre-Dame de Paris]]||[[Paris]], {{FRA}}|| align="center"|12 |- |10||[[Disneyland Resort Paris|Disneyland Paris]]||[[Paris]], {{FRA}}|| align="center"|10.6 |- | bgcolor="#ccffcc"| || bgcolor="#ccffcc"| <center>Other famous destinations </center> || bgcolor="#ccffcc"| || bgcolor="#ccffcc"| |- |11||[[The Great Wall of China]]||[[Badaling]], {{CHN}}|| align="center"|10 |- |18||[[Eiffel Tower]]||[[Paris]], {{FRA}}|| align="center"|6.7 |- |31||[[Grand Canyon]]||[[Arizona]], {{USA}}|| align="center"|4.4 |- |36||[[Statue of Liberty]]||[[New York]], {{USA}}|| align="center"|4.24 |- |37||[[Vatican City|The Vatican and its museums]]||[[Rome]], {{ITA}}|| align="center"|4.2 |- |39||[[Colosseum|The Colosseum]]||[[Rome]], {{ITA}}|| align="center"|4 |- |47||[[Giza pyramid complex|Giza Pyramids]]||[[Cairo]], {{EGY}}|| align="center"|3 |- |50||[[Taj Mahal]]||[[Agra]], {{IND}}|| align="center"|2.4 |} == History == Wealthy people have always traveled to distant parts of the world to see great buildings or other works of art, to [[multilingualism|learn new languages]], to experience new cultures, or to taste new [[cuisine]]. As long ago as the time of the [[Roman Republic]] places such as [[Baiae]] were popular coastal resorts for the rich. [[Image:persepolis recreated.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Persepolis]] in [[Fars]], [[Iran]].]] The word ''tourism'' was used by 1811 and ''tourist'' by 1840.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=t&p=16|title=Online Etymology Dictionary: tour|accessdate=2008-03-01}}</ref> In 1936 the [[League of Nations]] defined ''foreign tourist'' as someone travelling abroad for at least twenty-four hours. It successor, the [[United Nations]] amended this definition in 1945 by including a maximum stay of six months.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9dvK2ajv7zIC&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=league+of+nations+tourism+1936&source=web&ots=CnKfwbh5-5&sig=ejVyw3fgxy5kUwuksgiQTe_8aQU&hl=en|title=Global Tourism|author=Theobald, William F.|year=1998|pages=p. 10|isbn=0750640227}}</ref> ===Pre twentieth century=== {{Unreferencedsection|date=May 2008}} The history of European tourism can perhaps be said to originate with the medieval [[pilgrimage]]. Although undertaken primarily for religious reasons, the pilgrims in the [[Canterbury Tales]] quite clearly saw the experience as a kind of [[holiday]] (the term itself being derived from the 'holy day' and its associated leisure activities). Pilgrimages created a variety of tourist aspects that still exist - bringing back souvenirs, obtaining credit with foreign banks (in medieval times utilizing international networks established by [[Jews]] and [[Lombards]]), and making use of space available on existing forms of transport (such as the use of medieval English wine ships bound for [[Vigo]] by pilgrims to [[Santiago de Compostela]]). Pilgrimages are still important in modern tourism - such as to [[Lourdes]] or [[Knock, County Mayo|Knock]] in Ireland. But there are secular equivalents - [[Graceland]] and the grave of [[Jim Morrison]] in [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]]. During the 17th century, it became fashionable in [[England]] to undertake a [[Grand Tour]]. The sons of the [[nobility]] and [[gentry]] were sent upon an extended tour of Europe as an educational experience. The 18th century was the golden age of the Grand Tour, and many of the fashionable visitors were painted at Rome by [[Pompeo Batoni]]. A modern equivalent of the Grand Tour is the phenomenon of the [[backpacking (travel)|backpacker]], although cultural holidays, such as those offered by [[Swan Hellenic]], are also important. ===Health tourism=== [[Image:Hagia Sophia B12-40.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Hagia Sophia]], [[İstanbul]], [[Turkey]].]] [[Image:Roman Baths in Bath Spa, England - July 2006.jpg|thumb|The Great Bath at the [[Roman Baths (Bath)|Roman Baths]], in [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], one of the world's first health tourism sites.]] Health tourism has long existed, but it was not until the eighteenth century that it became important. In England, it was associated with [[spa town|spa]]s, places with supposedly health-giving [[mineral water]]s, treating diseases from [[gout]] to [[liver]] disorders and [[bronchitis]]. The most popular resorts were [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], [[Cheltenham]], [[Buxton]], [[Harrogate]], and [[Royal Tunbridge Wells|Tunbridge Wells]]. Visits to take 'the waters' also allowed the visitors to attend [[Ball (dance)|balls]] and other entertainments. Continental Spas such as Carlsbad ([[Karlovy Vary]]) attracted many fashionable travellers by the nineteenth century. ===Creative tourism=== Creative tourism has existed as a form of [[cultural tourism]] since the early beginnings of [[tourism]] itself. Its European roots date back to the time of the [[Grand Tour]], which saw the sons of aristocratic families traveling for the purpose of (mostly interactive) educational experiences. More recently, creative tourism has been given its own name by Crispin Raymond and Greg Richards, who as a member of the Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS) has directed a number of projects for the [[European Commission]], including cultural tourism, crafts tourism or [[sustainable tourism]]. They have defined "creative tourism" as tourism related to the active participation of travelers in the [[culture]] of the host community, through interactive workshops and informal learning experiences. Meanwhile, the concept of creative tourism has been picked up by high-profile organizations such as [[UNESCO]], who through the [[Creative Cities Network]] have endorsed creative tourism as an engaged, [[authentic]] experience that promotes an active understanding of the specific cultural features of a [[Location (geography)|place]]. {{Fact|date=June 2008}} ===Leisure travel=== Leisure travel was associated with the [[Industrial Revolution|industrialisation]] of [[United Kingdom]] &ndash; the first European country to promote leisure time to the increasing industrial population. Initially, this applied to the owners of the machinery of production, the economic oligarchy, the factory owners, and the traders. These comprised the new [[middle class]]. [[Cox & Kings]] were the first official travel company to be formed in 1758. Later, the [[working class]] could take advantage of leisure time. {{Fact|date=May 2008}} The British origin of this new industry is reflected in many place names. At [[Nice, France]], one of the first and best-established holiday resorts on the [[French Riviera]], the long esplanade along the seafront is known to this day as the ''Promenade des Anglais''; in many other historic resorts in [[continental Europe]], old well-established palace hotels have names like the ''Hotel Bristol'', the ''Hotel Carlton'' or the ''Hotel Majestic'' - reflecting the dominance of [[England|English]] customers. Many tourists do leisure tourism in the tropics both in the summer and winter. It is often done in places such as [[Cuba]], [[The Dominican Republic]], [[Thailand]], [[North Queensland]] in [[Australia]] and [[Florida]] in the [[United States]]. ===Winter tourism=== {{Unreferencedsection|date=April 2008}} [[Image:MattRiff.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Matterhorn]] near Zermatt in the [[Swiss Alps]].]] [[Winter sports]] were largely invented by the British leisured classes, initially at the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] village of [[Zermatt]] ([[Valais]]), and [[St Moritz]] in 1864. The first [[Henry Simpson Lunn|packaged winter sports holidays]] took place in 1902 at [[Adelboden]], Switzerland. Winter sports were a natural answer for a leisured class looking for amusement during the coldest season. Major ski resorts are located in various mainland European countries, Canada, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Korea, [[Chile]] and [[Argentina]]. ===Mass tourism === [[Image:Hemispheric - Valencia, Spain - Jan 2007.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències]], [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]], [[Spain]].]] [[Image:Sãopedro1.jpg|right|thumb|[[Saint Peter's Square]], [[St. Peter's Basilica]], [[Vatican City]].]] [[Image:Baalbek-Bacchus-Details.jpg|left|thumb|[[Baalbeck]], [[Lebanon]].]] '''Mass travel''' could only develop with improvements in technology allowed the [[transport]] of large numbers of people in a short space of time to places of leisure interest, and greater numbers of people began to enjoy the benefits of leisure time. In the [[United States]], the first great seaside resort, in the European style, was [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], and Long Island. In Continental Europe, early resorts included [[Ostend]] (for the people of [[Brussels]]), and [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]] ([[Pas-de-Calais]]) and [[Deauville]] ([[Calvados]]) (for [[Paris]]ians). [[Image:Foz de Iguaçu 27 Panorama Nov 2005.jpg|right|thumb|[[Iguazu Falls]], [[Argentina]]-[[Brazil]] border.]] [[Image:AmericanFallsNiagara.JPG|left|thumb|[[Niagara Falls]], [[United States]]-[[Canada]] border.]] [[Image:UnaVodopad.jpg|thumb|180px|Waterfalls on [[Una