Transportation in Canada 5197 224016459 2008-07-06T23:11:46Z SchuminWeb 231595 /* Air Transport */ Fix Canada is a developed country whose economy relies heavily on the extraction and export of raw materials. Because of this, it has a very large transportation system which includes more than 1.4 million kilometres of roads, 10 major international airports, 300 smaller airports, 72,093 kilometres of functioning railroad track, and more than 300 commercial ports and harbours that provide access to the [[Pacific]], [[Atlantic]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans as well as the [[Great Lakes]] and the [[St. Lawrence Seaway]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www41.statcan.ca/2007/4006/ceb4006_000_e.htm |title= Transportation in Canada| publisher= Statistics Canada| accessdate=2008-03-26}}</ref> In 2005, the transportation sector made up 4.2% of Canada's GDP, compared to 3.7% for Canada's huge mining and oil and gas extraction industries.<ref name= "Trans Sector 05">{{cite web |url=http://www.statcan.ca/english/research/11-621-MIE/11-621-MIE2006044.pdf |title= An Analysis of the Transportation Sector in 2005| publisher= Statistics Canada| accessdate=2008-03-27|format= PDF}}</ref> [[Transport Canada]] oversees and regulates most aspects of transportation within Canadian jurisdiction. Transport Canada is under the direction of the federal government's [[Minister of Transport (Canada)|Minister of Transport]]. The [[Transportation Safety Board of Canada]] is responsible for maintaining transportation safety in Canada by investigating accidents and making safety recommendations. {| class="wikitable" <hiddentext>generated with [[:de:Wikipedia:Helferlein/VBA-Macro for EXCEL tableconversion]] V1.7<\hiddentext> align= "right" |- style="background-color:#C0C0C0;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold" align="center" valign="bottom" | width="232" colspan="2" height="16" | Gross domestic product, transport industries, 2005 <ref name= "Trans Sector 05"/> |- style="background-color:#C0C0C0;font-weight:bold" align="center" valign="bottom" | height="27" | Industry | Share of <br>transportation GDP (%) |- | height="13" valign="bottom" | Air transportation | align="right" valign="bottom" | 9 |- | height="13" valign="bottom" | Rail transportation | align="right" valign="bottom" | 13 |- | height="13" valign="bottom" | Water transportation | align="right" valign="bottom" | 3 |- | height="13" valign="bottom" | Truck transportation | align="right" valign="bottom" | 35 |- | height="13" valign="bottom" | Transit and ground <br> passenger transportation | align="right" valign="bottom" | 12 |- | height="13" valign="bottom" | Pipeline transportation | align="right" valign="bottom" | 11 |- | height="26" valign="bottom" | Scenic and sightseeing <br> transport/Transport support | align="right" valign="bottom" | 17 |- |style="font-weight:bold" height="13" valign="bottom" | Total: | align="right" valign="bottom" | 100 |} ==Roads== {{seealso|Roads in Canada|Numbered highways in Canada}} [[Image:Transca chwk.jpg|left|thumb|The Trans-Canada highway in Chilliwak, BC]]There is a total of 1,042,300&nbsp;[[kilometer]]s (647,655&nbsp;[[mile]]s) of road in Canada,of which 415,600&nbsp;[[kilometer]]s (258,242&nbsp;[[mile]]s) is paved, including 17,000&nbsp;[[kilometer]]s (10,563&nbsp;[[mile]]s) of expressways). As of 2006, 626,700&nbsp;km were unpaved.