Transvaal 75042 225380864 2008-07-13T11:16:54Z SmackBot 433328 Date the maintenance tags or general fixes [[Image:Flag of Transvaal.svg|thumb|200px|[[Flag of Transvaal]] - "Vierkleur".]] [[Image:Transvaal map.png|thumb|200px|Map of Transvaal.]] :''For the Russian theme park, see [[Transvaal Park]].'' The '''Transvaal''' (Afrikaans, lit. ''beyond the [[Vaal River]]'') is the name of an area of northern [[South Africa]]. Originally the bulk of the independent [[Boer]] [[South African Republic]], after the [[Anglo-Boer War]] of 1899-1902 it became the Transvaal Colony, and one of the founding [[Provinces of South Africa|provinces]] of the [[Union of South Africa]], with its regional capital in [[Pretoria]], from 1910 until 1994. The province no longer exists, and its territory now forms the provinces of [[Gauteng]], [[Limpopo Province|Limpopo]] and [[Mpumalanga Province|Mpumalanga]] and part of the [[North West Province]]. Despite its official disintegration, the Transvaal is still a commonly used geographical term and retains its historical meaning. ==History== {{main|South African Republic}} The Transvaal was colonised by [[Boer]] settlers who left the British-dominated Cape Colony in the 1830s and 1840s in what came to be known as the [[Great Trek]]. The emigrating Boers established several republics to the north, outside British control - after the British occupation of the former Dutch colony in 1795 and again in 1806. The Great Trek was spurred on by discontent with autocratic British rule, lack of protection against raiding [[Xhosa]] bands, and [[Anglicisation]] of established Dutch traditions. Moving north-east, 'behind' the [[Nguni]] societies (Xhosa and [[Zulu]]), the voortrekkers established the first independent republic, [[Natalia]]. But this was again occupied by the British in 1843. Two years later they proceeded on across the Orange river and established Transoranje, (1845, later the [[Orange Free State]]). Finally, the voortrekkers migrated further north and established a number of smaller republics across the Vaal river, Transvaal, later to be united in the Zuid Afrikaanse Republiek ([[South African Republic]]), or ZAR. The trekkers took advantage of the vast empty areas left after the Zulu extermination wars and their aftermath, and easily overcame the indigenous peoples. In the 1850s, the British came to an understanding with the Boer republics, recognising independence to the ZAR in what is now the Transvaal. However, in 1877 Britain annexed the ZAR as a convenient way of resolving the border dispute between the Boers and the Zulus. This also saved the Transvaal from financial ruin, as the government had completely run out of money. The Boer republic regained its independence in 1881<ref> Stephen J. Lee, ''Gladstone and Disraeli''. [[Routledge]], 108</ref> after the so-called [[First Boer War]]. Beginning in 1885, the discovery of a tremendous [[lode]] of gold in the [[Witwatersrand]] led to the immigration of many foreigners (''[[uitlanders]]'') to the Transvaal. In short time the economy of the Transvaal boomed. The wealth of the Transvaal state was bound to overcome the British controlled, Boer dominated Cape Colony, and it it was speculated the Boers might eject the British from power in the region{{Fact|date=July 2008}}. Furthermore, the longer this new source of gold remained out of British control, the position of London as the centre of the world's gold trade was threatened. In these days of the international gold standard, this meant London's position as the world's financial centre in jeopardy, as well as its role as a listening station for Empire intelligence{{Fact|date=July 2008}}. Using Uitlander franchise as a pretext, the British therefore planned a takeover of Transvaal, as a parallel to their seizure years prior of the former Orange Free State and the immense diamond fields of Kimberley therein. In 1895 foreign mine owners funded an attempted coup d'etat known as The [[Jameson Raid]]. The financiers of the Raid were dissatisfied with the Boer's taxation and restrictions on business. The raid was an awakening for the Boers and led to massive armament, mainly from German suppliers. Increasing fear of British designs on the Transvaal and the amassing of British forces on their