Troides helena
4571482
214621457
2008-05-24T13:01:14Z
Jmgarg1
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added pics.
{{Taxobox
| name = Common Birdwing
| status = VU
| image = TroidesHelenaCerebrusBingham.jpg
| image_caption = Male
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Papilionidae]]
| genus = ''[[Troides]]''
| species = '''''T. helena'''''
| binomial = ''Troides helena''
| binomial_authority = [[Linnaeus]], [[1758]]
}}
'''Common Birdwing''' (''Troides helena'') ([[Linnaeus]], [[1758]]) is a beautiful and large [[butterfly]] belonging to the [[Swallowtail]] (Papilionidae family). It is often found in the wildlife trade due to its popularity with butterfly collectors. The butterfly has seventeen subspecies.<ref name="Red Book">Collins, N. M. & M. G. Morris. (1985) Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. IUCN. ISBN 2-88032-603-6</ref>
==Description==
[[Image:Common Birdwing (Troides helena) at Samsing, Duars, WB W IMG 6514.jpg|thumb|left| at [[Samsing]] in [[Darjeeling district]] of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. ]]
=== Race ''cerberus'' Felder===
====Males====
Upperside of [[Glossary of Lepidopteran terms|forewing]]s are rich velvety black with [[Glossary of Lepidopteran terms|adnervular]] pale streaks on either side of the veins beyond the cell. The cilia is short, black, alternated with pale buffy white in the middle of the [[Glossary of Lepidopteran terms|interspaces]].
[[Glossary of Lepidopteran terms|Hindwing]]: the abdominal fold, the apical half obliquely of interspace 1, the termen broadly, the base of the cell and the costal area up to and including the basal half of interspace 7 velvety black, the rest of the wing rich silky yellow; the veins prominently but narrowly black; the inner margin of the terminal black border produced inwards into prominent cone-shaped markings in the interspaces.
All specimens have one or more [[Glossary of Lepidopteran terms|postdiscal]] black spots in the interspaces, but never a complete series; in interspace 2 and sometimes also in interspace 3 these spots coalesce with the cone-shaped projections of the terminal black border. Underneath the abdominal fold is a dense mass of buffy-white scented cottony pubescence. Underside similar, the adnervular pale streaks on the fore wing broader and more prominent.
Hindwing: dorsal margin broadly black, with an edging of long soft black hairs; interspace 1 with a large oval postdiscal and a terminal black spot; interspace 2 with the postdiscal black spot generally separate from the cone-shaped projection of the black terminal border; the apical and lateral margins of interspaces 2-6 pale yellow irrorated with black scales.
Antenna, head and thorax black, the collar narrowly crimson; abdomen yellow, shaded above with black; beneath: the thorax with a large lateral patch of crimson, the anal segment prominently buff-coloured.
====Females====
Upper and under sides of the female is similar to those in the male, but with the following differences:
* Fore wing: the adnervular pale streaks broader and more prominent.
* Hindwing: the black at base and along the costal margin broader, occupying fully one-third of the cell, the area above it and above vein 7, interrupted however, in interspace 7 near the apex of wing, by a transverse yellow mark which is sometimes subobsolete ; a postdiscal series of large oval black spots, those in interspaces 2 and 3 often joined on the upperside to the cone-shaped terminal black marks; dorsal margin also more broadly black, without the fringe of black hairs and or course of the abdominal fold. Antenna, head and thorax as in the male; abdomen dark brownish black above.<ref name="bingham">Bingham, C. T. 1907. Fauna of British India. Butterflies. Volume 2</ref>
==Distribution==
It is the largest butterfly to be found in [[India]]. It is widely distributed and locally common in forest areas.
It is found in [[Nepal]], [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]], peninsular and eastern [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Laos]], [[Kampuchea]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]], southern [[China]] including [[Hainan]], and [[Hong Kong]].<ref name="Red Book"/>
In [[India]] the butterfly is found in the North-East of the country including [[Sikkim]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Orissa]]. It is also found in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref name="Red Book"/>
In the [[Indonesia]]n archipelago, the Common Birdwing is found in [[Sumatra]], [[Nias]], [[Enggano]], [[Java]], [[Bawean]], [[Kangean Islands]], [[Bali]], [[Lombok]], [[Sumbawa]], [[Bunguran]] (Natuna), [[Sulawesi]], [[Butung]], [[Tukangbesi]], [[Kalimantan]] and [[Brunei]].<ref name="Red Book"/>
In Hong Kong, ''Troides helena'' is at the northern limit of its range. It is not common in Hong Kong but it is observed that there are stable populations in three sites (the surrounding area of [[Po Lo Che]] ([[Sai Kung]]), Shan Liu Road (Tai Po) and [[Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden]] in the [[New Territories]]. The species is also found on [[Lantau Island]] and Hong Kong Island. <ref name="Hong Kong Lepidopterists' Society">[http://www.hkls.org/info-t_helena.html Hong Kong Lepidopteris Society webpage on Common Birdwing. Accessed 12 October 2006.]</ref>
In Thailand, the Troides helena can be found at Kaeng Bang Rachan at the source of the [[Wang Thong River]].<!-- ref name="Tourism Authority of Thailand">[http://www.tourismthailand.org/destinationguide/list.aspx?provinceid=54&typeid=7 Tourism Authority of Thailand (reference to Troides Helena at Kaeng Bang Rachan, Thailand)]
</ref -->
==Status==
The Common Birdwing, though widespread and common in many of the localities it occurs in, is classified as Vulnerable.<ref name="Red Book"/>
==Conservation==
This species is protected under [[Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap 170]] in Hong Kong.<ref name="Hong Kong Lepidopterists' Society"/>. The Common Birdwing is protected in [[Indonesia]] and may also require protection in peninsular Malaya also. It is listed in Appendix II of [[Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna]] ([[CITES]]) as are all other [[Troides]] spp.<ref name="Red Book"/>
==Foodplants==
The larval foodplants include ''[[Aristolochia indica]]'', ''[[Aristolochia tagala]]'' and ''[[Bragantia wallichi]]''. A foodplant for the species, ''[[Aristolochia tagala]]'' has been planted in the Kadoorie Farm and Shan Liu Road in Hong Kong to sustain a healthy population of the species.<ref name="Hong Kong Lepidopterists' Society"/>
==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Common Birdwing (Troides helena) at Samsing, Duars, WB W IMG 6519.jpg| at [[Samsing]] in [[Darjeeling district]] of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].
</gallery>
==See also==
*[[Papilionidae]]
*[[List of butterflies of India]]
*[[List of butterflies of India (Papilionidae)]]
*[[List of protected species in Hong Kong]]
==Cited references==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>
==References==
*{{aut|Collins, N. M. & M. G. Morris.}} (1985) Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. IUCN. ISBN 2-88032-603-6
*{{aut|Evans, W. H.}} (1932) The Identification of Indian Butterflies. (2nd Ed), Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India
*{{aut|Gay, T., Kehimkar, I. & J. C. Punetha}}.(1992) Common Butterflies of India. WWF-India and Oxford University Press, Mumbai, India.
*{{aut|Haribal, M.}} (1994) Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and their Natural History.
*{{aut|Kunte, K.}} (2005) Butterflies of Peninsular India. Universities Press.
*{{aut|Wynter-Blyth, M. A.}} (1957) Butterflies of the Indian Region, Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.
==External links==
*[http://yutaka.it-n.jp/pap/10030010.html Specimen images]
*[http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/invertebrates_terrestrial_and_freshwater/Troides_helena/ ARKive] Photos, Video and More Information
[[Category:Troides]]
[[fr:Troides helena]]
[[Category:Butterflies of India]]