<ref name="CIA Factbook"> {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html |title=CIA - The World Factbook |accessdate=2007-09-23 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA }}</ref> In 2006, there were 19,499,843 road vehicles registered in Canada, of which 96.1% were vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 2.3% were vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 1.6% were 15 tonnes or greater. These vehicles travelled a total of 326.14 billion kilometers, of which 296.9 billion was for vehicles under 4.5 tonnes, 7.4 billion was for vehicles between 4.5 and 15 tonnes and 21.8 billion was for vehicles over 15 tonnes. For the 4.5 to 15 tonne trucks, 92.2% of vehicle-kilometers were intra-province trips, 4.5% were inter-province and 3.2% made between Canada and the US. For trucks over 15 tonnes, 58% of vehicle-kilometers were intra-province trips, 18.4% inter-province trips, 15.4% Canada-US trips and 8.4% trips made outside of Canada. Canada's vehicles consumed a total of 31.1 billion liters of gasoline and 10.1 billion liters of diesel. <ref>{{cite web | title = 53-223-XIE2006000| publisher = Statistics Canada| date = 2006| url =http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/53-223-XIE/53-223-XIE2006000.pdf| format = PDF| accessdate = 2008-03-26}}</ref> Trucking generated 35% of the total GDP from transport, compared to 25% for rail, water and air combined (the remainder being generated by the industry's transit, pipeline, scenic and support activities).<ref>{{cite web| title = An Analysis of the Transportation Sector in 2005| publisher = Statistics Canada| url =http://www.statcan.ca/english/research/11-621-MIE/11-621-MIE2006044.pdf| format = PDF| accessdate = 2008-03-26}}</ref> Hence roads are the dominant means of passenger and freight transport in Canada. [[Image:Ambassador bridge evening.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Ambassador Bridge]] between [[Windsor, Ontario]] and [[Detroit, Michigan]] has a quarter of US-Canada trade cross over it.]]Roads and highway were all managed by provincial and municipal authorities until construction of the Northwest Highway System (the Alaska highway) and the [[Trans Canada highway]] project initiation. The [[Alaska highway]] of 1942 was constructed during [[World War II]] for military purposes connecting [[Fort St. John, British Columbia]] with [[Fairbanks, Alaska]].<ref name="Year"/> The transcontinental highway, a joint national and provincial expenditure, was begun in 1949 under the initiation of the Trans Canada Highway Act in [[December 10]], [[1949]]. The 7,821&nbsp;kilometer (4,859.7&nbsp;[[miles]]) highway was completed in 1962 at a total expenditure of $1.4 billion.<ref >{{Citation | last = Coneghan | first =Daria | title =Trans-Canada Highway | work =The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan | Details | publisher =CANADIAN PLAINS RESEARCH CENTER, UNIVERSITY OF REGINA | date =2006 | year = | url =http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/trans-canada_highway.html | accessdate =2007-12-29 }} </ref> Internationally, Canada has road links with both the lower 48 US states and Alaska.The [[Ministry of Transportation (Ontario)|Ministry of Transportation]] maintains the road network in Ontario and also employs Ministry of Transport Enforcement Officers for the purpose of administering the Canada Transportation Act and related regulations.<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.cta-otc.gc.ca/contact/regional_e.html |title=Regional Enforcement Officers |accessdate=2007-10-01 |coauthors=Canadian Transportation Agency |publisher=Canadian Transportation Agency }}</ref><ref> {{cite web|url=http://ogov.newswire.ca/ontario/GPOE/2004/09/21/c2149.html?lmatch=&lang=_e.html |title=Enforcement blitz improves road safety |accessdate=2007-10-01 |coauthors=Ministry of Transportation |publisher=Canada NewsWire }}</ref> The [[Department of Transportation (New Brunswick)|Department of Transportation]] in New Brunswick performs a similar task in that [[province]] as well. Regulations enacted in regards to Canada highways are the 1971 Motor Vehicle Safety Act<ref>{{cite web | title = Motor Vehicle Safety Act | url =http://www.tc.gc.ca/acts-regulations/GENERAL/M/mvsa/menu.htm | accessdate = 2008-01-18}}</ref> and the 1990 Highway Traffic Act<ref>{{cite web | title = Highway Traffic Act | url =http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90h08_e.htm | accessdate = 2008-01-18}}</ref> ==Air transport== {{further|[[:Category:Airports in Canada]]}} <!