Transfer of learning 3744328 224356708 2008-07-08T14:22:15Z Joyous! 69412 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Fazil.Aslam.Bha|Fazil.Aslam.Bha]] ([[User talk:Fazil.Aslam.Bha|talk]]) to last version by DumZiBoT {{Copyedit|date=May 2008}} The Theory of '''Transfer of Learning''' was introduced by [[Edward Thorndike]] and [[Robert S. Woodworth]] (1901)<ref>[http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Thorndike/Transfer/transfer1.htm Classics in the History of Psychology - Thorndike & Woodworth (1901a)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. They explored how individuals would transfer learning in one context to another context that shared similar characteristics. Their theory implied that transfer of learning depends on the learning task and the transfer task being identical, also known as 'identical elements'. There is a close relationship between transfer of learning and [[problem solving]], since transfer of learning generally occurs when previous knowledge is applied to solve a problem in a new situation (Ormrod, 2004). ==Types of transfer== Perkins and Salomon (1992) elaborate different types of transfer of learning, describing the concept and the differences between positive and negative transfer, as well as what is called "near" and "far" transfer. The following table, presenting different types of transfer, is adapted from Schunk (2004, p. 220). ==Transfer of learning/training== To transfer or shift the learning/training from one task to other. When the learning/training of one task effect the learning of another task it will called transfer of learning/training. A major part of daily life depend on transfer of learning. ==Types of transfer of learning== Learning of one task is not always facilitating other new learning or previous learning. Learning of one task create inhibition in the learning of new/previous task. '''There are three types of transfer of learning.''' Positive learning , Negative learning , Bilatrial learning. When learning of transfer of one task facilitate/supports the learning of other task it will called positive learning transfer of learning. e.g Mathematics help in Statistics. When learning of transfer of one task inhibate the learning of other task it will called negative transfer of learning. e.g Automatic transmission car and mannual transmission car. Lefthand driving car effect righthand driving car. When the learning of one body part will effect the learning of the opposite body part it will called bilatrial learning. e.g. Right hand writing effects left hand writing. ==Factors of transfer of learning== Similarity , Motivation , Previous or past experience , Similarity of stimulus , Retroactive learning , Proactive learning.'' {| class="wikitable" style="font-style:regular; font-size:100%;" align="center" !width="100"|Type !width="500"|Characteristics |- |Near || Overlap between situations, original and transfer contexts are similar |- |Far || Little overlap between situations, original and transfer settings are dissimilar |- |Positive || What is learned in one context enhances learning in a different setting (+) |- |Negative || What is learned in one context hinders or delays learning in a different setting (+) |- |Vertical || Knowledge of a previous topic is essential to acquire new knowledge (++) |- |Horizontal || Knowledge of a previous topic is not essential but helpful to learn a new topic (++) |- |Literal || Intact knowledge transfers to new task |- |Figural || Use some aspect of general knowledge to think or learn about a problem |- |Low Road || Transfer of well-established skills in almost automatic fashion |- |High Road || Transfer involves abstraction so conscious formulations of connections between contexts |- |High Road /Forward Reaching || Abstracting situations from a learning context to a potential transfer context |- |High Road / Backward Reaching || Abstracting in the transfer context features of a previous situation where new skills and knowledge were learned |} (+) from Cree and Macaulay, (2000). (++) from Ormrod (2004). Transfer of Learning - applying the skills, knowledge, and/or attitudes that were learned in one situation to another learning situation. This increases the speed of learning. ==See also== * [[Classical conditioning]] * [[Gavriel Salomon]] ==References== {{reflist}} * Cree, V., & Macaulay, (2000). ''Transfer of learning in professional and vocational education''. Routledge. * Ormrod, J. E. (2004). ''Human learning'' (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Pearson. * Perkins, D. N., & [[Gavriel Salomon|Salomon, G.]] (1992). [http://learnweb.harvard.edu/alps/thinking/docs/traencyn.htm Transfer of learning]. ''International Encyclopedia of Education'' (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press. * Schunk, D. (2004). ''Learning theories: An educational perspective'' (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Pearson. [[Category:Educational psychology]] [[Category:Experiential learning]] [[Category:Pedagogy]] {{psych-stub}} [[pl:Transfer (psychologia)]] [[sr:Трансфер учења]] [[zh:学习迁移]]