Treaty of Trianon
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[[Image:Treaty of trianon negotiations.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Signing the Treaty on [[4 June]] [[1920]].]]
The '''Treaty of Trianon''' is the peace treaty concluded at the end of [[World War I]] by the [[Allies of World War I]], on one side, and [[Hungary]], seen as a successor of [[Austria-Hungary]], on the other.<ref name="Craig66">{{cite book| last=Craig| first =G.A.| authorlink=| coauthors=| title=Europe since 1914| publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York| date=1966}}</ref><ref name="Grenville74">{{cite book| last=Grenville| first =J.A.S.| authorlink=| coauthors=| title=The Major International Treaties 1914-1973. A history and guides with texts| publisher=Methnen London| date=1974}}</ref><ref name="Lichtheim74">{{cite book| last=Lichtheim| first =G.|authorlink=|coauthors=| title=Europe in the Twentieth Century| publisher=Praeger, New York| date=1974}}</ref><ref name=Text>[http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Trianon Text of the Treaty]</ref> It established the borders of Hungary and regulated its international situation. Hungary lost over two-thirds of its territory, about two-thirds of its inhabitants under the treaty and 3.3 million ethnic Hungarians.<ref name="Macartney37">{{cite book| last=Macartney| first =C.A.|authorlink=|coauthors=| title=Hungary and her successors - The Treaty of Trianon and Its Consequences 1919-1937| publisher=Oxford University Press| date=1937}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= East on the Danube: Hungary's Tragic Century|publisher=''The New York Times''| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07E3D91531F93AA3575BC0A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2|date=2003-08-09|accessdate=2008-03-15}}</ref> The principal beneficiaries of territorial adjustment were [[Romania]], [[Czechoslovakia]], and the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]]. The treaty was signed on [[4 June]] [[1920]] at the [[Grand Trianon|Grand Trianon Palace]] in [[Versailles]], [[France]].
==Borders of Hungary==
{{History of Hungary}}
The Hungarian government terminated the personal union with Austria on [[31 October]] [[1918]], officially dissolving the Austro-Hungarian state. The ''de facto'' temporary borders of independent Hungary were defined by the ceasefire lines in November-December 1918. Compared with the former Kingdom of Hungary, these temporary borders did not include:
* Part of [[Transylvania]] south of the [[Mureş River|Mureş]] river and east of the [[Someş River|Someş]] river, which came under the control of [[Romania]] (Ceasefire agreement of [[Belgrade]] signed on [[13 November]] [[1918]]). On [[December 1]], [[1918]], the National Assembly of Romanians in Transylvania declared the union with the [[Kingdom of Romania]].
* The [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] crownland, which formed first a [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]] with other South Slavic ex-Austro-Hungarian territories on [[1 October]] [[1918]], then the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] by joining also with the Kingdom of Serbia on [[1 December]] [[1918]].
* Most of the [[Baranya (former county)|Baranya]], [[Bács-Bodrog]], [[Torontál]], [[Temes]] and [[Krassó-Szörény]] counties according to the ceasefire agreement of [[Belgrade]] signed on [[13 November]] [[1918]]. The [[Great People's Assembly of Serbs, Croats, Bunyevs, Slovaks, Rusyns and other peoples from Banat, Bačka and Baranja]] declared union with the [[Kingdom of Serbia]] on [[25 November]] [[1918]]. The ceasefire line had a character of temporary international border until the treaty. On [[December 1]], [[1918]], the National Assembly of Romanians in Banat voted union with the [[Kingdom of Romania]]
* [[Slovakia]], which became part of [[Czechoslovakia]] (status quo set by the [[Czechoslovak legions]] and accepted by the Entente on [[25 November]] [[1918]]). Afterwards [[Milan Hodža]] Slovak politician discussed with Hungarian Minister of Defence, [[Albert Bartha]] about a temporary demarcation line which followed to the Slovak-Hungarian linguistic border much or little . That was signed on 6th December, in [[1918]].
