Troy 30059 225695299 2008-07-14T23:09:44Z David Trochos 5306707 /* Homeric Troy */ One word needed shifting... {{dablink|For other uses of ''Troy'' or ''Ilion'', see [[Troy (disambiguation)]] and [[Ilion (disambiguation)]].}} {{dablink|For the U.S. city, see [[Troy, New York]].}} {{Coor title dms|39|57|27|N|26|14|20|E|:landmark_scale:2000}} {{Infobox World Heritage Site |WHS = Archaeological Site of Troy |Image = [[Image:Troas.png|300px]] |State Party = {{TUR}} |Type = Cultural |Criteria = ii, iii, vi |ID = 849 |Region = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]] |Year = 1998 |Session = 22nd |Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/849 }} [[Image:Troy II.jpg|thumb|300px|Troy II, Entrance Ramp]] '''Troy''' ([[Ancient Greek|Greek]]: {{lang|grc|Τροία}}, ''Troia'', also {{Polytonic|Ίλιον}}, ''Ilion''; [[Latin]]: ''Trōia'', ''Īlium'',<ref>''Trōia'' is the preferred Latin name for the city. ''Ilium'' is a more poetic term: {{cite web|first=Charlton T.|last=Lewis|coauthors=Charles Short|title=Ilium|work=A Latin Dictionary|publisher=Tufts University: The Perseus Digital Library|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?layout.reflang=la;layout.refdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059;layout.reflookup=Ilium;layout.refcit=;doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3D%2321459|accessdate=2008-03-01}}</ref>; [[Hittite language|Hittite]]: ''Wilusa'' or ''Truwisa'') is a [[legendary]] city and center of the [[Trojan War]], as described in the [[Epic Cycle]], and especially in the ''[[Iliad]]'', one of the two epic poems attributed to [[Homer]]. '''Trojan''' refers to the inhabitants and culture of Troy. Today it is the name of an archaeological site, the traditional location of Homeric Troy, [[Turkish language|Turkish]] ''Truva'', in [[Hisarlik|Hisarlık]] in [[Anatolia]], close to the seacoast in what is now [[Çanakkale province]] in northwest [[Turkey]], southwest of the [[Dardanelles]] under [[Mount Ida, Turkey|Mount Ida]]. A new city of '''Ilium''' was founded on the site in the reign of the [[Roman Emperor]] [[Augustus]]. It flourished until the establishment of [[Constantinople]] and declined gradually during the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] era. In the 1870s the [[Germany|German]] [[archaeologist]] [[Heinrich Schliemann]] excavated the area. Later excavations revealed several cities built in succession to each other. One of the earlier cities ([[Troy VII]]) is often identified with Homeric Troy. While such an identity is disputed, the site has been successfully identified with the city called [[Wilusa]] in [[Hittite language|Hittite]] texts; ''Ilion'' (which goes back to earlier ''Wilion'' with a [[digamma]]) is thought to be the Greek rendition of that name. The archaeological site of Troy was added to the [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage]] list in 1998. ==Legendary Troy== Details concerning Troy were transmitted to the historical Greeks entirely through the written [[Epic Cycle]], of which Homer's ''[[Iliad]]'' is the familiar part. Other epic material, such as ''[[Cypria]]'' was known in Antiquity but is lost to us. Further ancient material is only known to us in much later literary recensions, such as the fourth century CE ''Posthomerica'' of [[Quintus of Smyrna]]. Aside from this mass of material, modern philologists have laboured to tease out the few discernible threads of the earlier legendary material that preceded Homer, from which he worked. According to [[Greek mythology]] the Trojans were the citizens<!--"citizen" is inapplicable--> of the ancient municipality of Troy in the [[Troad]] region of [[Anatolia]]. Troy is presented anachronistically in legend as if it were part of the Greek culture of [[City state]]s. Since the entire state comprised more than the city of Troy itself, anyone from its jurisdiction, which was mainly the Troad, might be termed "Trojan" in ancient literature.