Trapezius muscle
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2008-07-07T21:08:53Z
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{{otheruses4|the human skeletal muscle|the trapezius muscles found in cats|trapezius muscles (cat)}}
{{Muscle infobox
| Name = Trapezius
| Latin = musculus trapezius
| GraySubject = 121
| GrayPage = 432
| Image = Trapezius.png
| Caption = Trapezius.
| Image2 = Trapezius Gray409.PNG
| Caption2 = Muscles connecting the upper extremity to the vertebral column. Trapezius is labeled at upper left.
| Origin = arises, down the midline, from the [[external occipital protuberance]], the [[nuchal ligament]], the ''medial'' part of the [[nuchal lines|superior nuchal line]], and the [[spinous process]]es of the [[vertebrae]] C7-T12
| Insertion = at the shoulders, into the ''lateral'' third of the [[clavicle]], the [[acromion process]], and into the [[spine of the scapula]]
| Blood = [[transverse cervical artery]] <ref name="titleUntitled Document">{{cite web |url=http://iris3.med.tufts.edu/headneck/Triangles/Posterior%20Triangle%20of%20the%20Neck.htm |title=Tufts |accessdate=2007-12-11 |format= |work=}}</ref>
| Nerve = major nerve supply is the [[Accessory nerve|cranial nerve XI]]. [[Cervical]] [[nerve]]s C3 and C4 receive information about pain in this muscle
| Action = [[Retraction (kinesiology)|retraction]] of [[scapula]]
| Antagonist = [[Serratus anterior muscle]], [[Latissimus Dorsi]]
| MeshName =
| MeshNumber =
| DorlandsPre = m_22
| DorlandsSuf = 12551283
}}
In [[human anatomy]], the '''trapezius''' is a large ''[[superficial]]'' [[muscle]] which extends longitudinally from the occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae, and laterally to the spine of the [[scapula]] (shoulder blade). The trapezius has 3 functional regions: The superior region (descending part) supports the weight of the upper limb. The intermediate region (transverse part) retracts the scapulae. The inferior region (ascending part) medially rotates and depresses the scapulae.
[http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/physed/yingling/anatomy/lecture/pectoralmuscles_files/frame.htm]. It is innervated by the [[accessory nerve]] (Cranial Nerve 11) and the [[ventral rami]] of [[Cervical spinal nerve 3| third (C3)]] and [[Cervical spinal nerve 4| fourth (C4)]] [[Cervical nerves| cervical]] [[spinal nerves]], which also supplies the [[sternocleidomastoid]] muscle.
The two trapezius muscles together resemble a [[trapezium]], or diamond-shaped [[quadrilateral]]; the 4 points of the [[diamond]] are: the head (at the [[occipital protuberance]]), the two shoulders, and the middle of the back (at the [[spinous process]] of the twelfth [[thoracic vertebra]], T12).
==Actions==
Because the fibers run in different directions, it has a variety of actions, including:
* scapular elevation (shrugging up or lifting the shoulders)
* scapular retraction (drawing the shoulder blades toward the midline)
* scapular depression (pulling the shoulder blades down)
==Etymology==
Trapezius gets its name from its [[trapezium (shape)|trapezium]]-like shape when looking at both muscles at once: the corners being the [[neck]], the two [[shoulder]]s, and the thoracic [[vertebra]], T12.
The word "spinotrapezius" refers to the human trapezius, although it is not commonly used in modern texts. In other mammals, it refers to a portion of the analogous muscle. See [[trapezius muscles (cat)]] for more details.
==Origin and insertion==
It arises from the [[external occipital protuberance]] and the medial third of the [[superior nuchal line]] of the [[occipital bone]] (both in the back of the head), from the [[ligamentum nuchae]], the [[spinous process]] of the seventh cervical (both in the back of the neck), and the spinous processes of all the [[thoracic vertebrae]], and from the corresponding portion of the [[supraspinal ligament]] (both in the upper back).
From this origin:
* the ''superior fibers'' proceed downward and laterally. They are inserted into the posterior border of the lateral third of the [[clavicle]].
* the ''inferior fibers'' proceed upward and lateralward. They converge near the [[scapula]], and end in an [[aponeurosis]], which glides over the smooth triangular surface on the medial end of the spine, to be inserted into a tubercle at the apex of this smooth triangular surface.
* the ''middle fibers'' proceed horizontally. They are inserted into the medial margin of the [[acromion]], and into the superior lip of the posterior border of the [[spine of the scapula]].
At its occipital origin, the Trapezius is connected to the bone by a thin fibrous lamina, firmly adherent to the skin.
At the middle it is connected to the spinous processes by a broad semi-elliptical aponeurosis, which reaches from the sixth cervical to the third thoracic vertebræ, and forms, with that of the opposite muscle, a tendinous ellipse.