-- Commented out: [[Image:Air Canada Logo.svg|right|150px]] --> <!-- Commented out:[[Image:WestJet Logo.svg|right|150px]]--> Air transportation made up 9% of the transport sector's GDP generation in 2005. Canada's largest air carrier and its [[flag carrier]] is [[Air Canada]], which had 34 million customers in 2006 and operates 344 airplanes (including [[Air Canada Jazz]]). [[WestJet]], a discount carrier formed in 1996, is second with 73 airplanes. Canada's airline industry saw significant change following the signing of the [[US-Canada Open Skies Agreement]] in 1995, when the marketplace became less regulated and more competitive.<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.ca/english/preview/87-003-XIE/P0039987-003-XIE.pdf |title=Travelog - Volume 18, Number 3|accessdate=2008-03-27 |coauthors=|publisher=Statistics Canada }}</ref> The Canadian Transportation Agency employs transportation enforcement officers to maintain aircraft safety standards, and conduct periodic aircraft inspections, of all air carriers.<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.cta-otc.gc.ca/air-aerien/enforce/index_e.html |title=Enforcement |accessdate=2007-10-01 |coauthors=Canadian Transportation Agency |publisher=Canadian Transportation Agency }}</ref> The [[Canadian Air Transport Security Authority]] is charged with the responsibility for the security of air traffic within Canada. In 1994 the [[National Airports Policy]] was enacted<Ref>{{cite web| title = National Airports Policy| url = http://www.tc.gc.ca/programs/Airports/policy/menu.htm| accessdate = 2008-01-18}}</ref> <sub></sub> ===Principal airports=== {{further|[[National Airports System (Canada)|National Airports System]], [[Canada's busiest airport]], [[List of heliports in Canada]]}} Out of over 1,700 registered Canadian airports, heliports, and floatplane bases,<ref>http://www.plews.ca/AirportsinCanada.htm</ref> 26 are specially designated under Canada's [[National Airports System (Canada)|National Airports System]] (NAS): these include all airports that handle 200,000 or more passengers each year, as well as the principal airport serving each federal, provincial, and territorial capital. The federal government retains ownership of these airports and leases them to local authorities. The next tier consists of 64 regional/local airports formerly owned by the federal government, most of which have now been transferred to other owners (most often to municipalities).<ref>http://www.tc.gc.ca/programs/airports/status/menu.htm</ref> Below is a table of Canada's 10 biggest airports by passenger traffic in 2007. [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]], is the busiest airport in Canada, and was also the only Canadian airport ranked in the [[World's busiest airports by passenger traffic|top 30 airports in the world]] by number of passengers in 2006 (although it dropped off the list in 2007). In 2007, 94.5 million passengers travelled through Canada's ten largest airports. <br> In total there are 42 airports with an [[air traffic control]] (ATC) tower and 53 airports with a [[Flight Service Station]] (FSS). [[Image:Toronto-pearson aerial.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Toronto Pearson]][[Image:Vancouver International Airport 2006.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Vancouver International]] {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !Rank||Airport||Location||style="width=100px"|Total<br>Passengers||Annual<br>Increase |- |1||[[Image:Flag of Ontario.svg|20px]] [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]]<ref name="CYYZ">[http://gtaa.com/local/files/en/Corporate/Statistics/PassengerTraffic-2007-12.pdf Toronto Pearson Passenger Statistics]</ref>||[[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]||align="right"|31,507,349||align="right"|1.7% |- |2||[[Image:Flag of British Columbia.svg|20px]] [[Vancouver