Tourism in Indonesia 693135 224823948 2008-07-10T16:06:40Z Lightbot 7178666 Units/dates/other [[Image:Bali june aft.jpg|thumb|[[Jimbaran]] Beach, [[Bali]].]] '''Tourism in Indonesia''' is an important component of the [[Indonesia]]n economy and an important source of foreign exchange revenues. With a vast [[archipelago]] of more than 17,000 islands,<ref name="cia_ina">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html|title=Indonesia |publisher=CIA |work=The World Factbook |date=2006 |accessdate=2006-09-12}}</ref> the second longest shoreline in the world,<ref name="cia_shoreline">{{cite web |title=Field Listing - Coastline |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html |publisher=CIA |work=The World Factbook |date=2006 |accessdate=2006-09-12}}</ref> 300 different ethnic groups and 250 distinct languages,<ref name="300_ethnic">{{cite news |title=Indonesia in crisis: Struggling with history |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/indonesia/ |publisher=CBC News |accessdate=2006-09-17 |date=2005-03-07}}</ref> and tropical climate throughout the year, nature and culture are two major components of Indonesian tourism. Tourism in Indonesia is currently overseen by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. International tourist campaigns have been focusing largely on tropical destination with white sand beaches and blue sky imageries. Beach resorts and hotels were developed in some Indonesia islands, with [[Bali]] island as the primary destination. Cultural tourism is also an important part of Indonesia tourism industry. [[Toraja]], [[Prambanan]] and [[Borobudur]] temples, [[Yogyakarta]] and [[Minangkabau]] are popular destinations for cultural tourism, apart from many Hindu festivities in Bali. About 5 million foreign tourists have visited Indonesia annually since 2000.<ref name="stat">{{cite press release|title = Visitor Arrivals to Indonesia 2000-2005|date = 2005|publisher = Minister of Culture and Tourism, Republic of Indonesia|url = http://www.budpar.go.id/page.php?ic=621&id=180|accessdate = 2006-08-17 }}</ref> However, tourism development had sometimes clashed with local people, that has created criticism over Indonesia's tourism industry. Most of the disputes were related over land possession, local traditions ([[adat]]) and the impact of tourism development to the local people. In another area, tourism industry in Indonesia faces major threats. Since 2002, several warnings have been issued by some countries over terrorist threats and ethnic/religious conflicts in some areas, which significantly reduces the number of foreign visitors. ==Statistics== {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"; align="right" !colspan=9|Indonesian Tourism Statistics<ref name="stat"/> |- ! Year !! International visitors !! Average stay (days) |- bgcolor = "white" | 2000 || 5,064,217 || 12.26 |- bgcolor = "white" | 2001 || 5,153,620 || 10.49 |- bgcolor = "white" | 2002 || 5,033,400 || 9.79 |- bgcolor = "white" | 2003 || 4,467,021 || 9.69 |- bgcolor = "white" | 2004 || 5,321,165 || 9.47 |- bgcolor = "white" | 2005 || 5,002,101 || 9.05 |- bgcolor = "white" | 2006 || 4,871,351 || 9.09 |- bgcolor = "white" | 2007 || 5,505,759 || 9.02 |} As with most countries, domestic tourists are by far the largest market segment. The biggest movement of domestic tourists is during the annual [[Eid ul-Fitr]], locally known as "lebaran". During this period, which is a 2 week holiday after the month of [[Ramadan]] [[fasting]], many city-dwelling [[Muslim]] Indonesians visit relatives in their home towns. Intercity traffic is at its peak and often an additional [[surcharge]] is applied during this time. Over the 5 years up to 2006, attention has been focused on generating more domestic tourism. Competition amongst [[budget airlines]] has increased the number of domestic air travellers throughout the country. Recently, the Ministry of Labour legislated to create long weekends by combining [[Public holidays in Indonesia|public holidays]] that fall close to weekends, except in the case of important religious holidays. During these long weekends, most hotels in popular destinations are fully booked. Since 2000, there have been, on average, 5 million foreign tourists each year, who spend an average of US$ 100 per day (see table). With an average visit duration of 9-12 days, Indonesia gains US$ 4.6 billion of foreign exchange income annually.