River]] ,[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]]] [[Image:StBasile SpasskayaTower Red Square Moscow.hires.jpg|left|thumb|[[Red Square]], [[Moscow]], [[Russia]].]] == Recent developments == [[Image:Tokyocinderella.jpg|right|thumb|[[Tokyo Disneyland|Disneyland]], [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] There has been an upmarket trend in the tourism over the last few decades, especially in Europe where international travel for short breaks is common. {{Fact|date=June 2008}} Tourists have higher levels of disposable income and greater leisure time and they are also better-educated and have more sophisticated tastes. There is now a demand for a better quality products, which has resulted in a fragmenting of the mass market for beach vacations; people want more specialised versions, such as [[Club 18-30]], quieter resorts, family-oriented holidays, or niche market-targeted [[destination hotel]]s. The developments in technology and transport infrastructure, such as [[Jumbo jet]]s and [[Low-cost carrier|low-cost airlines]], and more accessible [[airports]] have made many types of tourism more affordable. There have also been changes in lifestyle, such as retiree-age people who sustain year round tourism. This is facilitated by [[internet sales]] of tourism products. Some sites have now started to offer [[dynamic packaging]], in which an inclusive price is quoted for a tailor-made package requested by the customer upon impulse. There have been a few setbacks in tourism, such as the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] and terrorist threats to tourist destinations such as [[Bali]] and European cities. Some of the tourist destinations, including the beach resorts of Cancún have lost popularity due to shifting tastes. In this context, the excessive building and environmental destruction often associated with traditional "sun and beach" tourism may contribute to a destination's saturation and subsequent decline. Spain's Costa Brava, a popular 1960s and 1970s beach location is now facing a crisis in its tourism industry. On December 26, 2004 a tsunami, caused by the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] hit Asian countries bordering the Indian Ocean, and also the Maldives. Tens of thousands of lives were lost, and many tourists died. This, together with the vast clean-up operation in place, has stopped or severely hampered tourism to the area. The terms ''tourism'' and ''travel'' are sometimes used interchangeably. In this context travel has a similar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms ''tourism'' and ''tourist'' are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations visited by tourists. ===Eco-tourism=== {{Main|Eco-tourism}} ===Medical tourism=== When there is a significant price difference between countries for a given medical procedure particularly in [[South East Asia]], [[India]] and [[Eastern Europe]] or where there are different regulatory regimes between countries in relation to particular medical procedures (eg [[dentistry]]) travelling to take advantage of the price or regulatory differences is often referred to as "medical tourism". ===Celebrity tourism=== In celebrity tourism the main tourist attraction are the celebrities or celebrity activities. During the stay of a tourist in a particular place or area, he or she will do leisure activities which involves showbiz events or any event which includes popular individual/s. Such celebrity tourism includes the Cannes Film Festival in France, Hollywood Tour, Concert tour and the like. ===Educational tourism=== Educational tourism developed because of the growing popularity of teaching and learning of knowledge, and enhancing technical competency outside the classroom environment. In the educational tourism, the main focus of the tour or leisure activity includes visitation of another country to learn about the culture of the visited country (Student Exchange Program and Study Tour) or to work and apply their learning inside the classroom in different environment (Int’l Practicum Training Program). ===Other developments=== '''Creative tourism''' More recently, creative tourism has gained popularity as a form of cultural tourism, drawing on active participation by travelers in the culture of the host communities they visit. Several countries offer examples of this type of tourism development, including the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy and New Zealand. '''Adventure tourism''' Tourists are looking for an adventure when they travel, see the destination more like a local would experience it. [Private tour guides] are an excellent way to get fast insight into a country and