<ref>This is the view of [[Strabo]], XIII.1.7.</ref> An alternative classical Greek and Latin term was "[[Tjeker|Teucrians]]", a name taken from an ethnicity of the south Troad. Troy was known for its riches gained from port trade with east and west, fancy clothes, iron production, and massive [[defensive walls]]. The major language spoken there and the derivative cultures remain uncertain. Legend for the most part ignores language and makes the presumption that Trojans had no problem understanding Greek. The Trojan royal kinship, in Greek eyes, traced its descent from the [[Electra (Pleiad)|Pleiad Electra]] and [[Zeus]], the parents of [[Dardanus]]. According to Greek myths, Dardanus was originally from [[Arcadia]] but according to Roman myths, he was originally from Italy, having crossed over to Asia Minor from the island of [[Samothrace]], where he met [[King Teucer]]. Teucer was himself also a coloniser from [[Attica]], and treated Dardanus with respect. Eventually Dardanus married Teucer's daughters, and founded [[Dardania (Anatolia)|Dardania]] (later ruled by [[Aeneas]]). Upon Dardanus' death, the Kingdom was passed to his grandson [[Tros]], who called the people Trojans and the land Troad, after himself. [[Ilus]], son of Tros, founded the city of Ilium (Troy) that he called after himself. Zeus gave Ilus the [[Palladium (mythology)|Palladium]]. [[Poseidon]] and [[Apollo]] built the walls and fortifications around Troy for [[Laomedon]], son of Ilus the younger. When Laomedon refused to pay, Poseidon flooded the land and demanded the sacrifice of [[Hesione]] to a [[sea monster]]. [[Pestilence]] came and the sea monster snatched away the people of the plain.<!--identify quote source--> [[Image:Cassandra1.jpeg|thumb|left|120 px|[[Cassandra]] prophesies the doom of Troy, by [[Evelyn de Morgan]].]] In [[Sardis]] a self-identified Heracleid dynasty ruled for 505 years until the time of [[Candaules]]. The dynasty's [[founding myth]] legitimizes their rule by asserting that one generation before the [[Trojan War]], [[Heracles]] captured Troy and killed Laomedon and his sons, except for young [[Priam]]. Priam later became king. During his reign, the [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]] Greeks invaded and captured Troy in the Trojan War (traditionally dated to 1193&ndash;1183 BCE, most recently dated to 1188 BCE).<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/the-end-of-an-odyssey--homers-epic-is-finally-pinned-down-852850.html The end of an odyssey - Homer's epic is finally pinned down]</ref> The [[Ionia]]ns, [[Cimmeria]]ns, [[Phrygia]]ns, [[Miletus|Milesians]] of [[Sinop, Turkey|Sinope]] and [[Lydia]]ns moved into Asia Minor. The [[Persian Empire|Persians]] invaded in 546 BCE. Several far-flung tribes claimed descent from the Trojans: the [[Paeonia]]ns<ref>Herodotus, Bk.513.2</ref>, the [[Elymi]] of [[Egesta]]<ref>[[Thucydides]], Bk.6.2.3</ref>, and the west Libyan ''Maxyes''<ref>[[Herodotus]] Bk.4.191.1</ref>. The Trojan ships transformed into [[naiad]]s, who rejoiced to see the wreckage of [[Odysseus]]' ship. Some famous Trojans are: [[Dardanus]] (founder of Troy), [[Laomedon]], [[Ganymede (mythology)|Ganymede]], [[Priam]] and his children (including [[Paris (mythology)|Paris]], [[Hector]], [[Cassandra]] and [[Troilus]]), [[Tithonus]], [[Corythus]], [[Aeneas]] and [[Brutus of Troy|Brutus]]. [[Kapys]], [[Boukolion]] and [[Aesacus|Aisakos]] were Trojan princes who had [[naiad]] wives. Some of the Trojan allies were the [[Lycians]], the Ethiopians led by [[Memnon (mythology)|Memnon]], and the [[Amazons]], led by their Queen [[Hippolyta]]. The [[Aisepid]] [[nymph]]s were the [[naiad]]s of the Trojan River [[Aesepus|Aisepos]]. [[Pegsis]] was the naiad of the River [[Granicus]] near Troy. "[[Helen of Sparta|Helen of Troy]]" was born not in Troy, but in [[Sparta]], of which she was queen until she eloped with Paris to Troy. [[Mount Ida (Turkey)|Mount Ida]] in Asia Minor is where Ganymede was abducted by Zeus, where [[Anchises]] was seduced by [[Aphrodite]], where Aphrodite gave birth to [[Aeneas]], where Paris lived as a shepherd, where the nymphs lived, where the "[[Judgement of Paris]]" took place, where the Greek gods watched the Trojan War, where [[Hera]] distracted Zeus with her seductions long enough to permit the Achaeans, aided by Poseidon, to hold the Trojans off their ships, and where [[Aeneas]] and his followers rested and waited until the [[Greeks]] set out for [[Greece]]. [[Butrint|Buthrotos]] (or Buthrotum) was a city in [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]] where [[Helenus]], the Trojan [[seer]], built a replica of Troy. Aeneas landed there and Helenus foretold his future. ==Homeric Troy== [[Image:Troy1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Portion of the legendary walls of Troy (VII), identified as the site of the [[Trojan War]] (ca. 1200 BCE)]] Ancient Greek historians placed the Trojan War variously in the 12th, 13th or 14th century BCE: [[Eratosthenes]] to 1184 BCE, [[Herodotus]] to 1250 BCE, [[Douris]] to 1334 BCE. In the ''Iliad'', the [[Achaeans]] set up their camp near the mouth of the river [[Scamander]] (presumably modern [[Karamenderes]]), where they had beached their ships. The city of Troy itself stood on a hill, across the plain of Scamander, where the battles of the Trojan War took place. The site of the ancient city is some 5 kilometers from the coast today, but the ancient mouths of alleged Scamander, some 3,000 years ago, were about that distance inland,<ref>[[Geographia|Geography]] XIII, I, 36, [[Strabo]], tr. H. L. Jones, Loeb Classical Library.</ref><ref>''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'', V,33, [[Pliny the Elder]], tr. H. Rackham, W. S. Jones and D. E. Eichholz, Loeb Classical Library.</ref> pouring into a large bay which formed a natural harbour, but has since been filled with [[alluvial]] material. Recent geological findings have permitted the reconstruction of how the original Trojan coastline would have looked, and the results largely confirm the accuracy of the Homeric geography of Troy.<ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2736059.stm Trojan battlefield reconstructed]</ref> Besides the ''Iliad'', there are references to Troy in the other major work attributed to Homer, the ''[[Odyssey]]'', as well as in other ancient Greek literature. The Homeric legend of Troy was elaborated by the Roman poet [[Virgil]] in his work the ''[[Aeneid]]''. The Greeks and Romans took for a fact the historicity of the Trojan War, and in the identity of Homeric Troy with the site in Anatolia. [[Alexander the Great]], for example, visited the site in 334 BCE and made sacrifices at the alleged tombs of the Homeric heroes [[Achilles]] and [[Patroclus]]. In November 2001, geologists John C. Kraft from the [[University of Delaware]] and John V. Luce from [[Trinity College, Dublin]] presented the results<ref name = "confex">[http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_25431.htm Confex].</ref><ref name = "nature">[http://www.nature.com/nsu/nsu_pf/030127/030127-4.html Nature].</ref><ref name = "Discovery">[http://dsc.discovery.com/news/briefs/20030203/iliad.html ''Iliad''], Discovery.