International Airport]]<ref name="CYVR">[http://yvr.ca/pdf/authority/statistics/December_2007_Pax.pdf Vancouver Passenger Statistics]</ref>||[[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]]||align="right"|17,495,049||align="right"|3.4% |- |3||[[Image:Flag of Quebec.svg|20px]] [[Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport]]<ref name="CYUL">[http://www.admtl.com/uploadedFiles/a_propos/salle_de_presse/Pax%20Dec%20Annual%2007-Eng.pdf Aeroport de Montreal Passenger Statistics]</ref>||[[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]||align="right"|12,407,934 ||align="right"|8.3% |- |4||[[Image:Flag of Alberta.svg|20px]] [[Calgary International Airport]]<ref name="CYYC">[http://www.calgaryairport.com/fts/getfile.cfm?FID=10111 Calgary Passenger Statistics]</ref>||[[Calgary]], [[Alberta]]||align="right"|12,240,786||align="right"|8.5% |- |5||[[Image:Flag of Alberta.svg|20px]] [[Edmonton International Airport]]<ref name="CYEG">[http://corporate.edmontonairports.com/news_media/facts_statistics/passenger_statistics/passenger_stats_2007_to_2001 Edmonton Passenger Statistics]</ref>||[[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]]||align="right"|6,065,117||align="right"|16.3% |- |6||[[Image:Flag of Ontario.svg|20px]] [[Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport]]<ref name="CYOW">[http://www.ottawatourism.ca/images/pdfs/aboutot/2008-03_Report_on_Tourism.pdf Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier Passenger Statistics]</ref>||[[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]]||align="right"|4,092,458||align="right"|7.4% |- |7||[[Image:Flag of Manitoba.svg|20px]] [[Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport]]<ref name="CYWG">[http://www.waa.ca/?pid=184 Winnipeg Airports Authority Statistics]</ref>||[[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]]||align="right"|3,565,501||align="right"|8.7% |- |8||[[Image:Flag of Nova Scotia.svg|20px]] [[Halifax Stanfield International Airport]]<ref>[http://www.hiaa.ca/default.asp?id=190&pagesize=1&sfield=content.id&search=644&mn=70.1.14.64.199 Halifax Passenger Statistics 2007]</ref>||[[Halifax Urban Area|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]]||align="right"|3,469,062||align="right"|2.7% |- |9||[[Image:Flag of British Columbia.svg|20px]] [[Victoria International Airport]]<ref name="CYYJ">[http://www.victoriaairport.com/resources/images/Final%20Report%20v4-%202007%20Five%20Year%20Performance%20Review%20-%20version%20sent%20to%20printers.pdf Victoria Passenger Statistics]</ref>||[[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], [[British Columbia]]||align="right"|1,481,606||align="right"|6.6% |- |10||[[Image:Flag of British Columbia.svg|20px]] [[Kelowna International Airport]]<ref>[http://www.city.kelowna.bc.ca/CityPage/Docs/PDFs//Kelowna%20International%20Airport/2007%20Final%20Numbers.pdf Kelowna Passenger Statistics]</ref>|| [[Kelowna, British Columbia|Kelowna]], [[British Columbia]]||align="right"|1,363,239||align="right"|11.1% |- |} ==Rail== {{seealso|Canadian National Railway|Canadian Pacific Railway|VIA Rail}} {{further|[[Rail transport in Canada]], [[History of rail transport in Canada]]}} <!--See the 1940 Canada year book page 635-638 for railway history, also Page 616-612 1922 to 1923 Yearbook, Pages 601 to 601 of the 1926 Yearbook and Pages 694 to 698 of the 1934 to 1935 Yearbook. --> [[Image:Eastbound over SCB.jpg|thumb|left|A CPR freight train in [[Rogers Pass]].]] <!-- Commented out: [[Image:VIA Rail Canada Logo.svg|right|100px]]--> <!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: [[Image:Canadian National Railway Logo.svg|right|100px]] --> <!