<ref name="stat"/> This makes tourism Indonesia's third most important non-[[oil]]/[[gas]] source of foreign revenue, after [[timber]] and [[textile]] products.<ref name="cia_ina"/> Three quarters of Indonesia's visitors come from the [[Asia Pacific]] region, with [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[Australia]], [[Japan]] and [[South Korea]] among the top five markets. The [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], [[Germany]] and the [[Netherlands]] are the largest sources of European visitors.<ref name="stat_nat">{{cite press release|title=Visitor Arivals to Indonesia by Nationality and Country of Residence Year 2005|publisher=Minister of Culture and Tourism|date=2005|url=http://www.budpar.go.id/filedata/180_353-NatCor2005.pdf|format=[[PDF]]}}</ref> Although Dutch visitors are at least in part keen to explore the historical relationships, many European visitors are seeking the tropical weather at the beaches in Bali. ==Historical context== During the [[colonialism|colonial]] era, tourism was regulated carefully by the government administration of the [[Dutch East Indies]], with international tourists encouraged to travel in groups, and to visit the more significant 'landmark' destinations of [[Java]], [[Bali]] and [[Sumatra]]. Much of the international tourism of the 1920s and 1930s was by international visitors on oceanic cruises. The 1930s did see a modest but significant influx of mainly European tourists and longer term stayers to Bali. Many came for the blossoming arts scene in the [[Ubud]] area, which was as much a two-way exchange between the Balinese and outsiders as it was an internal phenomenon.<ref>Robert Cribb, 'International tourism in Java, 1900-1930, ''South East Asian Research'' 3 no 2 (1995), pp. 193-204. ISSN 0967-828X</ref> [[Image:VisitIndonesia92 Bantimurung.jpg|thumb|upright|The Rhino was the mascot of Visit Indonesia year, 1992]] Tourism more or less disappeared during [[World War II]], and in the early years of the [[Sukarno]] era. National pride and identity in the late 1950s and early 1960s was incorporated in the monumentalism of Sukarno in [[Jakarta]] - and this included the development of international standard hotels. The political and economic instability of the mid-1960s saw tourism decline radically again. Bali, and in particular the small village of [[Kuta]], was however, in the 1960s, an important stop over on the overland hippy trail between [[Australia]] and Europe, and a "secret" untouched surf spot.<ref name="lonely_planet">{{cite book|title=Indonesia|last=Elliot|first=Mark|publisher=Lonely Planet|date=November 2003|id=ISBN 1-74059-154-2}}</ref> In the early to mid 1970s high standard hotels and tourist facilities began to appear in Jakarta and Bali, and from this period to the end of the [[Suharto]] era, governmental manipulation of the [[tourism industry]] included an array of policies and developments to encourage increasing numbers of international tourists to both visit Indonesia and stay longer. Sometimes tourism development clashed with local people, particularly in Bali. In 1994, an open demonstration against the new [[Tanah Lot]] development project were held and simply halted by military intervention. In 1997, mounting anger of local people reached boiling point over a strip of a [[beach]] in front of the Bali Beach Hotel.<ref name="insde54">{{cite news|title=Whose tourism? Balinese fight back|publisher=Inside Indonesia|url=http://www.insideindonesia.org/edit54/bali.htm|accessdate=2006-08-23|date=1998}}</ref> There were a number of years that were declared 'Visit Indonesia Year' - with different themes. In a number of cases, where international events interfered, some years in the "Visit Indonesia" decade were considerable disasters. Considerable cynicism on the part of some poor local communities in [[Java]] led to the appearance of [[graffiti]] on water tanks and abandoned buildings proclaiming "obyek wisata", in reference to local government authorities enthusiasm to attract interest to locations with very limited interest to international tourists who tended to tread the well-worn path between the larger, and in some cases, over-promoted "tourism objects" as they were called. With the advent of the [[internet]] and the enthusiasm for promotional websites, tourism in the twenty first century has seen the style of street vendors in busy tourist locations of the past extend to website creators - cluttered, chaotic and of varying quality. Somehow Visit Indonesia Year 2008 is planned, and on works<ref>Tourism Indonesia http://my-indonesia.info/page.php?ic=7&id=2581</ref>. ==Tourists attractions== ===Nature tourism=== [[Image:Gili Meno West Coast.jpg|thumb|right|The beach at Gili Meno with Lombok in the distant background]] Indonesia has well-preserved natural ecosystem such as [[rainforests]] that stretch over about 57% of Indonesia's land (225 million acres) and about 2% of them are [[mangrove]].