The rest of the muscle arises by numerous short tendinous fibers.
==Innervation==
The accessory nerve supplies motor fibres to the trapezius muscle (the accessory nerve being purely motor). Sensation including pain and proprioception travel via C3 and C4 ventral rami. The trapezius is ''not'' innervated by dorsal rami despite being placed superficially in the back, since it is a muscle of the upper limb.
==Variations{{Fact|date=May 2008}}==
The attachments to the dorsal vertebrae are often reduced and the lower ones are often wanting; the occipital attachment is often wanting; separation between cervical and <!--dorsal: this was the original term used; am replacing it as am unsure if the usage would be appropriate in humans considering what is seemingly meant —KC Panchal (Wikipedia username)--> inferior (lower) portions is frequent.
Extensive deficiencies and complete absence occur.
The clavicular insertion of this muscle varies in extent; it sometimes reaches as far as the middle of the clavicle, and occasionally may blend with the posterior edge of the [[Sternocleidomastoideus]], or overlap it.
==Fascial plane==
There is an investing deep fascia that encircles the neck, deep to the [[superficial fascia]]. This deep fascia contains the trapezius of both sides, as well as the [[sternocleidomastoid]] of both sides. All four muscles are supplied by the accessory nerve. The superficial and deep [[epimysia]] of the trapezius muscles are continuous with this investing fascia.
==Exercise==
{{howto}}
The upper portion of the trapezius can be developed by elevating the shoulders. Common exercises for this movement are [[shoulder shrug]]s and [[upright row]]s. Middle fibers are developed by pulling shoulder blades together. Best exercises for this movement are [[rowing exercise]]s and [[deadlift]]s. The lower part can be developed by drawing the shoulder blades downward while keeping the arms almost straight and stiff. This can be done in a pull-down station for example.
A person can feel the muscles of the superior trapezius become active by holding a weight in front of them in one hand, and with the other, touching the area between the shoulder and the neck. It is common for non-experienced gym users to focus mostly to the upper portion of the muscle, and thus forgetting the important middle part and creating muscle imbalances which can heavily affect [[posture]] and compromise shoulder health.
'''Barbell Shrug'''<br />
* Hold a barbell with both hands in front of you with your hands a little wider than shoulder width apart. Keep your feet at shoulder width. Stand straight up with the bar hanging at arms length. Droop shoulders down as much as possible to start. Raise your shoulders up as far as you can go. All movements should act directly against the force of gravity and therefore any semicircular motion of the shoulders (a common error) is wasted effort since there is no resistance in the horizontal movement. Can also be done with dumbbells.
'''Barbell Shrug Behind The Back'''<br />
* Hold a barbell behind your back with your palms facing backwards. "Shrug" your shoulders upward as high as you can and squeeze it for a second. Then lower the bar all the way down as far as you can. To get the barbell into position, you can rest it on a power rack or bench and then pick it up from there. You can also do these with dumbbells.
'''Cable Shrugs'''<br />
* Grasp cable bar that is attached to the low pulley with a shoulder width or slightly wider overhand grip. Stand close to pulley. Elevate shoulders as high as possible. Lower and repeat.
'''-Machine Shoulder Shrug'''<br />
* This is a great way to work your traps and avoid having to hold dumbbells or barbells, which can be hard on your arms or wrists. Position yourself on the calf machine so that the shoulder pads are above your shoulders. Put your hands on your hips. Raise your shoulders up towards your ears and hold it for a full second. Slowly return to the starting position and repeat. You can change your shoulder position (bending over a little) to hit the traps from different angles.
'''Dumbbell Incline Shoulder Raise'''<br />
* ''Preparation:''
Sit down on an incline bench with the dumbbells resting on your lower thigh. Kick the weights to your shoulders and lean back. Position the dumbbells above your shoulders with your elbows extended.
* ''Execution''
Raise your shoulders toward the dumbbells as high as possible. Lower shoulders to bench and repeat.
'''Dumbbell Shrug'''<br />
* Stand straight up with your feet at shoulder width. Hold two dumbbells with your arms hanging at your sides. Droop shoulders down as far as possible. Raise shoulders up as far as you can go. Then slowly return to the starting position. You can also rotate your shoulders by going up in a circular motion from front to rear and then back down. Can also be done holding a barbell instead.
'''Low Pulley Row To Neck'''<br />
* This is like a seated row but you use a rope handle and pull to your neck. Sit at a seated row station and grab the ends of the rope using a palms down grip. Sit with your knees slightly bent and your back straight. Your back should be almost completely vertical... do not lean back! Keeping your back in the same vertical position, pull the rope back and up to neck height. Your elbows should be out, away from your sides. Return slowly to the starting position. Ths targeted muscles are Biceps, Middle Back, Shoulders.
