Training
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[[Image:Christer Fuglesang underwater EVA simulation for STS-116.jpg|thumb|An astronaut in training for an [[extra-vehicular activity]] mission using an underwater simulation environment.]]
The term '''''training''''' refers to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of the teaching of [[vocational education| vocational]] or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. It forms the core of [[apprenticeship]]s and provides the backbone of content at [[technical college]]s and [[polytechnic]]s. In addition to the basic training required for a [[Trade (profession)| trade]], [[occupation]] or [[profession]], observers of the labor-market{{who?}} recognise [[as of 2008| today]] the need to continue training beyond initial qualifications: to maintain, upgrade and update skills throughout [[career| working life]]. People within many professions and occupations may refer to this sort of training as [[professional development]].
Some commentators use a similar term for workplace learning to improve performance: [[training and development]]. One can generally categorize such training as ''on-the-job'' or ''off-the-job'':
* On-the-job training takes place in a normal working situation, using the actual [[tool]]s, equipment, documents or materials that trainees will use when fully trained. On-the-job training has a general reputation as most effective for vocational work.
* Off-the-job training takes place away from normal work situations — implying that the employee does not count as a directly productive worker while such training takes place. Off-the-job training has the advantage that it allows people to get away from work and concentrate more thoroughly on the training itself. This type of training has proven more effective{{Fact|date=February 2008}} in inculcating concepts and ideas.
Training differs from [[exercise]] in that people may dabble in exercise as an occasional activity for fun. Training has specific goals of improving one's [[capability]], [[capacity]], and [[performance (disambiguation)| performance]].
Compare:
* [[Education]]
* [[Learning]]
== Types of training ==
=== Physical training ===
Physical training concentrates on mechanistic goals: training-programs in this area develop specific skills or muscles, often with a view to peaking at a particular time. [[Fartlek]] training offers flexible techniques which [[trainer]]s can adapt to suit almost any [[sportsperson|athlete]].
In [[military]] use, training means gaining the physical ability to perform and survive in [[combat]], and learning the many skills needed in a time of [[war]]. These include how to use a variety of [[weapons]], outdoor [[surviving|survival]] skills, and how to survive capture by the enemy, among others. See [[military education and training]].
For psychological or physiological reasons, people who believe it may be beneficial to them can choose to practice [[relaxation]] training, or [[autogenic training]], in an attempt to increase their ability to relax or deal with stress.<ref>http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/relaxation-training-may-cut-hypertension-medication-among-elderly_10032216.html</ref>
While some studies have indicated relaxation training is useful for some medical conditions, autogenic training has limited results or has been the result of few studies.
=== Religion and spirituality ===
In [[religion|religious]] and [[Spirituality|spiritual]] use, training may mean purifying mind, heart, understanding and actions to obtain a variety of spiritual goals such as closeness to [[God]] or freedom from [[dukkha|suffering]]. Note for example the institutionalized spiritual training of [[Buddhism]], the [[Threefold Training]], or [[discipleship]] in [[Christianity]].
=== Artificial-intelligence feedback ===
Researchers have developed training-methods for [[artificial intelligence| artificial-intelligence]] devices as well. [[Evolutionary algorithms]], including [[genetic programming]] and other methods of [[machine learning]], use a system of [[feedback]] based on "fitness functions" to allow [[computer programs]] to determine how well an entity performs a task. The methods construct a series of programs, known as a “population” of programs, and then automatically test them for "fitness", observing how well they perform the intended task. The system automatically generates new programs based on members of the population that perform the best. These new members replace programs that perform the worst. The procedure repeats until the achievement of optimum performance.<ref>
''Genetic Programming: An Introduction'', Wolfgang Banzhaf, [[Peter Nordin]], Robert E. Keller, and Frank D. Francone, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., 1998
</ref>
In [[robotics]], such a system can continue to run in [[Real-time (disambiguation)| real-time]] after initial training, allowing [[robot]]s to [[adapt]] to new situations and to changes in themselves, for example, due to wear or damage. Researchers have also developed robots that can appear to mimic simple human behavior as a starting point for training.<ref>
[http://www.etek.chalmers.se/~almir/ HR-2 Robot can mimic simple human behavior]
</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Physical education]]
* [[Training and development]]
* [[Practice (learning method)]]
* [[Trainer (business)]]
== References ==
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