<ref name="WWF">{{cite web|publisher=WWF UK|url=http://www.wwf.org.uk/researcher/places/0000000216.asp|title= Indonesia|accessdate=2006-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indonesia|publisher=Rainforest Action Network|url=http://www.rainforestweb.org/Rainforest_Regions/Asia/Indonesia/|accessdate=2006-09-17}}</ref> One reason why the natural ecosystem in [[Indonesia]] is still well-preserved is because only 6,000 [[islands]] out of 17,000 are permanently inhabited.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=Embassy of Indonesia (KBRI) at Canberra|title=Indonesia Claims a Permanent Seat on the Security Council|url=http://www.kbri-canberra.org.au/press/press040927e_deplu.htm|date=2004-09-27}}</ref> Forests on [[Sumatra]] and [[Java]] are examples of popular tourists destinations. Moreover, Indonesia has one of longest coastlines in the world, measuring 54,716 km,<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=Library of Congress|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Indonesia.pdf|title=Country Profile: Indonesia|date=December 2004}}</ref> with a number of [[beach]]es and island resorts, such as those in southern [[Bali]], [[Lombok]], [[Bintan]] and [[Nias Island]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Asia Dive Site|url=http://www.asiadivesite.com/indonesia-dive-sites/|title=Diving in Indonesia}}</ref> However, most of the well-preserved beaches are those in more isolated and less developed areas such as [[Karimunjawa]], the [[Togian Islands]], and the [[Banda Islands]]. ====Dive sites==== With more than 17,000 [[islands]], Indonesia presents ample diving opportunities. [[Bunaken]] at the northern tip of [[Sulawesi]], claims to have seven times more genera of [[coral]] than [[Hawaii]], and has more than 70% of all the known fish species of the Indo-Western [[Pacific]].<ref name="bunakendiving">{{cite web|title=Bunaken Diving Sites|publisher=Dive The World|url=http://www.divetheworldindonesia.com/manado-diving-sites-bunaken-island.htm}}</ref> Moreover, there are over 3,500 [[species]] living in Indonesian waters, including [[shark]]s, [[dolphins]], [[manta ray]]s, [[turtle]]s, [[moray eel|morays]], [[cuttlefish]], [[octopus]] and [[scorpionfish]], compared to 1,500 on the [[Great Barrier Reef]] and 600 in the [[Red Sea]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Scuba Diving Indonesia|publisher=divesitedirectory|url=http://www.divesitedirectory.com/indonesia.html}}</ref> [[Tulamben]] Bay in [[Bali]] boasts the wreck of a 120&nbsp;meter (400&nbsp;ft) [[US Army]] commissioned transport vessel, the [[USAT Liberty Glo]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tulamben Bay: World Class Shipwreck Diving|url=http://www.divecenterbali.com/divesites/tulamben_wreck.htm|publisher=Scuba Duba Doo}}</ref> Beside Bunaken and Bali, [[Lombok]], with three [[Gili Islands|Gilis]] ([[Gili Air]], [[Gili Meno]] and [[Gili Trawangan]]), [[Thousand Islands (Indonesia)|Thousand Islands]] and [[Bangka]] are some of the most popular diving sites in Indonesia. ====Surf breaks==== [[Surfing]] is also a popular water activities in Indonesia and the sites are recognised as world class sites.<ref name="surf1">{{cite web|title=Surfing Indonesia|publisher=GlobalSurfers|url=http://www.globalsurfers.com/country_details.cfm?land=Indonesia}}</ref> The well-known spots are mostly located on the southern, [[Indian Ocean]] side of Indonesia, for example, large oceanic surf breaks on southern [[Java]]. However, the north coast does not receive the same surf from the [[Java Sea]]. Surf breaks can be found all the way along [[Sumatra]], down to Nusa Tenggara, including [[Aceh]], Bali, [[Banten]], Java, [[Lombok]], [[Mentawai Islands]], and [[Sumbawa]]. On Bali, there are about 33 surf spots, from West Bali to East Bali. Sumatra is the second island with the most number of surf spots, with 18 spots. The common time for surfing is around May to September with the trade winds blowing from east to south-east. From