* The city of [[Rijeka|Fiume]] (Rijeka), which joined the [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]], but was subsequently occupied by the Italian Army and became a matter of international dispute between the [[Kingdom of Italy]] and the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]].
After the [[Romanian Army]] advanced beyond this ceasefire line, the [[Entente powers]] asked Hungary (Vix note) to acknowledge the new Romanian territory gains by a new line set along the [[Tisza]] river. Unable to reject these terms and unwilling to accept them, the leaders of the [[Hungarian Democratic Republic]] resigned and the communists seized power. The [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]] was formed and a new [[Hungarian Red Army]] was rapidly set up. This army was initially successful against the [[Czechoslovak Legions]] (see [[Slovak Soviet Republic]]) and made it possible for Hungary to reach nearly the former [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Galitian]] (Polish) border, thus separating the Czechoslovak and Romanian troops from each other.
After a Hungarian-Czechoslovak ceasefire signed on [[July 1]] [[1919]], the Hungarian Red Army left Slovakia by [[July 4]], as the Entente powers promised Hungary to invite a Hungarian delegation to the Versailles Peace Conference. However, instead of an invitation to the peace talks, the Romanian army attacked at the Tisza river on [[20 July]] [[1919]] and the Hungarian Red Army rapidly collapsed. The Royal Romanian Army marched into [[Budapest]] on [[4 August]] [[1919]].
[[Image:Trianon1.jpg|thumb|300px| The [[Palace of Versailles|Grand Trianon Palace]] at [[Versailles]], site of the signing.]]
The Hungarian state was restored by the [[Entente powers]], helping Admiral [[Miklós Horthy|Horthy]] into power in November 1919. On [[1 December]] [[1919]] the Hungarian delegation was officially invited to the [[Versailles Peace Conference]], however the new borders of Hungary were nearly finalized without the presence of the Hungarians.
The final borders of Hungary were defined by the Treaty of Trianon signed on [[4 June]] [[1920]]. Beside the previously mentioned territories, they did not include:
* the rest of [[Transylvania]] together with former Eastern Hungary, which became part of [[Romania]];
* [[Carpathian Ruthenia]], which became part of [[Czechoslovakia]], pursuant to the [[Treaty of Saint-Germain]] in [[1919]];
* most of [[Burgenland]], which became part of [[Austria]], also pursuant to the Treaty of Saint-Germain; the district of [[Sopron]] opted to remain with Hungary after a [[plebiscite]] held in December [[1921]] (it was the only place where a [[plebiscite]] was permitted in the decision);
* [[Međimurje]] and [[Prekmurje]], which became part of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]].
By the Treaty of Trianon, the cities of Pécs, Mohács, Baja and Szigetvár, which were under Yugoslav administration after November 1918, were assigned to Hungary.
An arbitration committee in 1920 assigned small northern parts of the former [[Árva]] and [[Szepes]] counties of the Kingdom of Hungary with [[Poles|Polish]] majority population to [[Poland]].
Compared with the former Kingdom of Hungary, the population of post-Trianon Hungary was reduced from 20.8 million to 7 million and its land area decreased by 72%.
After 1918, Hungary did not have access to the [[sea]], which it had had directly through the [[Rijeka]] coastline and indirectly through the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]].
With the help of Nazi Germany and Italy, Hungary [[Hungary during the Second World War|expanded its borders]] towards neighbouring countries at the outset of [[World War II]], under the [[Munich Agreement]] ([[1938]]), the two [[Vienna Awards]] ([[1938]] and [[1940]]), following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia (occupation of northern Carpathian Ruthenia and eastern Slovakia) and following German aggression against Yugoslavia. This territorial expansion was short-lived, since the post-war boundaries agreed on at the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Treaty of Paris]] in 1947 were nearly identical to those of 1920 (with three villages – [[Jarovce]], [[Rusovce]], and [[Čunovo]] – transferred to Czechoslovakia).