'''[[Smith Machine]] Shrug'''<br />
* Stand grasping Smith bar with shoulder width or slightly wider overhand grip. Disengage bar from the rack. Elevate shoulders as high as possible. Lower and repeat.
'''Smith Machine Upright Row'''<br />
* Same as the Upright Barbell Row but with a Smith Machine. The targeted muscles are Traps, Biceps, Shoulders.
'''Snatch Hang High Pull'''<br />
* These are just like the Power Clean except that you start from a hanging position and you do not catch it at the top. Check out the Power Clean for more info. The targeted muscles Traps, Worked: Biceps, Lower Back, Forearms, Hamstrings, Calves, Abdominals, Shoulders.
'''Standing Dumbbell Upright Row'''<br />
* Hold dumbbells, hanging, against your upper thighs. Keep dumbbells about 10 inches apart, thumbs facing in. Pull dumbbells straight up until nearly even with your chin. Keep your elbows up and out! Keep weights close to your body and slowly return to the starting position. Can also be done with a cable or barbell. The targeted muscles are Traps, Biceps, Shoulders, and also surrounding muscles.
'''Upright Barbell Row'''<br />
* Standing upright, grasp a barbell with your hands about shoulder width apart. Let the bar hang straight down in front of you. Keep your body and wrists straight. Pull the bar straight up towards your chin, keeping it close to your body. Concentrate on either pulling with your traps or the front of your shoulders, depending on what you want to work most. Lower slowly to the starting position. Don't cheat by leaning forward or backward. Don't swing! The targeted muscles are Traps, Biceps, and Shoulders.
'''Upright Cable Row'''<br />
* Standing upright, grasp a straight bar connected to a cable machine with your hands about shoulder width apart. Let the bar hang straight down in front of you. Keep your body and wrists straight. Pull the bar straight up towards your chin, keeping it close to your body. Concentrate on either pulling with your traps or the front of your shoulders, depending on what you want to work most. Lower slowly to the starting position. Don't cheat by leaning forward or backward. Don't swing! The targeted muscles are Traps, and Shoulders.
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Additional images==
<gallery>
Image:Illu head neck muscle.jpg|Muscles of head and neck.
Image:Gray129.png|Occipital bone. Outer surface.
Image:Gray200.png|Left clavicle. Superior surface.
Image:Gray203.png|Left scapula. Dorsal surface.
Image:Gray384.png|Section of the neck at about the level of the sixth cervical vertebra.
Image:Gray386.png|Muscles of the neck. Anterior view.
Image:Gray507.png|Superficial dissection of the right side of the neck, showing the carotid and subclavian arteries.
Image:Gray508.png|The arteries of the face and scalp.
Image:Gray512.png|The triangles of the neck.
Image:Gray790.png|The nerves of the scalp, face, and side of neck.
Image:Gray794.png|Hypoglossal nerve, cervical plexus, and their branches.
Image:Gray1194.png|Anterolateral view of head and neck.
Image:Gray1195.png|Front view of neck.
Image:Gray1211.png|Surface anatomy of the back.
Image:Gray1215.png|The left side of the thorax.
</gallery>
==External links==
* {{MuscleLoyola|trap}}
* {{GPnotebook|724893774}}
* [http://www.preventdisease.com/home/muscleatlas/shtraplat.jpg Illustration at preventdisease.com]
* {{Exrx|Muscles/TrapeziusUpper}}
* [http://learning.mgccc.cc.ms.us/science/catmus/sld030.htm Photograph at mgccc.cc.ms.us]
{{Gray's}}
{{Muscles of upper limb}}
[[Category:Muscles of the upper limb]]
[[Category:Back anatomy]]
[[ar:عضلة شبه منحرفة]]
[[cs:Sval trapézový]]
[[da:Trapezius]]
[[de:Musculus trapezius]]
[[es:Trapecio (músculo)]]
[[fr:Muscle trapèze]]
[[hr:Trapezni mišić]]
[[id:Otot trapezius]]
[[it:Trapezio (muscolo)]]
[[he:שריר הטרפז]]
[[la:Musculus trapezius]]
[[hu:Trapézizom]]
[[nl:Musculus trapezius]]
[[ja:僧帽筋]]
[[pl:Mięsień czworoboczny]]
[[pt:Músculo trapézio]]
[[ru:Трапециевидная мышца]]
[[sl:Trapezasta mišica]]
[[sr:Трапезасти мишић]]
[[fi:Epäkäslihas]]
[[sv:Trapezius]]
[[th:กล้ามเนื้อทราพีเซียส]]
[[zh:斜方肌]]
[[sk:Lichobežníkový sval]]