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: [[Image:Canadian Pacific Logo 1996.png|right|100px]] --> As of 2006, Canada has a total of 72,131&nbsp;[[kilometer]]s of freight and passenger railway, of which 31km is electrified. <ref> {{cite web|url=http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/trad47a.htm |title=Rail transportation, length of track operated for freight and passenger transportation, by province and territory |accessdate=2008-03-26 |coauthors=Statistics Canada |work=statcan.ca |publisher=Statistics Canada }}</ref> While intercity passenger transportation by rail is now very limited, freight transport by rail remains common. Total revenues of rail services in 2006 was $10.4 billion, of which only 2.8% was from passenger services. The [[Canadian National Railway|Canadian National]] and [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] are Canada's two major freight railway companies, each having operations throughout North America. In 2006, 352 billion tonne-kilometers of freight were transported by rail, and 4.24 million passengers traveled 1.45 billion passenger-kilometers (an almost negligible amount compared to the 491 billion passenger-kilometers made in light road vehicles). 34,137 people were employed by the rail industry in the same year. <ref>{{cite web | title = Railway carriers, operating statistics | publisher = Statistics Canada | url = http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/trad46a.htm | accessdate = 2008-03-26}}</ref> Nation-wide passenger services are provided by the federal [[crown corporation]] [[VIA Rail]]. Three Canadian cities have [[commuter train]] services: in the [[Montreal]] area by [[Agence métropolitaine de transport|AMT]], in the [[Toronto]] area by [[GO Transit]], and in the [[Vancouver]] area by [[West Coast Express]]. Smaller railways such as [[Ontario Northland]] and [[Algoma Central]] also run passenger trains to remote rural areas. In Canada railways are served by [[Rail gauge#Canada|standard gauge]], {{RailGauge|ussg}}, rails. Canada has extensive rail links with the lower 48 US States, but no connection with Alaska other than a [[rail ferry]] service from [[Prince Rupert, British Columbia]], although a line has been proposed.<ref>[http://www.alaskacanadarail.org AlaskaCanadaRail.org]</ref> There are no other international rail connections. ==Waterways== {{seealso|Category:Water transport in Canada }} [[Image:PortOVan.jpg|thumb|right|The Port of Vancouver|350px]] In 2004, 137.7 million tonnes of cargo was loaded and unloaded at Canadian ports.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/trad51a.htm |title=Domestic and international cargo, tonnage loaded and unloaded by water transport, by province and territory. |accessdate=2008-04-04 |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref> The [[Port of Vancouver]] is the busiest port in Canada, moving 68 million tonnes or 15% of Canada's total in domestic and international shipping in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www41.statcan.ca/2006/4006/ceb4006_001_e.htm |title=Vancouver: Canada's busiest port |accessdate=2008-04-09|coauthors=Statistics Canada|publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref> [[Transport Canada]] is currently mandated to oversee most of the regulatory functions related to marine registration<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/marinesafety/CES/Small-Commercial-Vessels/SVMIP-upto15.htm |title=Small Vessel Monitoring & Inspection Program |accessdate=2007-10-01 |coauthors=Transport Canada |publisher=Transport Canada }}</ref>, safety of large vessel <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/marinesafety/oep/inspection/psc/menu.htm |title=Port State Control |accessdate=2007-10-01 |coauthors=Transport Canada |publisher=Transport Canada }}</ref>, and port [[harbour pilot|pilotage]] duties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/marinesafety/mpsp/menu.htm |title=Marine Personnel Standards and Pilotage |accessdate=2007-10-01 |coauthors=Transport Canada |publisher=Transport Canada }}</ref> Many of Canada's port facilities are in the process of being divested from federal responsibility to other agencies or municipalities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/Programs/Ports/menu.htm |title=Airport and Port Programs |accessdate=2007-10-01 |coauthors=Transport Canada |publisher=Transport Canada }}</ref> Inland waterways comprise 3,000&nbsp;kilometres (1,900&nbsp;miles), including the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]]. Transport Canada enforces several acts and regulations governing water transportation and safety.