==Consequences of the treaty==
===Demographic consequences===
{{Confusing|date=February 2008}}
[[Image:Hungary1910-1920.png|thumb|right|300px|Difference between the borders of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] within [[Austria-Hungary]] and independent [[Hungary]] after the Treaty of Trianon. Based on the controversial 1910 census.]]
[[Image:Walachians_%28Romanians%29_in_Hungary%2C_census_1890_.jpg|thumb|300px| The Vlach (Romanian) population in [[Hungary]], according to the 1890 census.]]
[[Image:Redmap.jpg|thumb|300px|The Red Map<ref>{{cite web|title=Teleki Pál – egy ellentmondásos életút|publisher=''[[National Geographic]] Hungary''|language=Hungarian|url=http://www.geographic.hu/index.php?act=napi&id=1707|date=2004-02-18|accessdate=2008-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A kartográfia története|publisher=''Babits Publishing Company''|language=Hungarian|url=http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02185/html/868.html|accessdate=2008-01-30}}</ref>. Ethnic map of the Kingdom of Hungary publicized by the Hungarian delegation. Regions with population density below a certain limit are left blank and the corresponding population is represented in the nearest region with population density above that limit.]]
According to the census of 1910, the largest ethnic group in the Kingdom of Hungary were the [[Magyars]] (usually called "Hungarians" in English), who were approximately 48% of the entire population (or 54% of the population of the territory referred to as "Hungary proper", i.e., excluding [[Croatia-Slavonia]]). The Kingdom of Hungary was not a [[nation-state]] as were many Western European nations.
Some demographers believe that the 1910 census overstated the percentage of the Magyar population, pointing to the discrepancy between an improbably high growth of the number of Magyars and the decrease of other nationalities in the kingdom in the late 19th century.<ref name='ia'> {{cite journal|title=The Problem of Treaty Revision and the Hungarian Frontiers|journal=International Affairs|date=1933|first=Robert William|last=Seton-Watson|coauthors=|volume=12|issue=4|pages=481–503|id= |url=|format=|accessdate=2008-01-24 }}</ref> They also argue that there were different results in previous censuses of the Kingdom and subsequent censuses in the new states. Another problem with interpreting the census results is that the 1910 census did not record the respondents' ethnicity, but only [[Census#Hungary|language]] (whether it was "native language" or "most frequently spoken language") and the religion, thus the presented census numbers of ethnic groups in the Kingdom of Hungary are actually the numbers of speakers of various languages, which may not correspond exactly to the ethnic composition.{{Fact|date=February 2008}}
Although the territories of the former Kingdom of Hungary that were assigned by the treaty to neighbouring states had a majority of non-Magyar population, they also included significant Magyar minorities, numbering 3,318,000 in total, distributed as follows:
The number of Hungarians in the different areas based on census data of [[1910]].
* In [[Slovakia]]: 885,000 - 30%
* In [[Transylvania]] ([[Romania]]): 1,662,000 - 32%
* In [[Vojvodina]] ([[Serbia]]): 420,000 - 28%
* In [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Transcarpathia]] ([[Ukraine]]): 183,000 - 30%
* In [[Croatia]]: 121,000 - 3.5%
* In [[Slovenia]]: 20,800 - 1.6%
* In [[Burgenland]] ([[Austria]]): 26,200 - 9%
Population of mentioned territories based on census data of [[1910]]:
* In [[Slovakia]] ([[Czechoslovakia]]): 1,687,977 Slovaks and 1,233,454 others (mostly Hungarians - 886,044, Germans, Ruthenians and Roma) [according to the 1921 census, however, there were 1,941,942 Slovaks and 1,058,928 others]
* In [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] ([[Czechoslovakia]]): 330,010 Ruthenians and 275,932 others (mostly Hungarians, Germans, Romanians, and Slovaks)
* In [[Transylvania]] ([[Romania]]): 2,829,454 Romanians and 2,428,013 others (mostly Hungarians and Germans)
* In [[Vojvodina]] and [[Croatia-Slavonia]] ([[Yugoslavia]]): 2,756,000 Serbo-Croatians and 1,366,000 others (mostly Hungarians and Germans)
* In [[Burgenland]] ([[Austria]]): 217,072 Germans and 69,858 others (mainly Croatian and Hungarian)
===Minorities in post-Trianon Hungary===
On the other hand, a considerable number of other nationalities remained within the frontiers of the new Hungary:
According to the 1920 census 10.4 % of the population spoke one of the minority languages as mother language:
* 551,211 German (6.9%)
* 141,882 Slovak (1.8%)
* 23,760 Romanian (0.3%)
* 36,858 Croatian (0.5%)
* 17,131 Serb (0.2%)
* 23,228 other Southern Slavic dialects, mainly Bunjevac and Šokac (0.3%) and some 7,000 [[Slovenes]]
The number of bilingual people was much higher, for example 1,398,729 people spoke German (17%), 399,176 people spoke Slovak (5%), 179,928 people spoke Serbo-Croatian (2,2%) and 88,828 people spoke Romanian (1,1%). Magyar was spoken by 96% of the total population and was the mother language of 89%.