</ref> of investigations, begun in 1977, into the [[geology]] of the region. They compared the present geology with the landscapes and coastal features described in the ''Iliad'' and other classical sources, notably [[Strabo]]'s ''Geographia'', and concluded that there is a regular consistency between the location of Schliemann's Troy and other locations such as the Greek camp, the geological evidence, descriptions of the [[topography]] and accounts of the battle in the ''Iliad''. Further work by John Kraft and others was published in 2003.<ref>[http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/31/2/163 Harbor areas at ancient Troy: Sedimentology and geomorphology complement Homer's Iliad], Geoscience World (abstract)</ref><ref>[http://www.udel.edu/PR/UDaily/2003/troy030303.html Press Release: Geology corresponds with Homer’s description of ancient Troy] University of Delaware</ref> After the 1995 find of a Luwian biconvex seal at Troy VII, there has been a heated discussion over the [[Trojan language|language that was spoken in Homeric Troy]]. Frank Starke of the [[University of Tübingen]] recently demonstrated that the name of [[Priam]] is connected to the [[Luwian]] compound ''Priimuua'', which means 'exceptionally courageous'.<ref>Starke, Frank. "Troia im Kontext des historisch-politischen und sprachlichen Umfeldes Kleinasiens im 2. Jahrtausend". // Studia Troica, 1997, 7, 447-87.</ref> 'The certainty is growing that Wilusa/Troy belonged to the greater Luwian-speaking community', although it is not entirely clear whether Luwian was primarily the official language or in daily colloquial use.<ref>{{cite book | author = Latacz, Joachim |title = ''Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery'', page 116 | publisher = Oxford | year = 2004|ISBN 960-16-1557-1}}</ref> {{see|Homeric Question|Historicity of the Iliad}} ==Archaeological Troy== [[Image:Plan Troy-Hisarlik-en.svg|thumb|350px|right|Archeological plan of the Hisarlik citadel]] The layers of ruins in the citadel at Hisarlik are numbered Troy I{{ndash}} Troy IX, with various subdivisions: *Troy I 3000–2600 (Western Anatolian [[Early Bronze Age|EB]] 1) *Troy II 2600–2250 (Western Anatolian EB 2) *Troy III 2250–2100 (Western Anatolian EB 3 [early]) *Troy IV 2100–1950 (Western Anatolian EB 3 [middle]) *Troy V: 20th&ndash;18th centuries BCE (Western Anatolian EB 3 [late]) *Troy VI: 17th&ndash;15th centuries BCE *Troy VIh: late Bronze Age, 14th century BCE *[[Troy VII]]a: ca. 1300&ndash;1190 BC, most likely setting for Homer's story <ref>[http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/history/bronze_age/lessons/les/27.html Troy VII and the Historicity of the Trojan War], Dartmouth College (2000)- accessed 2007-03-17</ref> *Troy VIIb<sub>1</sub>: 12th century BCE *Troy VIIb<sub>2</sub>: 11th century BCE *Troy VIIb<sub>3</sub>: until ca. 950 BCE *Troy VIII: around 700 BCE *Troy IX: [[Hellenistic]] Ilium, 1st century BCE The archaeological site of Troy was added to the [[UNESCO World Heritage]] list in 1998. ===Troy I&ndash;V=== The first city was founded in the 3rd millennium BCE. During the Bronze Age, the site seems to have been a flourishing mercantile city, since its location allowed for complete control of the [[Dardanelles]], through which every merchant ship from the [[Aegean Sea]] heading for the [[Black Sea]] had to pass. ===Troy VI=== {{main|Troy VI}} Troy VI was destroyed around 1300 BCE, probably by an [[earthquake]]. Only a single arrowhead was found in this layer, and no remains of bodies. ===Troy VII=== {{main|Troy VII}} Troy VIIa, which has been dated to the mid- to late-13th century BCE, is the most often-cited candidate for the Troy of Homer. It appears to have been destroyed by war.