<reF>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Marine Acts and Regulations | work = Transport Canada | publisher = Government of Canada | date = | url = http://www.tc.gc.ca/acts-regulations/marine/menu.htm | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2008-01-18}}</reF> ===Ferry services=== [[Image:The Breeze Fast Ferry 2004-08-08.JPG|thumb|right|The ''Spirit of Ontario 1'', part of The Breeze fast ferry service.]] {{seealso|Category:Ferries of Canada }} *Passenger ferry service ::[[Vancouver Island]] to the mainland ::several [[Sunshine Coast]] communities to the mainland and to [[Alaska]]. ::Internationally to [[St. Pierre and Miquelon#Transportation|St. Pierre and Miquelon]] *[[car ferry|Automobile ferry]] service ::[[Nova Scotia]] to [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], ::[[Quebec]] to [[Labrador]] ::Labrador and the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]]. *[[Rail ferry]] service ::[[British Columbia]] to [[Alaska]] or [[Washington]] state. ===Canals=== [[Image:Welland Canal Lock 1 Port Weller 1.jpg|thumb|right|Welland Canal, Port Weller, Lock #1]] {{seealso|Category:Canals in Canada}} The St. Lawrence waterway was at one time the world's greatest inland water navigation system enabling international trade. The main route canals of Canada are those of the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes. The others are subsidiary canals. * [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] * [[Welland Canal]] * [[Soo Locks]] * [[Trent-Severn Waterway]] * [[Rideau Canal]] ===Ports and harbours=== {{seealso|Category:Port cities in Canada}} Trade routes for imports and exports are facilitated by Canadian harbours. The National Harbours board administers Halifax, Saint John, Chicoutimi, Trois-Rivières, Churchill, and Vancouver. Over 300 harbours across Canada are supervised by the Department of Transport.<!-- <ref name="YearBook"/> DID YOU MEAN --> <ref name="Year"/> {{col-start}} {{col-break}} ====West coast==== *[[Victoria, British Columbia]] *[[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]] *[[New Westminster, British Columbia]] *[[Prince Rupert, British Columbia]] ====East coast==== *[[Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia|Halifax, Nova Scotia]] *[[Saint John, New Brunswick]] *[[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador]] *[[Sept-Îles, Quebec]] *[[Sydney, Nova Scotia]] *[[Botwood, Newfoundland and Labrador]] {{col-break}} ====Northern and central==== *[[Bécancour, Quebec]][[Image:Churchill Seaport 1996-08-12.jpg|thumb|right|[[Churchill, Manitoba]] Seaport]] *[[Churchill, Manitoba]] *[[Hamilton, Ontario]] *[[Montreal]], [[Quebec]] *[[Quebec City]], [[Quebec]] *[[Trois-Rivières, Quebec]] *[[Thunder Bay, Ontario]] *[[Toronto]], [[Ontario]] *[[Windsor, Ontario]] {{col-end}} ===Merchant marine=== {{see|Canadian Merchant Navy}} <!--see the 1934 to 1935 Canada Yearbook--> Canada's merchant marine comprised a ''total'' of 173 ships ({{GRT|1000|metric|first=yes}} or over) {{GRT|2,129,243|metric}} or {{DWT|716,340|metric|first=yes}} at the end of 2007.<ref name="CIA Factbook"/> ==Pipelines== {{seealso|Category:Natural gas pipelines in Canada|Lakehead Pipeline|TransCanada pipeline}} [[Image:TransCanada pipeline.png|thumb|right|The TransCanada pipeline route]]Pipelines are part of the energy [[Petroleum production in Canada|extraction]] and transportation network of Canada and are used to transporte carry [[natural gas]], [[natural gas liquids]], [[crude oil]], [[synthetic crude]] and other [[petroleum]] based products. Canada has 23,564&nbsp;[[kilometer]]s (14,641&nbsp;[[mile]]s) of pipeline for transportation of crude and refined oil, and 74,980&nbsp;[[kilometer]]s (46,590&nbsp;[[mile]]s) for [[Liquid Petroleum Gas]].