The percentage and the absolute number of all non-Magyar nationalities decreased in the next decades, although the total population of the country increased. Bilingualism was also disappearing. The main reasons of this process were spontaneous assimilation and the [[Magyarization]] policy of the state. Minorities made up 8% of the total population in 1930 and 7% in 1941 (on the post-Trianon territory).
After WWII about 200,000 Germans were deported to Germany according to the decree of the [[Potsdam Conference]]. Under the forced exchange of population between Czechoslovakia and Hungary, approximately 73,000 Slovaks left Hungary. After these population movements Hungary became an ethnically almost homogeneous country except the rapidly growing number of [[Roma people]] in the second half of the 20th century.
===Political consequences===
[[Image:Grenzstein.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Bordermark on the Hungarian-Romanian border near [[Csenger]].]]
[[Image:Kiskunhalas-Trianon emlékmű.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Trianon memorial, [[Kiskunhalas]].]]
Officially, the treaty was intended to be a confirmation of the concept of the right for [[self-determination]] of nations and of the concept of [[nation-state]]s replacing old multinational empires.
From the point of view of most non-Hungarians that lived in the former Kingdom of Hungary{{Fact|date=May 2007}}, after centuries of foreign rule, most of the peoples of former Austria-Hungary (often called a 'dungeon of nations' by them) would finally achieve a right for self-determination and independence, and be united with other members of their nation (except, the Hungarians themselves). Over the previous fifty years, the Balkan nations had won their independence from the declining Ottoman Empire; now the victorious Allies saw their task as completing that same process further north following the dissolution of the Habsburg Empire.
On the other hand, Hungarians (and some non-Hungarian historians as well) claim that the real motive of the treaty was simply an attempt to dismantle a major power in [[Central Europe]]. The Western powers' main priority was to prevent a resurgence of [[Germany]] and they therefore decided that her allies in the region, [[Austria]] and [[Hungary]], should be "contained" by a ring of states friendly to the Allies, each of which would be bigger than either Austria or Hungary.<ref>{{cite book
| last =Macmillan
| first =Margaret
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World
| publisher =Random House
| date =2003
}}</ref> Compared with the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary, post-Trianon Hungary had 60% less population and its role in the region significantly weakened.
Many cities and regions that were ethnically diverse in the 19th century became for the most part monoglot (unilingual), or dominated by a single language and culture.