<ref>http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/history/bronze_age/lessons/les/27.html Troy VII and the Historicity of the Trojan War</ref> ===Troy IX=== [[Image:Tetradrachm from Troy.jpg|thumb|270px|Silver [[tetradrachm]] from Troy during the [[Hellenistic period]], 188–160 BCE. Head of [[Athena]] in [[Attica|Attic]] helmet. Reverse female figure and [[owl]] with inscription: ΑΘΗΝΑΣ ΙΛΙΑΔΟΣ, ΚΛΕΩΝΟΣ ΙΛΙΟΥ, "Athénas Iliados, kleōnos Iliou".]] The last city on this site, [[Hellenistic]] Ilium, was founded by [[Roman Empire|Romans]] during the reign of the emperor [[Augustus]] and was an important trading city until the establishment of [[Constantinople]] in the fourth century as the eastern capital of the [[Roman Empire]]. In [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] times the city declined gradually, and eventually disappeared. Beneath part of the Roman city, the ruins of which cover a much larger area than the citadel excavated by Schliemann, recent excavations have found traces of an additional Bronze-Age settlement area (of lower status than the adjoining citadel) defended by a ditch. ==Excavation campaigns== <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Priam's treasure.JPG|right|220px|thumb|[[Priam's Treasure]] which Schliemann claimed to have found at Troy.]] --> With the rise of modern critical history, Troy and the Trojan War were consigned to the realms of legend. However, the true location of ancient Troy had from [[Classical antiquity|classical]] times remained the subject of interest and speculation, so when in 1822 the Scottish journalist [[Charles Maclaren]] reviewed the available material and published ''A dissertation on the topography of the plain of Troy'' he was able to identify with confidence the position of the [[acropolis]] of Augustus's New Ilium in north-western Anatolia. In 1866 [[Frank Calvert]], the brother of the United States' [[Consul|consular agent]] in the region, made extensive surveys and published in scholarly journals his identification of the hill of New Ilium (which was on farmland owned by his family) as the site of ancient Troy. The hill, near the town of [[Çanakkale|Chanak]], was known to the Turks as Hisarlik.<ref>{{cite book | last = Wood | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Wood (historian) | coauthors = | title = In search of the Trojan War | publisher = British Broadcasting Corporation | date = 1985 | location = London | pages = pp 42-44 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0563201614 }}</ref> ===Schliemann=== In 1868 the German, self-taught [[archaeology|archaeologist]] [[Heinrich Schliemann]] visited Calvert and secured permission to excavate Hisarlık. In the 1870s (in two campaigns, 1871–73 and 1878/9) he excavated the hill and discovered the ruins of a series of ancient cities dating from the [[Bronze Age]] to the Roman period. Schliemann declared one of these cities&mdash;at first Troy I, later Troy II&mdash;to be the city of Troy, and this identification was widely accepted at that time. Schliemann's finds at Hisarlik have become known as [[Priam's Treasure]]. They were acquired from him by the Berlin museums, but significant doubts about their authenticity persist. [[Image:ac.troy2.jpg|thumb|right|350px|The view from Hisarlık across the plain of Ilium to the Aegean Sea]] ===Dörpfeld, Blegen=== After Schliemann, the site was further excavated under the direction of [[Wilhelm Dörpfeld]] (1893/4) and later [[Carl Blegen]] (1932-8). These excavations have shown that there were at least nine cities built one on top of each other at this site. ===Korfmann=== In 1988 excavations were resumed by a team of the [[Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen|University of Tübingen]] and the [[University of Cincinnati]] under the direction of Professor [[Manfred Korfmann]]. Possible evidence of a battle was found in the form of arrowheads found in layers dated to the early 12th century BCE. The question of Troy's status in the Bronze Age world has been the subject of a sometimes acerbic