<ref name="CIA Factbook"/> ==Urban transport== All Canadian cities of significant size have some form of public transportation, if only a [[bus]] system. Six Canadian cities have rapid transit systems and three have commuter rail systems (see below). In 2006, 11% of Canadians used public transportation to get to work. This compares to 72.3% that got to work by car, 6.4% that walked and 1.3% that rode a bike.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statscan.ca/Daily/English/080402/d080402a.htm |title= The Daily, Wednesday, April 2nd, 2008.| publisher= Statistics Canada| accessdate=2008-04-08}}</ref> ===Rapid transit systems=== {{main|Rapid transit in Canada}} There are six urban rapid transit systems operating in Canada: The [[Toronto subway and RT|Toronto Subway]], the [[Montreal Metro]], the [[Vancouver SkyTrain]], the [[C-Train]] in Calgary, the [[Edmonton Light Rail Transit]] and the [[O-Train]] in Ottawa. {|class="wikitable" style="margin-left:20px;" |+'''Rapid transit in Canada''' !align=left|Location !align=left|Transit !align=left|Daily Ridership !align=left|System Length |- |[[Image:Flag of Ontario.svg|20px]] [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]] |[[Toronto Subway/RT]] |1,211,300 |68.3km |- |[[Image:Flag of Quebec.svg|20px]] [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]] |[[Montreal Metro|metro or ''métro'']] |835,000+ |65.33km |- |[[Image:Flag of Alberta.svg|20px]] [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]] |[[C-Train]] |271,100 |44.8km |- |[[Image:Flag of British Columbia.svg|20px]] [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]] |[[Vancouver SkyTrain|SkyTrain]] |220,000 |49.5km |- |[[Image:Flag of Alberta.svg|20px]] [[Edmonton, Alberta]] |[[Edmonton Light Rail Transit]] |42,000 |12.9km |- |[[Image:Flag of Ontario.svg|20px]] [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]] |[[O-Train]] |10,000 |8km |} ===Commuter train systems=== [[Commuter train]]s exist in [[Montreal]], [[Toronto]] and [[Vancouver]]: {|class="wikitable" style="margin-left:20px;" |+'''Commuter Train Systems in Canada''' !align=left|Location !align=left|Transit !align=left|Daily Ridership !align=left|System Length |- |[[Image:Flag of Quebec.svg|20px]] [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]] |[[Agence métropolitaine de transport]] |32,900 (as of 2003)<ref>http://www.amt.qc.ca/english/Nutshell.asp AMT in a nutshell. From 12 million annual trips</ref> |? |- |[[Image:Flag of Ontario.svg|20px]] [[Toronto, Ontario]] |[[GO Transit]] |160,000 |? |- |[[Image:Flag of British Columbia.svg|20px]] [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]] |[[West Coast Express]] |8,400 (as of 2004)<ref>http://www.westcoastexpress.com/Facts.htm#Ridership West Coast Express facts and figures</ref> |65km<ref>http://www.westcoastexpress.com/FAQ.htm West Coast Express FAQ</ref> |} ==History== ===European contact=== Early [[Europe]]an [[settler]]s and [[explorer]]s in [[Canada]] introduced the [[wheel]] to [[North America]]'s [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Aboriginal]] peoples, who relied on [[canoe]]s, [[kayak]]s, [[umiak]]s and [[bull boat]]s, in addition to the [[snowshoe]], [[toboggan]] and [[sled]] in winter. Europeans adopted these technologies as they pushed deeper into the continent's interior, and were thus able to travel via the waterways that fed from the [[St. Lawrence River]] and [[Hudson Bay]].<ref>[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/virtual-vault/ Virtual Vault], an online exhibition of Canadian historical art at Library and Archives Canada</ref> In the 1800s and early 1900s transportation relied on harnessing oxen to ''red river carts'' or horse to wagon. Maritime transportation was via manual labour such as [[canoe]] or wind on sail. Water or land travel speeds was approximately 8 to 15&nbsp;[[kilometer]]s per hour (5 to 9&nbsp;[[mile]]s per hour).