also help locals earn an income. In recent years, second holidays or vacations have become more popular as people's discretionary income increases. {{Fact|date=June 2008}} Typical combinations are a package to the typical mass tourist resort, with a winter skiing holiday or weekend break to a city or national park. '''Dark tourism''' One emerging area of special interest tourism has been identified by Lennon and Foley (2000) as "dark" tourism. This type of tourism involves visits to "dark" sites such as battlegrounds, scenes of horrific crimes or acts of [[genocide]], for example [[concentration camps]]. Dark tourism poses severe ethical and moral dilemmas: should these sites be available for visitation and, if so, what should the nature of the publicity involved be. Dark tourism remains a small niche market driven by varied motivations, such as mourning, remembrance, macabre curiosity or even entertainment. Its early origins are rooted in fairgrounds and medieval fairs.<ref>Tourism Principles and Practice, C. Cooper, J. Fletcher, A. Fyall, D. Gilbert, S. Wanhill, Pearson Education, Third edition, Madrid 2005</ref> ==Growth== [[Image:2005xtoursim receipts.PNG|left|thumb|200px|International tourism receipts in 2005]] The [[World Tourism Organization]] (UNWTO) forecasts that international tourism will continue growing at the average annual rate of 4&nbsp;%.<ref name="predict">{{cite web | year = 2004| url = http://www.world-tourism.org/market_research/facts/market_trends.htm | title = Long-term Prospects: Tourism 2020 Vision | publisher = World Tourism}}</ref> By 2020 [[Europe]] will remain the most popular destination, but its share will drop from 60% in 1995 to 46%. Long-haul will grow slightly faster than intraregional travel and by 2020 its share will increase from 18% in 1995 to 24%. {{Fact|date=June 2008}} With the advent of [[e-commerce]], tourism products have become one of the most traded items on the internet. {{Fact|date=June 2008}} Tourism products and services have been made available through intermediaries, although tourism providers (hotels, airlines, etc.) can sell their services directly. This has put pressure on intermediaries from both on-line and traditional shops. It has been suggested there is a strong correlation between Tourism expenditure per capita and the degree to which countries play in the global context.<ref name="correl">{{cite web | year = 2007| url = http://global-culture.org/blog/2007/01/27/airports-tourists/ | title = airports & tourists | publisher = Global Culture}}</ref> Not only as a result of the important economic contribution of the tourism industry, but also as an indicator of the degree of confidence with which global citizens leverage the resources of the globe for the benefit of their local economies. This is why any projections of growth in tourism may serve as an indication of the relative influence that each country will exercise in the future. [[Space tourism]] is expected to "take off" in the first quarter of the 21st century, although compared with traditional destinations the number of tourists in orbit will remain low until technologies such as a [[space elevator]] make space travel cheap. Technological improvement is likely to make possible air-ship hotels, based either on [[solar energy|solar-powered]] airplanes or large [[dirigible]]s. Underwater hotels, such as [[Hydropolis]], expected to open in [[Dubai]] in 2009, will be built. On the ocean tourists will be welcomed by ever larger cruise ships and perhaps [[floating city|floating cities]]. ==Negative impacts== {{Expand-section|date=June 2008}} Attracting a high volume of tourists can have negative impacts, such as the impact of 33 million tourists a year on the city of New York,<ref>{{cite web | last = Kirby | first = David | title = The Tourist Trap; With All Those Visitors Trampling the Welcome Mat, Can New York Be the Host With the Most for Everyone? | work = News Article | publisher = [[The New York Times]] | date = September 27, 1998 | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=travel&res=9B04EEDE1539F934A1575AC0A96E958260 | format = Web | doi = | accessdate = 2007-03-21}}</ref> or the potential to impact fragile environments,<ref>{{ cite web | last = Nicholls | first = Henry | title = The tourist trap (The Galapagos islands are the world's prime eco-tourism destination. Now the sheer number of visitors is endangering their future ) | work = News article | publisher = Guardian | date = Wednesday April 19, 2006 | url = http://travel.guardian.co.uk/ecotourism/story/0,,1756634,00.html | format = Web | doi = | accessdate = 2007-03-21}}</ref> or the impact of the December 26, 2004 tsunami on the tourists themselves.