debate between Korfmann and the Tübingen historian [[Frank Kolb]] in 2001/2002. In August 2003 following a magnetic imaging survey of the fields below the fort, a deep ditch was located and excavated among the ruins of a later Greek and Roman city. Remains found in the ditch were dated to the late Bronze Age, the alleged time of Homeric Troy. It is claimed by Korfmann that the ditch may have once marked the outer defences of a much larger city than had previously been suspected. ===Pernicka=== In summer 2006 the excavations continued under the direction of Korfmann's colleague [[Ernst Pernicka]], with a new digging permit.<ref>[http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/uni/qvo/pm/pm2006/pm-06-112.html Universität Tübingen setzt Ausgrabungen in Troia fort].</ref> ==Hittite and Egyptian evidence== In the 1920s the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] scholar Emil Forrer claimed that placenames found in [[Hittite language|Hittite]] texts &mdash; ''Wilusa'' and ''Taruisa'' &mdash; should be identified with Ilium and Troia respectively. He further noted that the name of ''Alaksandus'', king of Wilusa, mentioned in one of the Hittite texts is quite similar to the name of Prince ''Alexandros'' or ''Paris'', of Troy. An unnamed [[Hittites|Hittite]] king wrote a letter to the king of the ''[[Ahhiyawa]]'', treating him as an equal and implying that [[Miletus]] (''Millawanda'') was controlled by the ''Ahhiyawa'', and also referring to an earlier "''Wilusa'' episode" involving hostility on the part of the ''Ahhiyawa''. This people has been identified with the Homeric Greeks ([[Achaeans]]). The Hittite king was long held to be [[Mursili II]] (ca 1321-1296), but since the 1980s his son [[Hattusili III ]](1265-1240) is commonly preferred, although Mursili's other son [[Muwatalli]] (ca 1296-1272) is still considered a possibility. An [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] inscription at [[Deir al-Madinah]] records a victory of [[Ramesses III]] over [[Sea Peoples]], including some named ''Tursha'' (spelled [twrš3] in Egyptian script). These are probably the same as the earlier Teresh (found written as [trš.w]) of the [[Merneptah Stele]], commemorating [[Merneptah]]’s victory in a Libyan campaign at about 1220 BCE. Although this may be too early for the [[Trojan War]], some scholars have connected the name to the city mentioned in Hittite records as ''Taruisas'', or Troy.<ref>Carter-Morris, p. 34-35.</ref> These identifications were rejected by many scholars as being improbable or at least unprovable. Trevor Bryce in 1998 championed them in his book ''The Kingdom of the Hittites'', citing a recovered piece of the so-called [[Manapa-Tarhunda letter]], which refers to the kingdom of Wilusa as beyond the land of the ''Seha'' (known in classical times as the [[Caicus]]) river, and near the land of ''Lazpa'' ([[Lesbos Island]]). Recent evidence adds weight to the theory that Wilusa is identical to archaeological Troy. Hittite texts mention a [[Water tunnel (physical infrastructure)|water tunnel]] at Wilusa, and a water tunnel excavated by Korfmann, previously thought to be Roman, has been dated to around 2600 BCE. The identifications of ''Wilusa'' with archaeological Troy and of the [[Achaean]]s with the ''Ahhiyawa'' remain controversial, but gained enough popularity during the 1990s to be considered a majority opinion. The nation T-R-S is mentioned as one of the "[[Peoples of the Sea]]" in ancient Egyption inscriptions. ==Trojan language and script== {{main|Trojan language}} The language of Trojans is unknown, although several Trojan names may be identified as Luvian. The status of the so-called [[Trojan script]] is still disputable. ==Troy in later legend== {{seealso|Trojan War}} Such was the fame of the [[Epic Cycle]] in Roman and medieval times that it was built upon to provide a starting point for various [[founding myth]]s of national origins. The progenitor of all of them is undoubtedly that promulgated by [[Virgil]] in the ''[[Aeneid]]'', tracing the ancestry of the founders of [[Rome]], more specifically the [[Julio-Claudian dynasty]], to the Trojan prince Aeneas. The heroes of Troy, both those noted in the epic texts or those purpose-invented, continued to perform the role of founder for the nations of Early Medieval Europe.