October to April, winds tend to come from the west to north-west, so east coast breaks get the offshore winds. Two well-known surf breaks in Indonesia are the [[G-Land]] in the Bay of Grajagan, [[East Java]] and [[Lagundri Bay]] at the southern end of [[Nias]] island. G-Land was first identified in 1972 when a surfer saw the break from the window of a plane. Since 6 to 8 foot ([[Hawaiian scale]]) waves were discovered by surfers at Lagundri Bay in 1975 the island has become famous for surfing worldwide. ====National parks==== {{main | List of national parks of Indonesia}} [[Image:Lesser Bird of Paradise.jpg|upright|thumb|Lesser bird of paradise]] [[Image:Varanus komodoensis6.jpg|thumb|left|Komodo Dragon]] The biggest national park in Indonesia is the 9,500&nbsp;square kilometre [[Gunung Leuser National Park]] in the north of [[Sumatra]] island.<ref name="unesco_sumatra">{{cite press release|publisher=UNESCO|title=28th Session of World Heritage Committee|format=[[PDF]]|url=http://whc.unesco.org/archive/2004/whc04-28com-14Badde.pdf|date=2004}}</ref> Together with [[Kerinci Seblat National Park]] and [[Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park]], the total 25,000&nbsp;square kilometres of national parks in Sumatra, named [[Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra]], has been added to the [[UNESCO World Heritage]] list. Other national parks on the list are [[Lorentz National Park]] in [[Papua]], [[Komodo National Park]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]] and [[Ujung Kulon National Park]] in the west of [[Java]]. To be noticed, different national parks offer different biodiversity, as natural habitat in Indonesia is divided into two areas by the [[Wallace line]]. The [[Wallacea]] [[biogeographical]] distinction means the western part of Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan) have the same flora and fauna characteristics as the [[Asia]]n continent, whilst the remaining eastern part of Indonesia has similarity with the [[Australia]]n continent. Many native species such as [[Sumatran elephant]]s, [[Sumatran tiger]]s, [[Sumatran rhinoceros]], [[Javan rhinoceros]] and [[Orangutans]] are listed as [[endangered species|endangered]] or [[critically endangered]], and the remaining populations are found in [[List of national parks of Indonesia|national parks]] and other conservation areas. [[Orangutans]] can be visited in the [[Bukit Lawang]] conservation area. The world’s largest flower, [[rafflesia arnoldi]], and the tallest flower, [[titan arum]], can be found in Sumatra. The east side of the Wallacea line offers the most remarkable, rarest, and exotic animals on earth.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wallacea|last=Whitten|first=Tony|coauthors=et al|url=http://www.biodiversityscience.org/publications/hotspots/Wallacea.html|publisher=Biodiversity International|accessdate=2006-09-17}}</ref> [[Birds of Paradise]], locally known as ''cenderawaish'', are plumed birds that can be found among other [[Fauna of New Guinea|fauna in Papua New Guinea]]. The largest bird in Papua is the flightless [[cassowary]]. One species of [[lizard]], the [[Komodo Dragon]] can easily be found on [[Komodo (island)|Komodo]], located in the Nusa Tenggara lesser islands region. Besides Komodo island, this endangered species can also be found on the islands of Rintja, Padar and Flores.<ref>{{cite web|title=Komodo Dragon|url=http://www.nature.ca/notebooks/English/komodo.htm|publisher=Canadian Museum of Nature|accessdate=2006-09-17}}</ref> ====Volcanoes==== [[Image:Mtbromo.jpg|left|thumb|Mount Bromo]] [[Hiking]] and [[camping]] in the mountains are popular adventure activities. Some mountains contain ridge rivers, offering [[rafting]] activity. Though [[volcanic]] mountains can be dangerous, they have become major tourist destinations. Popular active volcanoes are the 2,329&nbsp;m high [[Mount Bromo]] in the [[East Java]] province with its little desert, the upturned boat shaped [[Tangkuban Perahu]] on the outskirts of [[Bandung]], the most active volcano in Java, [[Mount Merapi]] and the legendary [[Krakatau]] with its new [[caldera]] known as ''anak krakatau'' (the child of Krakatau). [[Puncak Jaya]] in the [[Lorentz National Park]], the highest mountain in Indonesia and the only mountain with [[ice caps]], offers the opportunity of [[rock climbing]]. In Sumatra, there are the remains of a [[supervolcano]] [[eruption]] that have created the landscape of [[Lake Toba]] close to [[Medan]] in [[North Sumatra]]. ===Cultural tourism=== {{main | Culture of Indonesia}} [[Image:Borobudur-complete.jpg|right|thumb|Borobudur temple in Central Java]] Indonesia consists of at least 300 [[ethnic]] groups, spread over a 1.8 million km² area of 6,000 inhabited islands.