<ref name="GeoOfTrans">{{cite web | last =Rodrigue | first = Dr. Jean-Paul | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Historical Geography of Transportation - Part I | work = Dept. of Economics & Geography | publisher = Hofstra University | date = 1998-2008 | url =http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch1en/conc1en/ch1c3_1en.html | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2008-01-18}}</ref> Settlement was along river routes, and trade was locally concentrated. Agricultural commodities were perishable, and trade centers were within 50&nbsp;[[kilometer]]s. Rural areas centered around villages, and they were approximately 10&nbsp;[[kilometer]]s (6&nbsp;[[mile]]s) apart. The advent of steam railways and steamships connected resources and markets of vast distances in the late 1800s.<ref name="GeoOfTrans"/> ===Evolution=== With the return of the nation's service men following [[World War II]], the 1950s with a population of about 13,921,000 overcame topographic barriers and vast distances to initiate the modern transportation network. {{Quotation|Different parts of the country are shut off from each other by Cabot Strait, the Strait of Belle Isle, by areas of rough, rocky forest terrain, such as the region lying between New Brunswick and Quebec, the areas north of Lakes Huron and Superior, dividing the industrial region of Ontario and Quebec from the agricultural areas of the prairies, and the barriers interposed by the mountains of British Columbia|The Canada Year Book 1956<ref name="Year"> {{Citation | last =Howe, C.D. | first =the Right Honourable Minister of Trade and Commerce | author-link = | last2 =Canada Year Book Section | first2 =Information Services Division Dominion Bureau of Statistics | author2-link = | title =The Canada Year Book 1956 The Official Handbook of Present Conditions and Recent Progress | place=Ottawa, Ontario | publisher =Kings Printer and Controller of Stationery | year =1956 | location = | volume = | edition = | url = | doi = | id = page 713 to 791 | isbn = }} </ref>}} The Federal Department of Transport established [[November 2]], [[1936]] supervised railways, canals, harbours, marine and shipping, civil aviation, radio and meteorology. The Transportation Act of 1938 and the amended Railway Act, placed control and regulation of carriers in the hands of the Board of Transport commissioners for Canada. The Royal Commission on Transportation was formed [[December 29]], [[1948]] to examine transportation services to all areas of Canada to eliminate economic or geographic disadvantages. The Commission also reviewed the Railway Act to provide uniform yet competitive freight-rates.<ref name="Year"/> ==See also== {{portal|Canada|Flag of Canada.svg}} {{commonscat|Transport in Canada}} * [[Royal tours of Canada#Transportation|Royal tours of Canada: Transportation]] * [[Canadian Forces VIP aircraft]] * [[Transportation in the United States]] {{Canada topics}} {{Transportation in North America}} ==External links== *[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/virtual-vault/026018-119.01-e.php?q1=Transportation+and+Maps&PHPSESSID=4nel0brdl9jig2875u4atpbmc4 "Transportation and Maps" in ''Virtual Vault''], an online exhibition of Canadian historical art at Library and Archives Canada * [http://nats.sct.gob.mx/ North American Transportation Statistics] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Transportation in Canada|*]] [[cs:Kategorie:Doprava v Kanadě]] [[de:Kategorie:Verkehr in Kanada]] [[fr:Catégorie:Transport au Canada]] [[ko:분류:캐나다의 교통]] [[it:Categoria:Trasporti in Canada]] [[hu:Kanada közlekedése]] [[ja:Category:カナダの交通]] [[pt:Transportes do Canadá]] [[fi:Kanadan liikenne]] [[ta:கனடாவின் போக்குவரத்துக் கட்டமைப்பு]] [[zh:Category:加拿大交通]]