The Treaty and its consequences are debated in Central European politics to this day. The main controversy {{Fact|date=February 2007}} about the Treaty of Trianon concerns the borders of Hungary. While the majority of the areas that had been part of the Kingdom of Hungary but were not part of the independent country after the Treaty were inhabited by non-Hungarian nationalities, there were also many areas inhabited mainly by Hungarians which were not located within the borders of Hungary after the Treaty, and there have periodically been concerns about the treatment of these ethnic Hungarian communities in the neighboring states.<ref>{{cite web|title=Assaults on Minorities in Vojvodina|publisher=''Human Rights Watch''|url=http://hrw.org/reports/2005/serbia1005/7.htm|accessdate=2008-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Official Letter from Tom Lantos to Robert Fico|publisher=''Congress of the United States, Committee on Foreign affairs''|url=http://www.hacusa.org/press/lantos_letter.pdf|date=2007-10-17|accessdate=2008-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= U.S. lawmaker blames Slovak government for ethnically motivated attacks on Hungarians|publisher=''International Herald Tribune''|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/09/05/europe/EU_GEN_Hungary_US_Slovakia.php|date=2006-09-05|accessdate=2008-04-15}} </ref>. Areas with significant Hungarian populations include the [[Székely Land]]<ref name="NYT">{{cite web|title=Kosovo’s Actions Hearten a Hungarian Enclave|publisher=''The New York Times''|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/07/world/europe/07hungarians.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=Szekler&st=nyt&oref=slogin|date=2008-04-07|accessdate=2008-04-08}}</ref> in Eastern Transylvania and some areas along the new Romanian-Hungarian border, southern parts of Slovakia (see: [[Komárno]], and mostly the south of Slovakia, like Csallóköz), southern parts of Carpatho-Ukraine, northern parts of Vojvodina (see: [[Ethnic groups of Vojvodina]]), etc.
The Western powers were aware of the problem posed by the presence of so many Hungarians (and Germans) living outside the core areas of the "new" nation-states of Hungary and Austria, although they assumed that the problem would solve itself over time as they expected that those ethnic Hungarians who were unhappy would gradually sell up and go to live in Hungary, which did not turn out to be the case. The Romanian delegation to Versailles feared in 1919 that the Allies were beginning to favour the partition of Transylvania along ethnic lines in order to reduce the potential exodus and Prime Minister [[Ion I. C. Brătianu]] even summoned British-born [[Marie of Edinburgh|Queen Marie]] to France to strengthen their case. The Romanians argued that they had suffered a higher casualty rate in the war than either Britain or France and that the Western powers had a moral debt to repay. Ethnically diverse Transylvania should therefore be assigned to Romania. In the end the Romanian view prevailed and the option of partition was rejected. Transylvania was treated as a single entity which, because it had a Romanian majority overall, was assigned in entirety to Romania. Furthermore the Allies rejected the idea of plebiscites in any of the disputed areas with the exception of the city of [[Sopron]], which voted to remain in Hungary (the Allies were indifferent as to the exact line of the new border between Austria and Hungary).
The victorious Allies arrived in France with a black-and-white view of the situation in central Europe which made the outcome inevitable. At the heart of the dispute lay fundamentally different views of the nature of the Hungarian presence in the disputed territories. For the Hungarians the whole of the Carpathian Basin was seen as "home" (including its parts mainly inhabited by non-Hungarians who saw this area as their own "home" as well). The western powers and the American press in particular (as well as most non-Hungarians that lived in the Carpathian Basin){{Fact|date=June 2007}} saw the Hungarians as colonial-style rulers who had oppressed the Slavs and Romanians since 1867. There was therefore no difference between the Turks giving up Serbia in the late nineteenth century and Hungarians giving up Transylvania or Ruthenia.<ref name="gelardi">Gelardi, Julia. ''Born to Rule: Granddaughters of Victoria, Queens of Europe''. ISBN 0755313925</ref> For [[Woodrow Wilson|President Wilson]] (and for most non-Hungarians from the Carpathian Basin{{Fact|date=May 2007}}) it was a process of decolonisation rather than a punitive dismemberment (as Hungarians saw it).<ref name="gelardi" /> The hungarians saw it so, because, the borders where not ethnically correct, and territories with hungarian majority where put outside the "mock borders". The British Prime Minister [[David Lloyd-George]] was in favour of Irish independence from Britain and saw the claims of the "subject peoples" of the former Habsburg Empire in the same light. The French naturally sided with their "Latin brothers", the Romanians, although Clemenceau personally detested Bratianu.<ref name="gelardi" />