<ref>George Huppert, "The Trojan Franks and their Critics" ''Studies in the Renaissance'' '''12''' (1965), pp. 227-241.</ref> Denys Hay noted the widespread adoption of Trojan forebears as an authentication of national status, in ''Europe: the Emergence of an Idea'' (Edinburgh 1957). The ''[[Roman de Troie]]'' was common cultural ground for European governing classes,<ref>A. Joly first traced the career of the ''Roman de Troie'' in ''Benoit de Sainte-More et le Roman de Troie'' (Paris 1871).</ref> for whom a Trojan pedigree was gloriously ancient, and it established the successor-kingdoms of which they were direct heirs as equals of the Romans. A Trojan pedigree justified the occupation of parts of Rome's erstwhile territories (Huppert 1965). The Franks filled the lacunae of their legendary origins with Trojan and pseudo-Trojan names; in [[Fredegar]]'s seventh-century chronicle of Frankish history, Priam appears as the first king of the Franks.<ref>''Exinde origo Francorum fuit. Priamo primo rege habuerant'',</ref> The Trojan origin of Franks and France was such an established article of faith that in 1714 the learned [[Nicolas Fréret]] was [[Bastille]]d for showing through historical criticism that the Franks had been Germanic, a sore point counter to Valois and Bourbon propaganda.<ref>''Larousse du XIXe siècle'' sub "Fréret", noted by Huppert 1965.</ref> Similarly [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]] traces the legendary [[List of legendary kings of Britain|Kings of the Britons]] to a supposed descendant of [[Aeneas]] called [[Brutus of Troy|Brutus]]. [[Snorri Sturluson]], in the Prologue to his [[Prose Edda]], converts several half-remembered characters from Troy into characters from [[Norse mythology]], and refers to them having made a journey across Europe towards [[Scandinavia]], setting up kingdoms as they went. ==Tourism== Today there is a Turkish town called '''Truva''' in the vicinity of the archaeological site, but this town has grown up recently to service the tourist trade. The archaeological site is officially called '''Troia''' by the Turkish government and appears as such on many maps. A large number of tourists visit the site each year, mostly coming from [[Istanbul]] by bus or by ferry via [[Çanakkale]], the nearest major town about 50 km to the north-east. The visitor sees a highly commercialised site, with a large wooden horse built as a playground for children, then shops and a museum. The archaeological site itself is, as a recent writer said, "a ruin of a ruin,"{{Fact|date=October 2007}} because the site has been frequently excavated, and because Schliemann's archaeological methods were very destructive{{Fact|date=October 2007}}: in his conviction that the city of Priam would be found in the earliest layers, he demolished many interesting structures from later eras, including all of the house walls from Troy II{{Fact|date=October 2007}}. For many years also the site was unguarded and was thoroughly looted{{Fact|date=October 2007}}. However what remains, particularly if put into context by one of the knowledgeable professional guides to the site, is an illuminating insight into civilizations of the Bronze Age, if not to the legends. ==Notes== {{wikisourcepar|The Iliad}} {{wikisourcepar|el:Ιλιάδα|ΙΛΙΑΣ}} {{reflist|2}} ==References and further reading== *Carter, Jane Burr; Morris, Sarah P. ''The Ages of Homer''. University of Texas Press, 1995. ISBN 0292712081. * Easton, D.F.; Hawkins, J.D.; Sherratt, A.G.; Sherratt, E.S. "Troy in Recent Perspective", ''Anatolian Studies'', Issue&nbsp;52. (2002), pp.