borders led the Boers to make a preemptive strike in 1899. The [[Second Boer War]] lasted for three years. By the end of 1902 Britain employed 500,000 soldiers against a fighting force of approximately 64,000 Boers. Boer women and children were incarcerated in concentration camps and about 26,000 died of malnutrition, poor hygiene and disease. This demoralising blow, coupled with the British use of torched earth strategy and a blockade enforced through the entire Transvaal forced the Boer military leaders into submission. A defeated Transvaal was incorporated into the British Empire in 1902. The war also had immense effects on British policy domestically, within Europe and throughout the Empire. The Second Boer War made clear that the Empire was more vulnerable than assumed, and was, in many senses, a rehearsal for greater events that would come to pass twelve years later, in 1914. In 1910, the Boer republics joined with the Cape Colony to form the [[Union of South Africa]]. Half a century later, in 1961, the union ceased to be part of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and became the [[Republic of South Africa]]. The PWV ([[Pretoria]]-[[Witwatersrand]]-[[Vereeniging]]) area in the Transvaal became South Africa's economic powerhouse, a position it still holds today{{Fact|date=July 2008}}. In 1994, after the fall of [[apartheid]], the former provinces were restructured, and a cohesive Transvaal ceased to exist. Parts of the old Transvaal now belong to the new [[Gauteng province|Gauteng]], [[North West Province|North West]], [[Limpopo Province|Limpopo]] and [[Mpumalanga Province|Mpumalanga]] provinces. However, even before 1994 the Transvaal province was subdivided into regions for a number of purposes (such as for sporting divisions), into Northern Transvaal (Pretoria, and Limpopo province now), Eastern Transvaal (Mpumalanga province now), Western Transvaal (Northwest province now) and Southern Transvaal (Gauteng province now, excluding Pretoria) The Transvaal is still used as a provincial division of the [[High Court of South Africa]], as of 2006{{Fact|date=July 2008}}. ==Geography== The Transvaal province lay between [[Vaal River]] in the south, and the [[Limpopo River]] in the north, roughly between 22 1/2 and 27 1/2 S, and 25 and 32 E. To its south it bordered with the [[Orange Free State]] and [[Natal Province|Natal]] provinces, to its west were the [[Cape Province]] and the [[Bechuanaland Protectorate]] (later [[Botswana]]), to its north [[Rhodesia]] (later [[Zimbabwe]]), and to its east [[Portuguese East Africa]] (later [[Mozambique]]) and [[Swaziland]]. Except on the south-west, these borders were mostly well defined by natural features. Several [[Bantustan]]s were entirely inside the Transvaal: [[Venda]], [[KwaNdebele]], [[Gazankulu]], [[KaNgwane]] and [[Lebowa]]. Parts of [[Bophuthatswana]] were also in the Transvaal, with other parts in [[Cape Province]] and [[Orange Free State]]. Within the Transvaal lies the [[Waterberg Massif]], a prominent ancient geological feature of the South African landscape. Divisions: * [[Zoutpansberg]] Cities in the Transvaal: * [[Heidelberg, Gauteng|Heidelberg]] * [[Johannesburg]] * [[Messina, South Africa|Messina]] * [[Nelspruit]] * [[Pietersburg]] * [[Pretoria]] * [[Vereeniging]] ==See also== *[[Flag of Transvaal]] *[[History of South Africa]] *Transvaal map[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Transvaal_map.png] ==References== *{{1911}} {{reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/south_africa.html Public-domain historical maps of South Africa] {{Provinces of South Africa}} {{CoorHeader|26|12|13|S|28|2|43|E|type:country}} {{Unreferenced|date=January 2007}} [[Category:Geography of South Africa]] [[Category:History of South Africa]] [[Category:Former provinces of South Africa]] [[Category:Former British colonies]] [[af:Transvaal]] [[ar:ترانسفال]] [[cs:Transvaal]] [[cy:Transvaal]] [[da:Transvaal]] [[de:Transvaal]] [[es:Transvaal]] [[eo:Transvalo]] [[fr:Transvaal]] [[fy:Transfaal]] [[it:Transvaal]] [[he:טרנסוואל]] [[ka:ტრანსვაალი]] [[mr:ट्रान्सवाल]] [[nl:Transvaal (provincie)]] [[ja:トランスヴァール共和国]] [[no:Transvaal]] [[pl:Transwal]] [[pt:Transvaal]] [[ru:Трансвааль]] [[sl:Transvaal]] [[fi:Transvaal]] [[sv:Transvaal]] [[zh:德蘭士瓦]]