<ref name="cia_ina"/> This creates a cultural diversity, further compounded by [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Islam]]ic and European colonialist influences. From the 3rd century until the 13th century, Hinduism and Buddhism shaped the culture of Indonesia. The best-preserved Buddhist shrine, which was built during the [[Sailendra]] dynasty in the 8th century, is [[Borobudur]] temple in [[Central Java]]. A few kilometers to the southeast is the [[Prambanan]] complex, a Hindu temple built during the second [[Mataram]] dynasty. Both the Borobudur and the Prambanan temple compounds have been listed in the UNESCO [[World Heritage]] list since 1991. In [[Bali]], where most Hindus live, cultural festivals are major attractions to foreign tourists. Islam has also contributed greatly to the cultural society in Indonesia. As of 2006, about 88% of Indonesians are Muslim.<ref>{{cite news|author=Meidyatama Suryodiningrat|title=Who are the Indonesian?|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/community/ina3.asp|publisher=The Jakarta Post|accessdate=2006-08-24}}</ref> Islamic culture is prominent in [[Sumatra]], and a few of the remaining [[sultanate]] palaces can be seen in [[Medan]] and [[Pekanbaru]]. Despite foreign influences, a diverse array of indigenous traditional cultures is still evident in Indonesia. The indigenous ethnic group of [[Toraja]] in [[South Sulawesi]], which still has strong [[animism|animistic]] beliefs, offers a unique cultural tradition, especially during funeral rituals. The [[Minangkabau]] ethic group retain a unique [[matrilineal]] culture, despite being devoted [[Muslim]]s. Other indigenous ethnic groups include the [[Asmat people|Asmat]] and [[Dani people|Dani]] in [[Papua]], [[Dayak people|Dayak]] in [[Kalimantan]] and [[Mentawai people|Mentawai]] in [[Sumatra]], where traditional rituals are still observed. A discussion of cultural tourism is not complete without a mention of [[Yogyakarta]], a special province in Indonesia known as centre of classical Javanese fine art and culture.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Cooperative Tourism Planning in a Developing Destination|last=Timothy|first=Dallen J.|url=http://www.channelviewpublications.net/jost/006/0052/jost0060052.pdf|format=[[PDF]]|journal=Journal of Sustainable Tourism|volume=6|issue=1|date=1998|pages=52–68}}</ref> The rise and fall of Buddhist, Hindu, and Islamic kingdoms in Central Java has transformed Yogyakarta into a melting pot of Indonesian culture. ===Metropolitan tourism=== [[Image:Jakarta Skyline West.JPG|thumb|Jakarta in the morning]] Metropolitan tourism activities are [[shopping]], [[sightseeing]] in big cities and enjoying modern [[amusement parks]]. The nation's capital, [[Jakarta]], offers many places for shopping. [[Mal Kelapa Gading]] (the biggest one with 130,000 m²), [[Plaza Senayan]], Senayan City, Grand Indonesia, EX, and Plaza Indonesia are some of the [[Shopping mall|malls]] in the city. Another popular tourist activity is [[golfing]], a favorite sport among the [[upper class]]es Indonesian and also foreigners. Some notable golf courses in Jakarta are Cengkareng Golf Club, located in the airport complex, and Pondok Indah Golf and Country Club. Bali has many shopping centers, for instance, the [[Kuta]] shopping center and the Galeria [[Nusa Dua]]. [[Nightlife (activity)|Nightlife]] of Indonesia is also popular among foreigners, especially in the big cities like [[Jakarta]], [[Bandung]], [[Surabaya]] and [[Denpasar]].<ref>Bali Nightlife and Entertainment http://www.bali-indonesia.com/attractions/enternight.html</ref> ==Food in Indonesia== {{main|Cuisine of Indonesia}} The variety of cultures in Indonesia is reflected in the wide range of foods in the nation. Since the 15th century, many [[Europe]]an traders have visited the archipelago to buy different kinds of [[spices]], including [[Black pepper|pepper]] and [[Mace (spice)|mace]]. In modern times, many cultures and countries have influenced the [[cuisine of Indonesia]], such as [[Western culture]] and [[Asian culture]]. Many claim that this diversity has resulted in one of the most distinctive cuisines in the world.