&nbsp;75–109. * {{Harvard reference | Surname=Latacz | Given=Joachim | Authorlink=Joachim Latacz | Title=Troy and Homer: towards a solution of an old mystery | Publisher=Oxford University Press | Place=Oxford | Year=2004 | ISBN=0199263086 }} * [http://www.crrs.ca/publications/bookpages/es05.htm ''Fantasies of Troy: Classical Tales and the Social Imaginary in Medieval and Early Modern Europe''], edited by Alan Shepard and Stephen D. Powell. Toronto: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2004. *[http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DF221xS344I/ Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans]: the results of researches and discoveries on the site of Troy and through the Troad in the years 1871-72-73-78-79; (searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries, requires dejavu-plugin) ==External links== {{Commonscat|Troy}} *General **[http://www.cerhas.uc.edu/troy/ Troy on the Internet] Educational website, University of Cincinnati **[http://www.varchive.org/nldag/idtroy.htm The Identification of Troy] by Jan Sammer *Archaeology **[http://www.pointsfromturkey.com/hisarlik_troy.html Hisarlık Troy] **[http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/troia/eng/index.html Project Troia - The new excavations at Troy] ***[http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/troia/vr/vr0207_en.html digital reconstructions of the city] ***[http://classics.uc.edu/troy/GRBPottery/ Greek, Roman and Byzantine Pottery at Ilion (Troia)] **[http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/history/bronze_age/lessons/les/27.html Troy VII and the Historicity of the Trojan War] *Photos **[http://paleoberkay.atspace.com/foto/troia.html Photos from Troy] **[http://perso.orange.fr/istanbul/circuit_turquie_voyage_culturel_asie_mineure/TROIE Troy pictures] ** [http://www.livius.org/a/turkey/troy/troy01.html Livius.org: Troy and plain of Troy] *Geography **[http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/Troy.html the Troad] (with an image of a model of Troy II) ** ''[http://www.udel.edu/PR/UDaily/2003/troy030303.html Geology corresponds with Homer’s description of ancient Troy]'', article by Neil Thomas on the University of Delaware site. {{History of Anatolia}} {{Epic Cycle}} {{Ancient Greece topics}} {{World Heritage Sites in Turkey}} {{National parks of Turkey}} [[Category:Archaeological sites in Turkey]] [[Category:Destroyed cities]] [[Category:Locations in Greek mythology]] [[CategorY:Troas]] [[Category:Trojans]] [[Category:Ancient Greek sites in Turkey]] [[Category:Ancient Greek cities]] [[Category:Aegean civilization]] [[Category:World Heritage Sites in Turkey]] [[Category:National parks of Turkey]] [[Category:Settlements established in the 3rd millennium BCE]] [[ang:Trōia]] [[ar:طروادة]] [[bn:ট্রয়]] [[br:Troia]] [[bg:Троя]] [[ca:Troia]] [[cs:Trója]] [[da:Troja]] [[de:Troja]] [[el:Τροία]] [[es:Troya]] [[eo:Trojo]] [[eu:Troia]] [[fa:تروآ]] [[fr:Troie]] [[ga:Traoi]] [[gl:Troia]] [[ko:트로이아]] [[hr:Troja]] [[id:Troya]] [[is:Trója]] [[it:Troia (Asia Minore)]] [[he:טרויה]] [[ka:ტროა]] [[la:Ilium]] [[lb:Troja]] [[lt:Troja]] [[hu:Trója]] [[mk:Троја]] [[mt:Trojja]] [[mr:ट्रॉय]] [[nl:Troje]] [[ja:イリオス]] [[no:Troja]] [[nn:Troja]] [[nrm:Trouaie]] [[pl:Troja]] [[pt:Tróia]] [[ro:Troia]] [[ru:Троя]] [[scn:Troia]] [[sk:Trója]] [[sl:Troja]] [[sr:Троја (град)]] [[sh:Troja]] [[fi:Troija]] [[sv:Troja]] [[tr:Troya]] [[uk:Троя]] [[ur:ٹرائے]] [[vec:Troia]] [[vo:Ilio]] [[zh:特洛伊]]