Opposite to the opinion of most non-Hungarians from the Carpathian Basin, the Hungarians did not regard the outer parts of the former Kingdom of Hungary as colonial territories. For Hungarian public opinion the realisation that the Americans, British and French were all convinced that at least half of the Carpathian Basin rightfully belonged to the Slavs and Romanians was profoundly shocking. Hungarians also considered the accusations as hypocrite, which also contributed to a sense of injustice. Incredulity was followed by a lingering bitterness and, in Hungary, the loss is to this day known as the Trianon trauma<ref name="NYT"/>. The perceived humiliation of the treaty became a dominant theme in inter-war Hungarian politics, analogous with the German reaction to the Treaty of Versailles. All official flags in Hungary were lowered until 1938 when they were raised by one third after southern Slovakia was "recovered" following the [[Munich Conference]]. For Hungarian pupils in the 1930s each school-day began with a prayer calling for the reversal of the treaty.{{Fact|date=September 2007}}
===Other consequences===
Economically, 61% of [[arable land]], 88% of [[timber]], 62% of [[railroad]]s, 64% of hard surface roads, 83% of [[pig iron]] output, 55% of industrial plants and 67% of credit and banking institutions of the former Kingdom of Hungary lay within the territory of Hungary's neighbours. Romania, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia had to assume part of the financial obligations of the former Kingdom of Hungary on account of the parts of its territory under their sovereignty.
Military considerations diverted the Treaty from the Wilson principles {{Fact|date=February 2007}}, making economic cooperation within the [[Carpathian Basin]] more difficult. The borders bisected transport links - in the Kingdom of Hungary the road and railway network had a radial structure, with Budapest in the centre. Many roads and railways running along the new borders and interlinking radial transport lines lay within the territory of Hungary's neighbours.
The military conditions were similar to those imposed on [[Germany]] by the [[Treaty of Versailles]]; the Hungarian army was to be restricted to 35,000 men and there was to be no conscription. Further provisions stated that in Hungary, no railway would be built with more than one track.
Hungary also renounced all privileges in territories outside Europe that belonged to the former Austro-Hungarian monarchy.
Articles 54–60 of the Treaty required Hungary to recognize various rights of national minorities within its borders.
==See also==
* [[Treaty of Versailles]]
* [[History of Hungary]]
* [[History of Romania]]
* [[History of Slovakia]]
* [[History of Transylvania]]
* [[History of Vojvodina]]
* [[History of Croatia]]
* [[History of Slovenia]]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
For lingering effects of the Treaty on the geo-politics of Hungary and the successor states:
* Ernest A. Rockwell: Trianon Politics, 1994-1995, thesis, Central Missouri State University, 1995.
For minorities in post-Trianon Hungary:
* József Kovacsics: Magyarország történeti demográfiája : Magyarország népessége a honfoglalástól 1949-ig, Budapest : Közgazd. és Jogi Kiadó ; 1963 Budapest Kossuth Ny.
* Lajos Thirring: Az 1869-1980. évi népszámlálások története és jellemzői [kész. a Központi Statisztikai Hivatal Népesedésstatisztikai Főosztályán], Bp. : SKV, 1983
For events preceding the Treaty and for minorities in the post-Trianon successor states:
* Ernő Raffay: ''Magyar tragédia: Trianon 75 éve''. Püski kiadó (1996)
* Vitéz Károly Kollányi: ''Kárpáti trilógia''. Kráter Műhely Egyesület (2002)
* [[Macartney, Carlile Aylmer]]'' October Fifteenth - A History of Modern Hungary 1929-1945''. Edinburgh University Press (1956)
* Juhász Gyula: ''Magyarország Külpolitikája 1919-1945''. Kossuth Könyvkiado, Budapest (1969).
==External links==
{{portal|World War I}}
*[http://www.hhrf.org/htmh/en/ Hungarian Government Office for Hungarians Abroad]
*[http://terkepek.adatbank.transindex.ro/kepek/netre/167.gif Map of Hungarian borders in November-December 1918]
*[http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/ir/Ch42.html Murray N. Rothbard: But what about the Hungarians?]
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