<ref name="ethnocuisine">{{cite paper|author=Freeman, Nancy|title=Focus on Ethnic Cuisine: Indonesia|publisher=Sally's Place|url=http://www.sallys-place.com/food/ethnic_cusine/indonesia.htm|date=1997}}</ref> The main principle of almost all Indonesian food is [[halal]].<ref>{{cite paper|author=Mahmood, Kazi|title=‘Halal' Stickers A Must For Food In Indonesia: Experts|url=http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2003-07/20/article08.shtml|publisher=Islam Online}}</ref> [[Rice]] is Indonesia's most important staple food. Most Indonesians eat rice twice a day, at lunch and dinner. The rice is usually served with a side dish, such as [[chicken]], [[meat]]s and [[vegetables]]. Although the meals are generally simple, the plentiful use of various [[root]]s, [[spices]], [[grasses]], and [[leaves]] adds flavour to most dishes.<ref name='ethnocuisine'/> An Indonesian meal will often be accompanied by various condiments at the table, including [[sambal]] and [[kecap]]. Other main meals, such as [[potato]], [[noodles]], [[soybeans]] and [[wheat]] are common. The most common method for preparing food is [[frying]], though [[grilling]], [[simmering]], [[steaming]] and [[stewing]] are also used. Indonesian cuisine is also influenced by Western culture. The most obvious example is the presence of fast food companies in Indonesia, such as [[McDonald's]], [[KFC]] and [[Pizza Hut]]. To popularise the food of Indonesia, food related events were created, such as a food festival called "Enak-Enak", runs from [[August 15]] to [[August 31]], [[2006]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Food festival "enak-enak" held in S Jakarta|url=http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=18500|publisher=ANTARA|date=2006-08-19}}</ref> ==International tourist arrivals== ===International airports=== {{Main|List of airports in Indonesia}} Each of the larger Indonesian islands, have at least one [[international airport]]. The biggest airport in [[Indonesia]], [[Soekarno-Hatta International Airport]], is located in [[Tangerang Regency]], [[Banten]]. There are four more international airports on Java, [[Adisumarmo International Airport]] in [[Solo, Central Java]], [[Juanda International Airport]] in [[Surabaya]], [[East Java]], [[Achmad Yani Airport|Achmad Yani International Airport]] in [[Semarang]], [[Central Java]] and [[Adisucipto International Airport]] in [[Yogyakarta]]. On Kalimantan there is one international airport and there are two on Sumatra. [[Bali]], which is part of the Nusa Tenggara Islands, has the [[Ngurah Rai Airport|Ngurah Rai International Airport]]. ===Visa regulations=== Tourists from [[Brunei]], [[Chile]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]], [[Malaysia]], [[Morocco]], [[Peru]], the [[Philippines]], [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]] and [[Vietnam]] can enter Indonesia without a [[Visa (document)|visa]].<ref>Bali Guide http://www.baliguide.com/visa_regulations.html</ref> Citizens of these countries will be issued on arrival a permit for a 30 day stay upon presentation of a valid passport with at least six months to run. This stay permit cannot be extended or converted to another type of visa. On [[February 1]], [[2004]], Indonesia introduced unpopular and tighter tourist visa regulations. Although tourist visas were formerly free and valid for 60 days, visitors from certain countries must now purchase one of two visas on arrival: a $15USD visa valid for 10 days or a $25USD visa valid for 30 days. This was heavily protested by the tourist industry who point out that this cost adds up for families and 30 days is a very limited time to travel in Indonesia with a number of remote and hard to reach locations.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The countries now subject to these tighter regulations include [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Denmark]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Hungary]], [[Italy]], [[Japan]], [[New Zealand]], [[Norway]], [[Poland]], [[South Africa]], [[South Korea]], [[Switzerland]], [[Taiwan]], [[United Arab Emirates]], the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]].<ref name='indovoa'>Indonesia Visa on Arrival News http://www.indo.com/indonesia/news391.html</ref><ref>Bali Guide http://www.baliguide.com/visa_regulations.html</ref> On [[July 14]], 2004, the Indonesian tourism ministry granted permission for more coutries to be included on the VOA list, including [[Iran]],[[Saudi Arabia]], [[Kuwait]], [[Belgium]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Russia]], [[Egypt]], [[Austria]], [[Ireland]], [[Qatar]] and [[Luxembourg]].