<ref>{{cite web | last = Kurlantzick | first = Joshua | title = The True Meaning of the Tourist Trap | work = News article | publisher = [[The Washington Post]] | date = Sunday, January 9, 2005 | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A58323-2005Jan8.html | format = Web | doi = | accessdate =2007-03-21}}</ref> The [[environment (biophysical)|environment]] can be affected negatively by [[cruise ship pollution]] in many ways, including [[ballast water discharge and the environment|ballast water discharge]], and by [[aviation and the environment|pollution from aircraft]]. ==See also== {{WVS}} *[[Eco hotels]] *[[Backpacking (travel)]] *[[Eco-tourism]] *[[Hospitality industry]] *[[Hospitality management studies]] *[[Hospitality Services]] *[[Hotel]] *[[Hotel management]] *[[List of types of lodging]] *[[Package holiday]] *[[Passport]] *[[Pilgrimage]] *[[Resort town]] *[[Sustainable tourism]] *[[Tour guide]] *[[Tourism by country]] *[[Tourism geography]] *[[Tourism in literature]] *[[Tourism technology]] *[[Tourist trap]] *[[Travel agency]] *[[Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report]] *[[World Tourism Organization]] *[[World-Point Academy of Tourism]] *[[Accessible Tourism]] *[[Township tourism]] *[[Rural tourism]] ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==External links== {{Wiktionarypar|tourism}} *[http://www.oecd.org/department/0,3355,en_2649_34389_1_1_1_1_1,00.html Tourism: OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development] A valuable resource for statistics and information on international trends in tourism and tourism policies. *[http://ric.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=5&tax_level=2&tax_subject=211&topic_id=1169 Rural Tourism Resources] USDA, National Agricultural Library, Rural Information Center. * [http://www.nal.usda.gov/ric/ricpubs/tourism.html Promoting Tourism in Rural America]. USDA, National Agricultural Library, Rural Information Center. 2004. * [http://www.csrees.usda.gov/nea/economics/in_focus/small_business_if_tourism.html Rural Tourism]. USDA, Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service. * {{PDFlink|[http://www.kc.frb.org/publicat/econrev/Pdf/3q03wilk.pdf Travel and Tourism: An Overlooked Industry in the U.S. and Tenth District]|595&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 610301 bytes -->}}. By Chad Wilkerson. Economic Review, Third Quarter 2003. Federal Reserve Board in Kansas. * [http://www.tia.org/Travel/econimpact.asp Economic Research: Economic Impact of Travel and Tourism]. Travel Industry Association of America. 2004. <!-- Images in reserve [[Image:31-January-2004-Taipei101-Complete.jpg|thumb|210px|right|[[Taipei 101]], the [[world's tallest building]], also a popular tourist destination in Asia, located in [[Taipei]], [[Republic of China]] ([[Taiwan]]).]] [[image:tourism.Paris.river.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|220px|A tourist boat travels the [[River Seine]] in [[Paris]], [[France]] ]] [[Image:Chocolate_Hills.jpg|right|thumb|220px|[[Chocolate Hills]], [[Philippines]]]] [[Image:Seven star mountain Taiwan with hot spring.JPG|thumb|right|220px|[[Yangmingshan]], [[Taiwan]]]] [[Image:Paluki_Znin.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Pałuki]] - the undiscovered beauty of [[Poland]]]] [[Image:ValleColca lou.jpg|220px|thumb|left|[[Colca Canyon| Valle del Colca]] (The Colca Canyon), [[Arequipa]], [[Peru]]]] [[Image:Delta Dunarii 500.jpg|220px|right|thumb|[[Danube Delta]], [[Romania]] ]] --> {{Tourism}} [[Category:Service industries]] [[Category:Entertainment]] [[Category:Tourism| ]] [[Category:Tourism Geography]] [[ar:سياحة]] [[zh-min-nan:Koan-kong]] [[bs:Turizam]] [[br:Touristerezh]] [[bg:Туризъм]] [[ca:Turisme]] [[ceb:Turismo]] [[cs:Cestovní ruch]] [[cy:Twristiaeth]] [[da:Turisme]] [[de:Tourismus]] [[et:Turism]] [[el:Τουρισμός]] [[es:Turismo]] [[eo:Turismo]] [[eu:Turismo]] [[fa:گردشگری]] [[fr:Tourisme]] [[fur:Turisim]] [[gl:Turismo]] [[ko:관광]] [[hi:पर्यटन]] [[hr:Turizam]] [[io:Turismo]] [[id:Pariwisata]] [[ia:Tourismo]] [[ie:Turisme]] [[is:Ferðaþjónusta]] [[it:Turismo]] [[he:תיירות]] [[jv:Pariwisata]] [[ka:ტურიზმი]] [[ky:Туризм]] [[ht:Touris]] [[lv:Tūrisms]] [[lb:Tourismus]] [[lt:Turizmas]] [[li:Toerisme]] [[hu:Turizmus]] [[mk:Туризам]] [[ms:Pelancongan]] [[nl:Toerisme]] [[ja:観光]] [[no:Turisme]] [[nn:Turisme]] [[oc:Torisme]] [[pl:Turystyka]] [[pt:Turismo]] [[ro:Turism]] [[qu:Karu puriy]] [[ru:Туризм]] [[simple:Tourism]] [[sk:Turistika]] [[sl:Turizem]] [[sr:Туризам]] [[sv:Turism]] [[ta:சுற்றுலா]] [[th:การท่องเที่ยว]] [[vi:Du lịch]] [[tr:Turizm]] [[uk:Туризм]] [[vec:Torismo]] [[wa:Tourisse]] [[yi:טוריזם]] [[zh:旅游]]