<ref name='indovoa'>Indonesia Visa on Arrival News http://www.indo.com/indonesia/news391.html</ref> The visa on arrival cannot be extended or converted into any other kind of visa. The visa holder also has to leave the country on the 30th day of the stay. ===Visit Indonesia Year 2008=== The Indonesian Ministry of Culture and Tourism, has declared 2008 as a Visit Indonesia Year<ref>Tourism Indonesia http://my-indonesia.info/page.php?ic=7&id=2581</ref>. Visit Indonesia Year 2008 has officially launched on 26 December 2007<ref>Ministry of Culture and Tourism http://budpar.go.id/page.php?ic=611&id=3377</ref> [[Image:Visitindo2008.jpg|thumb|right|Visit Indonesia logo]] The figure of Visit Indonesia Year 2008 branding took the concept of Garuda Pancasila as the Indonesian way of life, but it was performed by perfectly modern approach. The 5 norms draw by 5 different colored lines and symbolized the Indonesian Unity in Diversity. This logo brand formulated into dynamic figure and colors as the implementation of Indonesian Dynamic which is developing. The types of letters of logo brand is driven from the Indonesian elements which perfectly by modern approach. The targeted tourists are 7 millions. Visit Indonesia Year 2008 is also commemorating 100 years of [[Budi Utomo|Indonesia's national awakening]] in 1908 ==Threats to the tourism industry== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"; align="right" !colspan=4 style="font-size: larger;" | '''Travel Warnings''' |- | Australia<ref>[http://www.smartraveller.gov.au/zw-cgi/view/Advice/Indonesia]</ref> | [[2006-08-21]] | All Indonesia | Terrorist threats |- | rowspan=2 | UK<ref>[http://www.britishembassy.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1065718099599]</ref> | rowspan=2 | [[2006-08-21]] | All Indonesia | Terrorist threats |- | [[Maluku]],<br>[[Central Sulawesi]], [[Aceh]] | Regional conflicts |} The [[2002 Bali bombing]] was a major blow to the tourism industry in Indonesia. A series of travel warnings were issued by a number of countries. Subsequently, the rate of tourism in [[Bali]] decreased by 31%.<ref>{{cite news|title=Waiting for the Rain|publisher=Peace and Conflict Monitor|url=http://www.monitor.upeace.org/archive.cfm?id_article=91|date=2003-02-10}}</ref> Subsequently, a bombing continued occurred each year&mdash;the [[2003 Marriott Hotel bombing]], the [[2004 Jakarta embassy bombing|2004 Australian Embassy bombing]] in [[Jakarta]], and a [[2005 Bali bombing|second bombing in Bali]]&mdash;which worsened the situation for the tourism industry. As of May 2008, no major terrorist attack has occurred since 2005 and the United States Government lifted its warning against travel to Indonesia.<ref name="SMH">{{cite news | last = McDonald | first = Hamish | title = Fighting terror with smart weaponry | pages = 17 | publisher = Sydney Morning Herald | date = 31 June 2008 | url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/fighting-terrorism-with-smart-weaponry/2008/05/30/1211654312137.html}}</ref> In 2006, 227,000 Australians visited Indonesia and in 2007 this rose to 314,000.<ref name="SMH"/> An outbreak of [[Avian influenza|bird flu]] throughout the country has affected the numbers of foreign visitors. As of 2006, the outbreak had killed at least 46 people since 2005, making Indonesia the country with the highest death-toll from the recent epidemic.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Reuters| url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/JAK274328.htm|title=Indonesian woman died of bird flu, cluster probed|date=2006-08-20}}</ref> However, since the disease has not yet been proven to [[mutate]] into a form that can transfer from human to human, the U.S. embassy, for example, has not yet issued a travel warning regarding the outbreak.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Tempointeraktif| url=http://www.tempointeractive.com/hg/nasional/2005/09/23/brk,20050923-67005,uk.html|title=USA Not to Issue Travel Warning|date=2005-09-23}}</ref> Another major threat to the tourism industry are sectarian and separatist conflicts in Indonesia. [[Papua (Indonesian province)|Papua]] is still affected by [[Organisasi Papua Merdeka|Papuan separatism]], while [[Maluku]] and [[Central Sulawesi]] have suffered in recent years from serious sectarian conflicts. Conversely, decades of separatism-related violence in [[Aceh]] ended in 2005 with the signing of a peace agreement between the Indonesia Government and the [[Free Aceh Movement]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Former rebel says Aceh peace is here to stay|publisher=Reuters|url=http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=reutersEdge&storyID=2006-08-13T125803Z_01_B52062_RTRUKOC_0_US-INDONESIA-ACEH.xml|date=2006-08-13}}</ref> Recently in 2008, US government had lifted their travel warning on Indonesia.<ref>http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/05/25/us-lifts-travel-warning-imposed-indonesia-following-terrorist-attacks.html</ref> ==Guide books== Guide books and travel accounts with details of the country and people have had a long history - some books from the 1800s and early 1900s being classics with description of places that were perceived as ''things to see''. Both private authors and government publications (such as the 1920s ''Come to Java'' books produced in Batavia by the government tourist bureau of the time) have been made each decade through to present. There were restrictions to tourism in the second world war and the mid to late 1960s - other than those two periods - travel accounts and guide books have been produced regularly. James Rush's and Adrian Vickers' texts mentioned below are excellent introductions to the range of writing that has been created. The most popular Guide book on Indonesia in English in the 1980s was Bill Dalton's [[Indonesia Handbook]], while from the 1990s and since [[Lonely Planet]]'s edition ''[[Indonesia (Guidebook)]]'' has gone to its eighth edition in 2007. Many other guide books have also been produced - in English and other languages. ==See also== *[[Transport in Indonesia]] *[[:Category:World Heritage Sites in Indonesia]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} == Further reading == <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:1; column-count:1;"> * {{cite book|last=_|title=Come to Java 1922-23|publisher=Weltevreden : Official Tourist Bureau|date=1922}} * {{cite book|last=Buckles|first=Guy|title=The Dive Sites Of Indonesia|publisher=New Holland|date=1996|id=ISBN 1-85368-598-4}} * {{cite book|title=Indonesia|last=Elliot|first=Mark|publisher=Lonely Planet|date=November 2003|id=ISBN 1-74059-154-2}} * {{cite book|title=Java: A Travellers' Anthology|last=Rush|first=James R.|pubisher=Oxford University Press|year=1996|id=ISBN 967-65-3082-4}} * {{cite book|last=McCarthy|first=John|title=Are sweet dreams made of this? : Tourism in Bali and Eastern Indonesia|publisher=Indonesia Resources and Information Program|date=1994|id=ISBN 0-646-18791-0}} * {{cite book|last=McPhee|first=Colin|title=A House in Bali|publisher=Victor Gollancz Ltd.|date=2000|id=ISBN 962-593-629-7}} * {{cite book|last=Miller|first=George|title=To The Spice Islands And Beyond: Travels in Eastern Indonesia|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=1996|id=ISBN 967-65-3099-9}} * {{cite book|last=Scidmore|first=E.R.|title=Java: The Garden of the East|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=1986|id=ISBN 0-19-582596-9}} * {{cite book|last=Severin|first=Tim|title=The Spice Island Voyage: In Search of Wallace|publisher=Abacus|date=1997|id=ISBN 0-349-11040-9}} * {{cite book|last=Shavit|first=David|title=Bali and the tourist industry : a history, 1906-1942|publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co.|date=2003|id=ISBN 0-7864-1572-X}} * {{cite book|last=Vickers|first=Adrian|title=Travelling to Bali: Four Hundred Years of Journeys|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=1994|id=ISBN 967-65-3081-6}} </div> ==External links== {{portal|Indonesia}} *[http://www.my-indonesia.info/ Official tourism website] *[http://www.budpar.go.id/ Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Republic of Indonesia] *[http://www.visitasean.travel/ Visit ASEAN] *[http://wikitravel.org/en/Indonesia Wikitravel on Indonesia] *[http://www.javacrisismediacenter.com/index_e.php Java Tourism Care] *[http://www.indo.com/indonesia/news391.html Indonesia Visa News] {{Life in Indonesia}} {{Tourism in Asia}} <!--Categories--> [[Category:Tourism in Indonesia| ]] <!--Other languages--> [[bn:ইন্দোনেশিয়ার পর্যটন]] [[es:Turismo en Indonesia]] [[fr:Tourisme en Indonésie]] [[id:Daftar tempat pariwisata di Indonesia]]